热应激对母猪繁殖性能的影响与对策

对福建南安某猪场自2004年1月份至2005年5月份生产母猪各月份的配种率、死胎数、产活仔数等进行统计分析,结果表明热应激对这些指标存在明显的影响,其中以8月份母猪的繁殖力受到的影响最严重,就减少母猪热应激的技术措施进行探讨。     

环境因素对母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验用收音机替代音响设备，对母猪繁殖性能进行研究，并与对照组进行比较。结果：用收音机在母猪舍内长期播放后，与对照组相比，母猪的生长发育、繁殖性能得到显著提高（P〈0．01），可显著提高母猪的繁殖效益。     

环境因素对母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验用收音机替代音响设备,对母猪繁殖性能进行研究,并与对照组进行比较。结果:用收音机在母猪舍内长期播放后,与对照组相比,母猪的生长发育、繁殖性能得到显著提高(P<0.01),可显著提高母猪的繁殖效益。     

饲料营养元素对母猪繁殖性能的影响

母猪繁殖性能决定了种猪生产效益的高低。日粮营养水平会影响母猪的繁殖性能。文章从能量、蛋白质、矿物元素以及维生素等方面阐述日粮营养元素对母猪繁殖性能的影响,意在为科学合理饲养母猪提供参考。     

生物素对母猪繁殖性能的影响研究进展

对生物素在母猪生产中的影响研究进展进行介绍,生物素可提高母猪的繁殖性能,减少母猪发病频率。     

胎次、配种次数及断奶日龄对母猪繁殖性能的影响

作者搜集整理了新疆天康畜牧生物技术股份有限公司米泉种猪选育基地2005年—2006年完整的母猪发情配种记录和产仔记录。对母猪不同胎次、配种次数对断奶日龄与窝产总仔数、窝产活仔数、出生重及断奶重的影响进行了分析。结果表明,不同胎次对母猪的繁殖性能影响较大,第一胎繁殖成绩较低,以后逐渐提高;母猪初次配种对其产仔数方面有较大影响,经产母猪繁殖性能稳定。而在排除繁殖障碍等疾病的前提下,泌乳期长的母猪该胎次仔猪断奶重显然高于泌乳期短的;平均断奶重随断奶日龄的增加显著提高(P<0.01)。在仔猪成活方面,断奶期长的仔猪成活数也明显高于断奶期短的仔猪。     

母猪热应激的综合防治措施

热应激时在高温下畜禽末梢感受器在应激原的刺激下,传递到中枢系统,产生的一系列复杂的防卫反应,并对母猪带来一定损害,严重甚至可以导致死亡,对养殖户带来重大经济损失。阐述了母猪热应激的发病机理,带来的危害,临床症状以及综合防治措施。     

Effect of thermal stress on Hsp70 gene expression and female reproductive performance of giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Using Hsp70 as a biomarker, thermal stress impinges on reproductive organs, ovary and hepatopancreas were being analyzed by determining the expression of Hsp70 mRNA inside the organs after the adult inter‐molt females were subjected to thermal treatment at 35, 30 and 28°C (Control). Results showed the expression of Hsp70 mRNA under thermal treatment of 35°C after 2 hr recovery in ovary were upregulated at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 hr and 30 days compared to control whereas in hepatopancreas under similar treatment, the expression of Hsp70 mRNA were significantly higher than control at 6, 24 hr and 30 days. Frequency of reproductive molt at 35°C showed the ovary of females were failed to develop and only entered common molt along three consecutive molt cycles. For 30°C thermal treatment, the expression of Hsp70 mRNA was significantly higher than control after 2 hr recovery but returned to normal afterwards until 30 days’ thermal treatment. Maternal heat shock for 2 hr at 35°C were found to give significantly lower frequency of reproductive molt and longer duration of ovarian development and incubation period whereas maternal heat shock for 2 hr at 30°C gave lower frequency of reproductive molt, slower development of embryo and lower hatching success compared to untreated control. This study suggests that short and long‐term thermal stress at 30 and 35°C were found to affect the induction of Hsp70 mRNA in reproductive organs of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and also influence their reproductive performance.     

热应激对大菱鲆心肌损伤及细胞凋亡的影响

为解析热应激对大菱鲆心脏损伤及其机制,实验从组织形态、生理生化反应及凋亡基因表达等多个水平,分别使用H.E染色法、电镜观察法、酶活性检测法、qPCR检测基因表达法开展了本研究。结果显示,随着温度升高,心肌纤维肿胀,断裂,间质宽度增加,炎性细胞浸润,线粒体结构破坏等组织损伤现象加重,但在24°C-24 h时组织损伤明显减轻;CK活性随着热应激加剧显著升高;LDH、SOD活性,MDA含量在24°C时达到峰值,表明大菱鲆遭受到热应激,心肌防御酶发挥抵抗作用,维持机体稳态。qPCR显示,大菱鲆心肌细胞Bax基因和Caspase-3基因变化趋势一致,随着热应激的加剧,表达量降低,而Bcl-2基因逐渐升高。表明在热应激程度较轻时,大菱鲆心肌通过降低Bax、Caspase-3基因表达,促进抗凋亡基因Bcl-2的表达,减少心肌细胞丢失来减少热应激损伤。当热应激加剧至28°C时,热应激超过自身生理调节阈值,损伤加重,机体防御系统自身也受损,造成大菱鲆心脏结构严重损伤甚至机体死亡。研究表明,随着温度升高,大菱鲆心肌损伤加重,机体通过调节心肌防御酶活性以及使细胞凋亡,最大限度维持稳态,减少组织损伤。超过24...     

The effects of vitamins C and E on the growth,tissue accumulation and prophylactic response to thermal and acidic stress of hybrid catfish

This study investigated the effects of the co‐supplementation of vitamins C (0, 500, and 1000 mg kg^?1) and E (0, 62.5, and 125 mg kg^?1) on the growth performance, haematology and the modulation of blood stress indicators and immune parameters in hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus) under combinations of thermal and acidic stress. Supplementation of vitamins C and E influenced the growth, haematological indices, serum chloride, plasma protein and immune parameters (lysozyme, total immunoglobulin and alternative complement haemolytic assay) (P < 0.05). Although vitamins C and E did not prevent a significant reduction in serum chloride, they minimized not only the modulation of blood glucose and plasma protein, but also the reduction in immune parameters (P < 0.05) owing to stress. Our results demonstrated that co‐supplementation of 500 mg kg^?1 vitamin C and 125 mg kg^?1 vitamin E, or 1000 mg kg^?1 vitamin C alone, for four weeks and co‐supplementation of both vitamins at low levels (vitamins C at 500 mg kg^?1 and E at 62.5 mg kg^?1) for eight weeks had beneficial effects on the growth, amelioration of stress‐mediated adverse changes in the physiological and immunosuppressive responses of hybrid catfish under stressful conditions.     

日粮赖氨酸水平对皖西白鹅繁殖力的影响

在日粮主要营养成份达标的基础上,通过调节赖氨酸水平0.49%、0.64%、0.79%,探讨其对皖西白鹅繁殖力的影响,结果表明:1赖氨酸水平影响产蛋量P<0.05,而不影响其它的繁殖力指标P>0.05;20.64%的赖氨酸水平最能体现皖西白鹅的繁殖性能。     

氨氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾运动行为与能量分配模式变化

为研究氨氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)行为和能量分配的变化,将体质量为(4.89?0.27)g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾分别置于氨氮质量浓度为0.02 mg/L(对照)、1.00 mg/L、2.50 mg/L、5.00 mg/L,水温(28?0.5)℃的水族箱中养殖2周,监测其行为并对其生长、体组分和能量收支进行测定。结果表明,随氨氮浓度升高,凡纳滨对虾白昼的活动频率、游走距离呈先升后降趋势,而夜间则呈逐渐下降趋势,5.00 mg/L组白昼和夜间活动频率及游走距离均显著低于对照组(P0.05);特定生长率及摄食率均呈逐渐下降趋势,处理组显著低于对照组(P0.05);2.50 mg/L和5.00 mg/L组的凡纳滨对虾脂肪含量和能值均显著低于对照组(P0.05);各处理组摄食能量分配于生长的比例随着氨氮浓度的增大而降低,而消耗于代谢的比例随氨氮浓度增大而升高,与对照组相比,5.00 mg/L组的摄食能用于生长比例下降4.57%,用于代谢消耗的比例上升5.70%。上述结果表明,氨氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾的夜间活动水平明显下降,摄食量减少,能量利用效率降低,生长速度减慢。     

Effects of feeding rate and dietary protein levels on the breeding performance of female yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

Nutritional components and feeding strategies are multifarious amongst different producers, whereas they are just designed for fish farming but not suitable for improving the reproductive performance of broodfish. Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), an omnivorous species, is one of the important aquaculture fish in China. In order to improve the reproductive performance of female yellow catfish (119.86—134.54 g), four feeding strategies (0.5%, 0.75%, 1% and 1.5% BW/d) and three dietary protein levels (34%, 40% and 46%) were examined, respectively, in the two separate trials. The females with moderate feed restriction (1%) showed significant lower mesenteric fat index (MFI) and higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) than the satiation group (1.5%) and excessive feeding restriction groups (0.5% and 0.75%). Females with high MFI were difficult to be artificially propagated and showed a high mortality rate, whilst the fish at 1.0% feeding rate displayed low mortality rate and high ratios of spawned fish, as well as high percentages of fertilization and hatching. Meanwhile, the offspring of 1.0% feeding rate group showed a low malformation rate and high survival rate. Multiple spawning in the same breeding season are applied in yellow catfish to reduce the number of parent fish and increase the fry production, and gonadal recrudescence after spawning might be affected by different nutrient values including dietary protein levels. In the second trail, female yellow catfish were fed with 34%, 40% and 46% crude protein diet at 1% feeding rate for the second spawning, and the best reproductive and breeding performances were observed in the fish group with 46% crude protein diet. These results demonstrate that 1% feeding rate is optimum for the spawning and reproductive performance of female yellow catfish for the first artificial spawning, and 46% dietary protein group had the best reproductive performances in the second spawning.     

Effects of rearing temperature on growth,metabolism and thermal tolerance of juvenile sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka: critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and hsps gene expression

Effects of different rearing temperatures (16, 21 and 26°C) on growth, metabolic performance and thermal tolerance of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (initial body weight 7.72 ± 0.96 g, mean ±SD) were investigated in this study. During the 40‐day experiment, growth, metabolic performance, food intake and energy budget at different reared temperatures were determined. Sea cucumbers rearing at 16°C obtained better growth (final body weight 11.96 ± 0.35 g) than those reared at 21 (10.33 ± 0.41 g) and 26°C (8.31 ± 0.19 g) (P < 0.05), and more energy was allocated for growth at 16°C (162.73 ±11.85 J g^?1 d^?1) than those at 21(79.61 ± 6.76 J g^?1 d^?1) and 26°C (27.07 ± 4.30 J g^?1 d^?1) (P < 0.05). Critical thermal maxima (CTmax) values of juvenile sea cucumbers reared at 16, 21 and 26°C were 33.1, 34.1 and 36.6°C, respectively, and the upregulation of hsps in sea cucumbers reared at 26°C was higher than those acclimated at lower temperatures (16 and 21°C), indicating that temperature acclimation could change the thermal tolerance of the sea cucumber, and CTmax and hsps were sensitive indicators of the sea cucumber's thermal tolerance.     

饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化指标及抗胁迫能力的影响

为了探讨桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）生长性能、体成分、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响,选用初始体重为（1.32±0.01）g的凡纳滨对虾960尾,随机分为6组（每组4个重复,每个重复40尾）,分别投喂在基础饲料中添加0、10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、150 mg/kg和300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮的实验饲料,饲养50 d后测定成活率、生长相关指标、血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及抗低氧胁迫能力。结果显示,饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾成活率、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数等无显著影响（P>0.05）。饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾体成分无显著性影响（P>0.05）。添加150 mg/kg和300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可显著提高凡纳滨对虾血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性（P<0.05）。添加10~300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可显著提高血清和肝脏总抗氧化能力,显著降低肝胰腺丙二醛和脂质过氧化物的含量,添加50 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性（P<0.05）。低氧胁迫2 h时,10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg组的累计死亡率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;在低氧胁迫4 h时,10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg组的累计死亡率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结果表明,以血清总抗氧化能力为评价指标进行回归分析得出,桑叶黄酮在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜添加量为56.18 mg/kg,添加10~100 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可提高凡纳滨对虾抗低氧胁迫能力。     

Effect of oxidized fish oil on growth performance and oxidative stress of Litopenaeus vannamei

A 4‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of oxidized fish oil (OFO, POV: 234.84 meq kg^?1) on growth performance and oxidative stress of Litopenaeus vannamei. Five diets containing various OFO levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1) with the same dietary lipid level were fed to L. vannamei. The results showed that the body weight gain and the specific growth rate of the shrimp fed with 50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1 of OFO diets decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the hepatosomatic index increased significantly (P < 0.05). The malondialdehyde concentrations in the serum and muscle of the shrimp fed with 50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1 of OFO diets were significantly higher than that of the shrimp fed with fresh fish oil (P < 0.05). The total antioxidant competence decreased significantly compared with the control group. Therefore, dietary OFO affects the growth performance and increases the oxidative stress of shrimp.