不同品种叶用莴苣营养品质分析

为挑选出营养物质含量丰富且因硝酸盐含量较低的叶用莴苣品种,对25份不同品种叶用莴苣的Vc、有机酸、粗纤维、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和硝酸盐6个营养指标的含量进行测定,并利用模糊数学的隶属函数法计算不同品种叶用莴苣的每个营养指标的隶属函数值,对其营养品质进行综合评价。结果表明,不同品种叶用莴苣间营养物质含量存在较大差异,并且即便是同一品种不同来源的叶用莴苣,其营养成分含量差异也很明显。在本研究中,综合品质最优的有2个品种,分别是‘N-I’和‘大速生’,此外,还发现部分品种叶用莴苣营养物质含量丰富但却因硝酸盐含量较高而影响其综合品质,为日后优化育种指明了方向。     

34份地方食用黄花菜品质分析

通过农艺性状和品质指标的测定,利用主成分分析和隶属函数法对来源于不同地方的黄花菜种质进行综合营养品质评价。结果表明, 11 个指标在 34 份黄花菜种质间有明显差异, 11 个指标的变异系数范围为 1.08%~22.25% ,变异系数最大的为含水量,最小的为可溶性糖。相关性分析结果得出,株蕾高与总黄酮和含水量呈显著负相关,与粗蛋白呈极显著负相关;花蕾长与维生素 C 呈极显著负相关,与粗蛋白呈显著正相关;维生素 C 与有机酸呈显著负相关。对 7 个营养品质指标进行主成分分析,特征值前 3 个主成分反映了总指标的 67.705% ,能较好地代替 7 个营养品质指标来体现黄花菜的性状和品质差异。经隶属函数法综合评价,营养品质较好的种质有 6 份,中等品质的有 25 份,较差品质的有 3 份。该研究为黄花菜种质资源评价及优异种质培育提供技术支撑。     

新疆不同桑葚品种营养品质分析

以新疆药桑、鞑靼桑和白桑为材料,分析了它们的水分、pH值、可滴定酸、灰分、维C、葡萄糖、果糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、总酚和总黄酮。结果表明,不同品种桑葚果实的营养品质差异显著(p<0.05),其中,药桑的可滴定酸、维C和总酚最高,分别为1.14%,97.3 mg/100 g FW和10.32 mg GAE/g FW;白桑的水分、pH值、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、果糖和葡萄糖最高,分别为83.98%,6.20,0.41%,1.21%,68.10 mg/g FW和73.94 mg/g FW;而鞑靼桑的灰分和总黄酮含量最高,分别为1.21%和2.77 mg RE/g FW。     

中国北方地区大果花生品种综合品质评价与分析

旨在通过科学评价花生品种的综合品质,为推广和利用花生新品种提供科学依据。本研究以国家北方地区22个大果花生品种为试验材料,用隶属函数法算出22个花生品种5项主要品质性状的综合隶属函数值。隶属函数值高于对照’花育33号’(0.44)的品种有7个分别是’中花224’(0.62)、’荷花1615’(0.55)、’济花1208’(0.51)、’徐0607-5’(0.48)、’云花1号’(0.47)、’开农91’(0.46)、’濮花55号’(0.45),其中,’中花224’油酸含量大于75%且O/L>10,可作为优质高油酸花生种质资源利用;’荷花1615’、’云花1号’、’徐0607-5’粗蛋白含量相对较高,具有较好的营养品质,可作为优质鲜食花生品种;’济花1208’、’开农91’、’濮花55号’含油量较高,可作为油用加工型花生品种。’中花224’、’荷花1615’、’济花1208’、’徐0607-5’、’云花1号’、’开农91’、’濮花55号’,这7个品种综合品质较优,适宜在中国北方地区种植推广。     

高原地区不同青蒜品种农艺性状与营养品质的差异分析

为探究高原青蒜品种的农艺性状及营养品质的差异,本研究利用差异显著性、相关性及主成分分析对5份大蒜品种的9个农艺性状和11个营养品质指标进行了比较。结果表明,不同青蒜品种的农艺与品质性状差异显著,其中农艺性状的变异范围为11.03%～60.54%,品质性状的变异范围为10.33%～56.81%。相关性分析发现,假茎粗与6个品质性状呈显著或极显著关系,假茎粗是与青蒜营养关联最多的农艺性状。主成分分析共提取了4个主成分,其中主成分1和主成分2的方差贡献率分别为46.19%和26.85%,主成分1中"叶片颜色因子"(叶绿素a,叶绿素b,类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素的含量)和主成分2中"株形因子"(株幅,假茎长,假茎长/株高)为青蒜品种评价中的主要指标。青蒜品种的农艺与品质性状综合得分为QS3QS1QS5QS4QS2。综上说明,QS3的农艺与品质性状最佳,可作为优良高原青蒜资源在青海高原地区栽培推广;同时,叶绿素相关指标的含量、株幅、假茎长、假茎长/株高是高原青蒜商品性的重要评价指标,这将为高原青蒜品种的筛选鉴定提供重要参考。     

不同产地不同玉米品种营养品质差异性分析

为了解河南省小区域范围内不同产地不同玉米品种所含主要营养物质含量的差异,在河南省3个不同的产地对其广泛推广的3种玉米品种进行扦样,对其所含蛋白质、脂质、淀粉含量进行测定并进行差异性分析。结果表明,不同产地不同玉米品种间营养品质差异性较为显著,同一产地不同玉米品种间营养品质差异较小,同一玉米品种不同产地间的营养品质存在着显著性差异,表明在适宜的环境和合理种植下,这3种玉米品种均可以表现出其优良品质,可以进行混合种植。     

安徽萝卜品种资源营养品质分析与评价

分析了安徽２１个萝卜品种的矿物质、可溶性总糖、蛋白质、维生素Ｃ和粗纤维５个营养指标含量,并用模糊数学的隶属函数法对种质的综合营养品质进行了评价。结果表明,恨地钻和二躁萝卜综合营养品质突出;滁县大红萝卜、牛腿红、歙县白萝卜、太平白萝卜、五河红萝卜和寿县大青萝卜综合营养品质居上     

冬作马铃薯新品种(系)块茎营养品质综合评价

评价冬作马铃薯新品种(系)块茎主要营养品质,筛选适宜主食化的新品种.以'丽薯6号'为对照,对参试的5个马铃薯新品种(系)的干物质、还原糖、维生素C、蛋白质、淀粉、抗性淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉等主要营养品质性状进行测定和分析.综合主成分和相关性分析以及利用模糊数学隶属函数分析法对不同品种(系)马铃薯块茎中的主要营养品质状...     

不同春谷品种支链淀粉含量与营养品质指标及农艺性状的相关性分析

通过田间试验与品质检测,分析了4个不同春谷品种的支链淀粉含量与营养品质指标及农艺性状的内在联系,旨在为优质春谷品种选育提供理论依据。结果表明,各品种的支链淀粉含量存在显著差异;支链淀粉含量与灰分显著正相关,与粗蛋白及直链淀粉含量显著负相关;与刚毛长度极显著正相关,与穗粗和出谷率显著负相关。因此谷子品种选育中,可将不同品系的营养品质指标与农艺性状相结合,提高育种的针对性和效率。     

71份藜麦品种资源的农艺性状及营养品质分析与评价

对河北坝上地区71份藜麦材料的农艺性状和籽粒营养品质进行调查分析。结果表明,材料的11个农艺性状存在不同程度变异,变异系数为5.14%~47.00%。营养品质方面,淀粉、脂肪和蛋白质含量的均值分别为57.22%、5.79%和16.10%,其中脂肪含量的变异系数最大（13.27%）,蛋白质次之（6.97%）,淀粉较小（3.14%）。藜麦氨基酸总量变幅为8.35~11.30g/100g,且其氨基酸评分较传统作物更为均衡。相关性分析表明,藜麦的叶片长、叶片宽、成熟期株高、叶柄长、茎粗度、单株产量和粒径均与不同营养成分的含量显著相关。主成分分析中前5个主成分累计贡献率达70.020%;聚类分析在遗传距离为7.5时将71份材料分为5个类群,其中类群Ⅰ中4份材料（20HZ61B、20HZ24B、20HZ92、20HZ07）的千粒重和蛋白质含量较高,类群Ⅲ中有4份材料（20HZ35、20HZ68、20HZ94、20HZ14B）的单株产量和千粒重较大,具有培育为优异藜麦品种的潜质。通过综合分析筛选出适宜河北坝上地区的早熟、大粒、粗茎、高单株产量、矮秆高产、高蛋白和高氨基酸含量的特异种质19份。     

洋葱愈伤原生质体分离和纯化研究

建立高效原生质体分离和植株再生体系是进行体细胞杂交的基础性工作。以洋葱多次继代的愈伤组织为研究试材,对原生质体分离纯化技术进行研究。结果表明：2.0%纤维素酶Onozuka R-10+0.1%果胶酶Y-23+0.5%离析酶 R-10+0.60 mol/L甘露醇+CPW+0.1% MES的酶液,酶解6 h,洋葱原生质体分离效果最好。纯化时,适当降低离心力的短时间离心有利于原生质体纯化过程中产量和活力的保持,以600 r/min离心5 min效果为好。     

洋葱通用型愈伤组织诱导的建立

为研究洋葱愈伤诱导体系建立问题,对洋葱种子幼苗、鳞茎盘、幼嫩花序不同组织进行愈伤诱导,同时对愈伤组织进行继代培养和发芽诱导筛选。结果表明,12份洋葱种子材料未诱导出愈伤组织,12份洋葱球的鳞茎盘只有‘早春黄3号(不育系)’诱导出愈伤组织;22份洋葱花序在黑暗条件进行愈伤诱导,诱导率为100%,说明洋葱不同组织对愈伤的诱导发生存在差异,洋葱幼嫩花序培养基诱导率100%,说明洋葱最佳诱导愈伤的组织为幼嫩花序。对不同材料愈伤进行继代培养,‘早春黄3号(不育系)’和‘黄金大玉葱’愈伤生长最快;利用液体培养基进行继代培养,能够快速、高效扩繁愈伤组织。选用27份不同梯度组合的培养基对愈伤组织进行出苗诱导,在光照条件下,开始会有绿色组织形成,全部诱导出根,均未诱导出苗。石蜡切片观察外植体诱导愈伤和继代培养愈伤无差异,再生培养基诱导后有根形态形成。说明不同成分的培养基诱导洋葱愈伤组织,其内部促进生根的激素增加,导致根的诱导发生。通用型洋葱愈伤组织的诱导形成,为不同基因型的洋葱诱导出苗、生根奠定材料基础,对洋葱基因编辑等技术应用具有促进作用。     

洋葱种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

应用ISSR标记对32份洋葱种质资源的遗传多样性进行了分析。从31个ISSR引物中筛选出4条扩增产物条带清晰、多态性高的引物,在32份资源样品中共扩增出39条带,其中31条带为多态性位点,平均每个引物扩增的多态带数为7.75条,多态性条带比率（PPB）为79.48%。资源间的遗传相似系数在0.552~0.960之间,具有较为丰富的遗传多样性。ISSR聚类分析表明,在L取值为D=0.68时,可将32份洋葱资源分成5类：第一类包括18份种质资源,主要以Yellow Sweet Spanish系统为主;第二类包括1份种质资源,为Bejo Daytona;第三类包括3份种质资源,为Yellow Globe系统;第四类包括9份种质资源,为Yellow globe danvers系统;第五类包括1份种质资源,为Yellow Danvers system系统。较好地揭示了洋葱种质资源间的遗传多样性与亲缘关系,可为洋葱遗传育种和杂交亲本选择提供科学依据。     

Heritability and Correlation Studies on Some Vegetative Traits in Nigerian Local White Onion, Allium cepa L.

Heritability estimates for soluble solids, bulb firmness and bulb weight were carried out in two ways, namely, parent-offspring regression and half-sib family intra-class correlation. Leaf characters were estimated only by half-sib intra-class correlations. For soluble solids the values were high (72% and 58% respectively), while the values for bulb weight And bulb firmness were low (20% and 39%, and 32%, and 33% respectively) using the two methods. Some high additive genetic correlations were observed between bulb firmness and length of longest leaf (r_A= 0.830), bulb weight and leaf area of longest leaf (r_A= 0.704).     

Variation of gynogenesis ability in onion (Allium cepa L.)

Onion varieties from Northern-Europe, Eastern-Europe, Southern-Europe and the U.S. including populations, inbreds, synthetics and clones were tested for their gynogenesis ability for three years: 1993-1995. Embryos were induced in Petri dishes using in vitro culture of flower buds. Embryo rate, regeneration rate, survival rate, embryo quality and ploidy level of regenerants are described. Important genotype and variety effects are pointed out; embryo production and plant regeneration ranged from 0 to 17% and from 0 to 11% of inoculated flowers, respectively. Highest results were obtained with inbreds and synthetics for embryo production as well as for plant regeneration. Populations expressed various responses which were generally low. Geographic origin and year effects were covered by the effects of genetic structure of varieties and specific genotype of donor plant. Among regenerants, 80% were haploid and 13% were spontaneous diploid. No relation has been found between general quality and ploidy level of regenerants. The choice of plant material for successful gynogenesis in onion is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of Gynogenetic Plants of Onion (Allium cepa L.) after Crossing with Irradiated Pollen

The possibility of producing gynogenetic plants with pollen inactivated by irradiation was explored for the onion (Allium cepa L.). Two successive experiments included the use of cytoplasmic male sterility, recessive nuclear markers in the female plants and pollen irradiation of 150 Gy. Pollinations were achieved with the aid of flies and all seeds were harvested without the use of embryo rescue. Plantlets with recessive characters could be detected and they contained haploid and diploid cells. The development of these plantlets until flowering was observed under agronomic conditions. The use of doubled haploid (DH) plants in onion breeding is discussed.     

铝（Al^3＋）对洋葱根生长和细胞分裂的影响

以洋葱(Allium cepa L.2n=16)为材料,研究不同浓度氯化铝(AlCl_3·6H_2O)溶液对根生长、根尖细胞有丝分裂和染色体形态的影响.研究结果表明,随着Al~(3+)浓度的增加,根的生长量递减,呈明显的负相关;随着处理时间的延长,每单位时间的生长量亦递减,甚至停止生长;在50～200ppm Al~(3+)处理下,根尖细胞有丝分裂指数随着Al~(3+)浓度增高而递减,随着处理持续时间的延长而递减;不同浓度的Al~(3+)处理都能引起染色体畸变,如,c-有丝分裂、染色体桥、染色体粘连等;恢复培养后各处理的鳞茎均能恢复生长.染色体畸变率降低.     

洋葱细胞质雄性不育系及保持系小孢子发生的细胞学观察

为揭示洋葱细胞质雄性不育系小孢子的败育时期,利用石蜡切片技术对洋葱细胞质雄性不育系8A及其保持系8B的小孢子发育过程进行观察和比较。结果表明：石蜡切片洋葱细胞质雄性不育系8A和保持系8B造孢组织时期小孢子的生长发育没有明显的差异;洋葱不育系8A花药绒毡层在花粉母细胞时期就与中层完全分离,并逐渐膨大挤压花粉母细胞,最后逐渐降解。其降解后的残余物侵入药室,与小孢子混合粘连在一起,占据药室的一部分空间,并且不能供给小孢子生长发育所需要的营养物质,最终小孢子降解,花药败育。试验明确了洋葱细胞质雄性不育系8A的小孢子败育时期为花粉母细胞时期。因此,在洋葱雄性不育系8A的不育机理研究中,应重点在花粉母细胞时期进行深入研究。     

Spontaneous and induced chromosome doubling in gynogenic lines of onion (Allium cepa L.)

The presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (6—BA) in the medium is required to induce an acceptable yield of gynogenic embryos from unfertilized ovary and flower cultures in onion. Four different exposure times of ovary and flower cultures to exogenous growth regulators (15, 30, and 45 days, and the entire culture period) were assayed. The objective was to ascertain the effect of these substances and of their period of application on the formation of gynogenic embryos and on the yield of haploids. An exposure of 15 days was sufficient for ovaries and flowers to be stimulated towards the gynogenic response, whereas, for the remaining period of 30—80 days, the pro-embryos could easily grow on a growth-regulator-free medium. In the gynogenic material obtained, phenotypic differences were visible between genetically independent lines but not between plants within each line, even when they had a different ploidy level (n or 2n). Almost all lines obtained by gynogenesis were sterile. Only a small percentage (1%) became fertile through spontaneous chromosome doubling, and these produced 2—20 seeds each, giving normal plants. The recovery of fertility occurred more often during the generations of bulbils. To exploit this natural propensity towards diploidization in this phase, different amounts and numbers of applications of colchicine were evaluated in two experiments. The treatments corresponding to 10 and 100 mg/1 of colchicine applied for 24h gave the highest number of diploid cells in root tips but no diploidization occurred in the shoot apices. Three days of colchicine treatment at 10 mg/1 produced 46% of plants completely diploid in the shoot apex. The flower fertility of these doubled haploid plants is being evaluated.