涪陵胭脂萝卜多倍体诱导研究

以不同浓度秋水仙素溶液处理胭脂萝卜幼苗茎尖生长点,通过苗期和成株期对诱变植株和正常二倍体植株进行形态学和细胞学鉴定,探讨四倍体胭脂萝卜的诱导方法与途径.结果表明,5种浓度秋水仙素都能诱变出四倍体胭脂萝卜,其中2 g/L秋水仙素诱变率最大,为33.3％.四倍体胭脂萝卜平均叶片厚度、叶长、株高、叶宽和开展度较二倍体分别增加32.4％、39.6％、39.8％、24％和31.7％,四倍体胭脂萝卜叶片单位视野内的气孔数目少于二倍体72.2％,但气孔的横径和纵径分别较二倍体大40.8％和30.7％.说明叶片厚度、叶长、株高、叶宽、开展度、气孔数目、气孔的横径和纵径等性状可以作为四倍体鉴定的重要特征,特别是气孔数目、气孔的横径和纵径可以作为快速鉴定四倍体与二倍体胭脂萝卜的重要指标.利用秋水仙素诱导是获得四倍体胭脂萝卜的有效途径之一.     

‘细叶’芒(Miscanthus sinensis’Variegatus’)四倍体诱导与表型分析

本研究以观赏植物二倍体‘细叶’芒的幼穗为外植体诱导出愈伤组织,采用秋水仙素诱导处理获得其同源四倍体,分别通过流式细胞仪检测和根尖细胞染色体计数鉴定再生植株的倍性。进一步对四倍体‘细叶’芒的叶片气孔特征和植株表型特征分析,结果表明,与其二倍体亲本相比,四倍体叶片下表皮的气孔密度显著降低而气孔大小明显增大,四倍体植株的株高、分蘖和冠幅显著降低,但是叶片宽度比二倍体植株明显增加,而四倍体茎粗和叶长跟二倍体植株无明显差异。该研究获得的‘细叶’芒同源四倍体可为观赏植物新品种的培育提供新种质资源。     

草棉同源四倍体后代性状鉴定与遗传解析

【目的】多倍化是植物进化及新物种形成的重要途径,利用染色体加倍之后基因的剂量效应及多倍体优势,培育出综合性状优良的草棉同源四倍体新种质,有效拓宽棉花种质资源。【方法】以草棉同源多倍体后代S₁和S₂为材料,利用流式细胞仪鉴定倍性,对同源四倍体进行形态学、细胞学和生理生化指标鉴定。【结果】倍性鉴定表明,5株S₁中有1株三倍体和4株四倍体,7株S₂中有1株非整倍体和6株四倍体。在植株形态、叶片性状、花的表型、气孔性状等方面,S₂较S₁更稳定。细胞学鉴定结果表明,S₂正常四分体(85.17%)和正常花粉粒(87.33%)的比例较S₁都有所提高,说明同源四倍体减数分裂逐渐趋于正常。S₂叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性以及丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸和叶绿素的含量均高于S₁及其二倍体亲本。在结实率、种子大小和纤维长度方面,S₂优于S<...     

不同浓度秋水仙素对贡蕉的多倍体诱导

本试验以贡蕉胚性细胞悬浮系、胚性愈伤组织和多芽体为试验材料,利用不同浓度的秋水仙素溶液对不同外植体材料进行不同时间的诱变处理,以期获得染色体加倍的植株。结果表明,试验所用的胚性悬浮细胞系、胚性愈伤组织和多芽体三种不同外植体对秋水仙素处理的敏感性都较高,出现了不同程度的死亡,以0.4%(w/v)浓度的秋水仙素溶液处理多芽体48h诱导效果较好,多芽体的死亡率达到45.83%,接近半致死率,诱变率为18.64%。通过染色体计数和气孔鉴定,获得62株纯合四倍体小苗。诱变获得的植株的染色体数目加倍,叶片气孔数量减少,体积增大。本次试验为香蕉多倍体诱变育种和新种质的创新提供了技术参考和相关依据。     

青檀多倍体诱导试验初报

为获得具有优良性状的青檀四倍体植株,以青檀幼苗为试验材料,通过秋水仙素浸泡生长点的方法,研究了不同秋水仙素浓度和处理时间对青檀染色体加倍的诱导效果。结果表明：以0.4％—0.8％秋水仙素处理72ｈ诱导效果最佳,变异率最高达34.2％。经流式细胞仪和茎尖染色体鉴定,初次镜检青檀四倍体植株染色体数目为2n＝4x＝36,成功获得了青檀四倍体植株。     

野生碧玉兰多倍体诱导及鉴定

以云南野生碧玉兰种子无菌萌发的试管苗为材料,采用浸泡法,在无菌条件下用不同浓度的秋水仙素溶液对碧玉兰丛生芽进行多倍体诱导,结果表明：以0.04%的秋水仙素处理72h效果最好,诱导变异率达60%,死亡率为30%,变异试管苗形态上表现为叶片变宽、叶色较深、叶面粗糙、部分叶尖开叉并有双脉、植株矮壮,且生长缓慢;经细胞学检测,二倍体碧玉兰染色体数目为40（2n=2x=40）,变异苗染色体数目大部分为80（2n=4x=80）;四倍体叶表皮气孔变大,单位面积内气孔数明显减少;通过RAPD分析,结果显示二倍体和四倍体在带型上存在差异。     

盾叶薯蓣组织培养及四倍体诱导技术的初步研究

以盾叶薯蓣的茎段、叶柄、叶作为外植体进行离体组织培养,其效果以茎段和叶柄最好。诱导愈伤组织的培养基以MS+2,4-D 2.0mg/L+BA 0.5mg/L为佳;在培养过程中,可用MS+BA 3.0mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L作为分化培养基,后逐步转为MS+BA 1.Omg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L作为继代培养基;生根培养可使用MS+NAA 1.0mg/L的培养基。在组织培养条件下,对盾叶薯蓣进行了多倍体诱导的研究。结果表明,用0.15%的秋水仙素处理24小时后,诱导率可达50%,效果较好。经秋水仙素诱导的变异株,与正常的二倍体植株相比,植株粗壮,叶片变大变厚,叶色浓绿,部分还出现畸形叶。叶片表皮气孔检测发现,多倍体植株叶片表皮气孔变大,且单位面积下的气孔数目减少;进行细胞学研究发现,正常植株的染色体的数目为2n=2x=20,变异植株染色体数目为,变异植株染色体数目为2n=4x=40,为四倍体。     

催眠睡茄的离体快繁及四倍体的诱导

以催眠睡茄腋芽为外植体建立快繁体系,利用秋水仙素进行催眠睡茄四倍体诱导,并将其与二倍体进行了初步的形态学和细胞学方面的比较.结果发现:催眠睡茄二倍体(2n=2x=48)最适增殖培养基为MS 6-BA 0.5 mg/L NAA 0.05 mg/L,生根培养基为1/2 MS IBA 0.2 mg/L;四倍体(2n=4x=96)诱导率因秋水仙素浓度和处理时间的不同而异,其中用0.5%的秋水仙素对丛生芽浸泡处理48 h诱导率最高,诱导率可达13.79%.四倍体与二倍体相比:叶片明显变厚,颜色加深,叶片气孔及其保卫细胞大小增大,气孔密度减小,且保卫细胞内叶绿体数目增加.     

东方百合Siberia多倍体诱导及其细胞学鉴定

本文以东方百合Siberia的试管苗为试验材料,研究了预培养时间、秋水仙素处理方法及浓度等因素对诱导试管苗多倍体的影响.研究结果表明:秋水仙素溶液直接浸泡较共培养法好,且以0.05%的浓度和浸泡48 h为最佳组合,最终获得了18株四倍体试管苗.通过根尖染色体计数确定其为稳定的同源四倍体.显微观测气孔特征后发现:二倍体与四倍体植株的叶下表皮气孔密度及气孔保卫细胞长、宽差异均达到了极显著水平.     

氨磺灵和秋水仙素诱导橡胶草四倍体效果的比较研究

为探讨不同诱变剂对橡胶草四倍体的诱导效果,以橡胶草幼芽为材料,采用浸芽法,比较分析氨磺灵和秋水仙素2种诱变剂不同浓度和处理时间对橡胶草多倍体的诱导效果及多倍体橡胶草的形态特征变化。结果表明：氨磺灵处理橡胶草的成苗率(60%~75%)和最高诱变率(14.08%)均高于秋水仙素处理（0~59%和5.56%）,其嵌合体率(27.27%)低于秋水仙素处理(75.00%),其中0.04 mmol/L氨磺灵处理 30 min,成苗率为71.00%,变异率14.08%,为最佳诱变条件。可见,氨磺灵比秋水仙素更适合用于橡胶草多倍体诱导。诱导后获得的四倍体橡胶草叶片厚度、气孔大小、花和种子大小均显著大于野生型二倍体植株,气孔密度则显著低于野生型植株,这些形态特征可辅助多倍体橡胶草快速筛选和鉴定。本研究初步探明了2种诱变剂对橡胶草染色体加倍的诱导效果,为今后橡胶草多倍体育种提供理论依据和技术支持。     

不结球白菜单株产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为揭示不结球白菜单株产量与主要农艺性状间的关系，利用灰色关联度分析法，对18个不结球白菜品系的单株产量和8个主要农艺性状间的关联度进行分析。结果表明，不结球白菜各农艺性状与单株产量性状间的关联度排序为株幅＞最大叶叶宽＞最大叶叶柄宽＞最大叶叶柄厚＞叶片数＞最大叶叶长＞株高＞最大叶叶柄长。株幅、最大叶叶宽、最大叶叶柄宽对不结球白菜单株产量影响最大。在不结球白菜育种过程中，注重株幅、最大叶叶宽、最大叶叶柄宽性状的选择，同时兼顾其他性状的选择，可以获得单株产量较高的不结球白菜新品种。     

The importance of two-seeded pods in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Summary The effect of selection for two-seeded pods in diploid and tetraploid populations and the effect of chromosome doubling on two-seededness were studied. The material obtained was examined to find out how important two-seeded pods are for seed set, grain weight and seed yield.In a mixoploid plant the percentage two-seeded pods in the tetraploid heads was far smaller than that in the diploid heads. Only when the character had developed relatively strongly in the diploid, did it exceed a very low value.By selection of individual plants in the best families of a diploid group of plants the percentage two-seeded pods could be raised from on average 7.4 to 30.6% as early as the following generation. Similar selection in tetraploid material with 2.5% two-seeded pods did not increase the percentage.The reduction of grain weight of seed in two-seeded pods compared with that in one-seeded pods was greater in the tetraploid plants than in the diploids.No effect of two-seededness on seed yield was found in our material. A marked effect on seed-set was observed in a diploid population (286 plants) when the percentages two-seeded pods rose about 16%.As the correlation between the calculated number of heads and the seed yield per plant is high, it may be adopted that in our material the number of heads per plant was decisive of seed yield. This will contribute to the small effect of two-seededness on the seed yield of the plant.The results of the present study showed that the production of tetraploids with a high percentage two-seeded pods will take more advantage of selection of diploid material followed by doubling of chromosomes than of direct selection in the tetraploids.Protrusion of pods in heads indicates a very high percentage two-seeded pods. This will enable relatively rapid selection for two-seeded pods.A quite small percentage two-seeded pods also occurred in two tetraploid populations that had not been selected for two-seeded pods.     

Chromosome doubling of mature haploid Brussels sprout plants by colchicine treatment

Summary The effect of colchicine concentration, and the mode and time of colchicine application in doubling the chromosomes of haploid Brussels sprout plants was assessed by scoring treated plants for the presence of diploid flowers and seed set after self-pollination.When colchicine treatments were applied after the plants had been vernalised, using 2 dose rates and 3 methods of application, only 38.1% became doubled and only 13.8% produced seed. Treatment with 0.1% colchicine with or without the addition of 2% dimethyl sulphoxide gave doubling rates similar to those reached with 0.05% colchicine, but resulted in more damage to the apices.When 0.05% colchicine solution was injected into the plants' apices at varying times during vernalisation, the rate of doubling was 71.2% on average and 50.7% of plants gave seed on selfing.Overall doubling rates of plants where the apex was easily accessible were 79.0%, while for plants with dense terminal heads they were 35.0% and for plants with visible buds 31.4%.     

Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling in Platanus acerifolia and its effect on plant morphology

We report the production of tetraploid plants of Platanus acerifolia, with the ultimate aim of improving the ornamental qualities of this important urban landscaping tree. Chromosome doubling was achieved by the application of colchicine to either pre-soaked seed or to the apical meristems of young seedlings. Treatment of the ungerminated seed was the more efficient method in terms of numbers of tetraploid seedlings (up to 40%, as determined by chromosome counting of the root-tip nuclei) but this method produced no mature tetraploid plants due to the deleterious effect of colchicine on subsequent root growth. When colchicine was applied directly to the apical growing tip of cotyledon-stage seedlings, leaf and stem growth was temporarily affected but the plants eventually recovered. We conducted a preliminary screen for putative tetraploids based on the observation in other plant species of a correlation of stomatal size and distribution with ploidy. Plants containing significantly larger stomata and at a lower density across the lower leaf epidermis, were selected for further analysis by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. These techniques confirmed that, of the 12 putative polyploids, four were tetraploid, five were mixoploid and three were, in fact, diploid. Morphological differences of the tetraploids included a more compact growth habit and broader, thicker leaves. These plants are being grown to full maturity in order to test their potential for use in a breeding programme aimed at producing sterile triploid lines.     

Production of intraspecific aneuploids in the genus Solanum. 1. Doubling the chromosome number of seven diploid species

Summary The variation which persisted in interspecific aneuploids even after one or two generations of backcrossing prevented the morphological distinction of the aneuploids from their diploid sibs. An attempt was made to unmask the effects of aneuploidy by producing aneuploids within the more uniform genetic background of a single species.The procedure to produce trisomics and aneuploids of diploid species was to vegetatively double clones or seed of the species with colchicine, cross the induced tetraploids to diploids to produce triploids, and then cross the triploids to the original diploids. An attempt was made to use the same diploid clone and/or introduction of a species in all successive stages of the procedure in order to obtain as much uniformity as possible. This was largely unsuccessful because self-incompatibility and inbreeding reduced seed set. Seventy-three different tetraploids were obtained from seven species. Tuber treatments were noticeably unsuccessful in producing doubled plants. The two vegetative treatments were most successful and produced 41 different tetraploid clones while 30 doubled plants were obtained from four seed treatments.Morphologically the tetraploids resembled the diploid and there was no noticeable increase in size of leaflets and floral parts in the tetraploid. The average number of chloroplasts in ten pairs of guard cells was a distinctive feature which could efficiently be used in distinguishing the induced tetraploid plants from diploids. The tetraploids were generally less fertile than their diploid counterparts and the majority of them exhibited self-compatibility in comparison to self incompatibility of the diploids.Cooperative investigations of the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. Supported in part by grants from the Research Committee of the Graduate School, University of Wisconsin.     

Aneuploids of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Summary Aneuploid plants of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with 2n=15 to 30 chromosomes were obtained by crossing a near-triploid (2n=3x+1=22) with a diploid or on open-pollination with diploids and tetraploids. Aneuploids occurred with a frequency of 83% in near triploid × diploid progeny and 92% on open-pollination with diploid and tetraploid plants. Aneuploid plants with 15 to 18 chromosomes resembled diploids in morphology and those with 19 to 30 chromosomes were akin to tetraploids. Meiotic studies suggested that most aneuploid plants resulted from transmission of aneuploid egg cells (n=8 to 23). Aneuploid plants with 2n=27 to 30 chromosomes in the progeny of 22×14 cross originated from unreduced egg cells. Plants with 19 to 21 chromosomes were recovered only by immature seed culture. Aneuploid plants with 26 to 30 chromosomes and triploids (2n=21) had higher pollen fertility and bigger seeds than plants with 15 to 22 chromosomes.     

木薯有性四倍体遗传稳定性分析

木薯作为中国重要的经济作物,其优良品种的选育一直是木薯科研工作的重点,而多倍体的巨型性特点为其育种提供了新的思路,目前多倍体研究大多是体细胞加倍,有性多倍化研究起步较晚,而本课题组通过2n配子有性活体杂交,成功获得了首例木薯有性四倍体植株。为了研究木薯有性四倍体的遗传稳定性,本研究分别采用:田间的农艺性状观测(生长稳定期)、流式细胞术、叶片染色体计数、蛋白质含量测定/蛋白质聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳以及淀粉含量测定等方法进行鉴定。结果显示:木薯有性四倍体各株系农艺性状均保持了母株器官巨型性的多倍体特征;流式细胞仪分析显示,木薯有性四倍体各株系叶片DNA含量均为二倍体亲本(SC5)的两倍,相对应的叶片染色体数目也为二倍体亲本(SC5)的两倍,且视野中四倍体细胞所占比例均在90%以上;各株系蛋白质含量均小于二倍体对照组,且有性多倍体株系电泳谱带基本相似;在淀粉含量测定中,其各株系淀粉含量均小于对照组,且各株系之间含量波动较小。本研究结果表明木薯有性四倍体植株具有较好的遗传稳定性,对木薯多倍体品种的选育具有重要意义。     

不结球白菜小孢子胚成苗及倍性变异研究

以不结球白菜小孢子胚为外植体,对胚发育成苗过程中基本培养基、激素配比、基因型及生根条件进行了研究,并对再生植株的染色体倍性进行了鉴定。研究表明：适于小孢子胚芽分化的培养基为B5＋GA30.1 mg/L＋蔗糖3%＋琼脂1.2%,在此培养基上6号、14号、31号的子叶型胚状体的出芽率分别为53.33%,85.24%,75.55%,平均出芽数分别为5.66,3.83,3.28个;为了诱导获得健壮新根,提高植株再生率,最适宜的生根培养基为MS＋IBA 0.1 mg/L＋蔗糖3%＋琼脂0.6%,生根率达100%,平均根数9.70条。对133株再生植株进行了染色体倍性鉴定,结果发现不结球白菜自然加倍率很高,且倍性变异情况比较复杂,其中四倍体植株所占比例最高,达到56.39%,二倍体植株占39.10%,三倍体植株占3.01%,而单倍体植株仅占1.50%。     

Comparative study on vegetative,reproductive and qualitative traits of seven diploid and tetraploid watermelon lines

Seven tetraploid watermelon lines developed by colchicine treatments were compared with their diploid counterpart for plant, flower, fruit, seed and qualitative characteristics. Tetraploid genotypes attained statistically higher vine thickness (8.04 mm), leaf area (298.9 cm²) and chlorophyll content (55.6) while internode length and chlorophyll fluorescence was similar to their corresponding diploid. Both pistillate and staminate flower organs (pedicel, anther, ovary, stigma, petals) were larger in tetraploid plants; however, the percent increase in flower components varied across the tetraploid lines. Fruit weight and total sugar content (^∘Brix) in both ploidy fruits was similar. Rind thickness in fruits varied significantly and averaged 12.7 and 17.2 mm in diploid and tetraploid fruits, respectively. Tetraploid genotypes showed sterility, yielded lower number of seed per fruit (37.9), and tetraploid seed was larger and thicker than diploid seed. Overall β-carotene (0.89), lycopene (1.16), fructose (5.43%) and glucose (2.38%) contents were higher in tetraploid than diploid fruits.