枝顶孢霉属内生真菌CEF-193对棉花黄萎病的控制作用

棉花黄萎病连年对棉花的产量、品质等造成严重损失，而利用生防菌是绿色防治病害的方法之一。为了明确棉花内生真菌枝顶孢霉CEF-193对棉花黄萎病的防控效果，于2017－2018年在河南安阳开展了生防菌CEF-193防治棉花黄萎病效果的试验。结果表明，CEF-193的3种处理方式均可显著减轻黄萎病发病，其中固体菌剂处理对黄萎病的防治效果最好，温室防效达到52.7%，大田防效达到33.7%；CEF-193处理可促进棉花增产，其中发酵液喷雾处理的棉花铃重增加了6.7%，灌根处理的籽棉产量增加了8.4%。在棉花生产中，生防菌CEF-193可有效防治棉花黄萎病。该研究可为棉花黄萎病的有效控制提供技术支持。     

生物肥和内生菌对棉花黄萎病的防治效果研究

以科棉6号为供试品种,采用生物肥、内生菌及化学药剂处理等方法防治黄萎病。结果表明：生物肥播种处理对棉花枯萎病有一定的抑制作用;生物肥播种处理和发病期处理、内生菌发病期处理、化学药剂发病期处理,对棉花的黄萎病有一定的防治作用;内生菌发病期处理及生物肥播种处理对棉花有一定的增产作用。     

棉花黄萎病的发生规律与防治技术探析

从介绍棉花黄萎病主要症状出发,分析了棉花黄萎病发病规律,并从保护无病区、选育抗病品种及进行种子处理等方面提出了棉花黄萎病防治技术。     

10%恶霉灵纳米乳对棉花黄萎病的防治效果

应用10%恶霉灵纳米乳对棉花黄萎病进行全程高效控制技术研究,即用1000倍液药剂和棉籽按质量比1︰1进行拌种处理24～48 h,药剂和种子用量均为22.5～37.5 g·hm^－2（主动防治）;现蕾初期用1000倍液灌根,药剂用量450 g·hm^－2（被动防治）;秋桃盖顶时用1000倍液叶面喷施,药剂用量900 g·hm^－2（补救防治）。示范面积78.47 hm²,技术辐射面积666.67 hm²。结果表明,应用10%恶霉灵纳米乳对棉花黄萎病进行灌根和叶面喷施处理的防效分别达96%和88%以上,优于对照药剂50%多菌灵WP 67%和53%的防效。测产结果表明,示范田、技术辐射田皮棉产量分别为1987.35 kg·hm^－2和1801.35 kg·hm^－2,比对照田增产369.15 kg·hm^－2和183.15 kg·hm^－2,增幅达22.81%和11.32%。     

球毛壳菌CEF-082对棉花的防病促生作用

为了确定球毛壳菌Chaetomium globosum CEF-082对棉花黄萎病的防治效果（防效）及对棉花的促生效果,制备孢子含量为5×10⁸ g^－1的CEF-082菌剂,采用底肥法、灌根法和包衣法3种处理方式,分别设置不同剂量处理的温室和田间试验。温室试验结果表明：3种处理方式下CEF-082均能不同程度减轻棉花黄萎病发生;灌根法下,CEF-082菌剂稀释50倍时的防效最高,达到77.15%;底肥法剂量为灭菌蛭石沙土基质的5‰（质量分数）时对棉花黄萎病防效达到43.08%;包衣剂量为300 g·kg^－1时防效达78.08%;此外,该菌剂在3种处理方式下对棉花的株高、根长和总鲜物质质量等生长指标均有促进作用。田间试验结果表明,每666.7 m²分别用CEF-082菌剂1 kg灌根、300 g·kg^－1包衣或2 kg撒施处理,在播种后80 d对棉花黄萎病的防效分别为49.41%、46.74%、47.63%,籽棉产量较相应对照分别增加10.01%、6.19%和4.89%。综上,底肥法、灌根法和包衣法处理下,适宜剂量的CEF-082菌剂对棉花黄萎病均具有一定的防效,其中灌根法处理的防效和促生效果最优。     

五倍子粗提液对棉花黄萎病的防治效果

以五倍子为对象,研究其粗提液对大丽轮枝菌的抑菌效果及对棉花黄萎病的田间防治效果,为研制用于棉花黄萎病防治的新型植物源制剂提供技术支持。结果表明,当五倍子粗提液体积分数达到0.6%时,其对分离自不同棉区的大丽轮枝菌强致病力菌株Vd080、Vd147、Vd021的菌落生长抑制率和产孢量抑制率均达到100%。田间叶面喷施五倍子粗提液对棉花黄萎病的防治效果最高可达到58.8%,40、80倍液处理能显著提高棉花纤维的断裂伸长率,且前者能显著提高籽棉产量。推荐生产上在棉花黄萎病发生前或发生初期叶面喷施40～80倍的五倍子粗提液进行防治。     

棉萎克对棉花黄萎病的防控效果及使用技术

2015年于河南安阳黄萎病人工病圃和新疆黄萎病重病田研究了棉萎克对棉花黄萎病的防治效果。结果表明:在人工病圃黄萎病发生的中期,连续喷施600倍棉萎克2次后,处理区的病情指数下降14.3%,标记病株的平均病级由4.0下降到2.8;而对照区病情指数增长92.6%,标记病株的平均病级由4.2上升到5.9,对黄萎病的防治效果为55.4%。在新疆阿拉尔和石河子重病田黄萎病发生初期,连续喷施棉萎克3次后,对黄萎病的防治效果分别为66.1%和73.1%。本研究表明,在棉花黄萎病发生初期喷施棉萎克对棉花黄萎病具有较好的防治效果。     

桃色顶孢霉发酵液对大豆的促生及其抗逆酶活性的影响

本实验采用了管碟法和种子萌发法研究了实验室分离获得的桃色顶孢霉对茄病镰刀菌F. solani.的拮抗作用以及对大豆的促生作用,并采用愈创木酚法、紫外吸收法、氮蓝四唑光化还原法研究了顶孢霉发酵液对POD、CAT、SOD三种抗逆酶活性的影响。结果表明：顶孢霉发酵液对镰刀菌菌丝生长有明显抑制作用,菌丝变稀疏。大豆种子经不同浓度桃色顶孢霉发酵液处理后,萌发率及种子酶活性均产生变化。不同浓度的发酵液对种子萌发促进作用不同,当发酵液浓度为10%时,胚根长,胚芽长,胚根鲜重,胚芽鲜重均达到最高值,分别为2.91cm,0.037g,4.07cm,0.1666g。与对照相比分别提高了49.37%,63.24%,30.54%,45.80%。当处理种子的发酵液浓度为60%时,种子萌发率最高为83.67%,与对照相比提高了23.90%;酶活性最强,POD、CAT和SOD分别为683U、160.67U和301U,与对照相比分别提高 73.50%,43.78%,76.73%。初步证实了桃色顶孢霉发酵液中含有能够促进大豆种子的萌发及抗逆酶活性升高的物质。     

不同吸附载体对木霉菌防治棉花黄萎病的效果

利用锯末、玉米芯末、膨润土等为木霉菌载体,对棉花进行根区施药防治棉花黄萎病。试验结果表明,以玉米芯末为载体的处理防治效果最佳,药后60天和90天防治效果分别为70．6％和83．2％,以锯末为载体的处理防效较好,药后60天和90天防治效果分别为68．1％和80．6％,两者均可作为木霉菌防治棉花黄萎病的载体,具有广阔的应用前景。     

枯草芽孢杆菌Jaas ed1菌剂对棉花黄萎病的防效研究

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌对棉花黄萎病的防治效果,加快内生拮抗细菌-枯草芽孢杆菌Jaased1菌剂防治棉花黄萎病试验示范进程,利用Jaas ed1菌剂在苗期对棉花进行灌根处理,以及现蕾初期对棉花进行灌根处理。结果表明:新型内生拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌Jaas ed1能抑制棉花黄萎病的发生,特别是苗期以及现蕾初期进行药剂灌根,对预防棉花黄萎病的发生具有较好的效果,防治效果达到53.2%;同时可以促进棉花的生长,提高棉花的产量,籽棉产量、皮棉产量分别比清水对照高7.95%、8.19%。     

Three New Resveratrol Derivatives from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Alternaria sp.

Three new resveratrol derivatives, namely, resveratrodehydes A–C (1–3), were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. R6. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of their MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. All compounds showed broad-spectrum inhibitory activities against three human cancer cell lines including human breast MDA-MB-435, human liver HepG2, and human colon HCT-116 by MTT assay (IC₅₀ < 50 μM). Among them, compounds 1 and 2 both exhibited marked cytotoxic activities against MDA-MB-435 and HCT-116 cell lines (IC₅₀ < 10 μM). Additionally, compounds 1 and 3 showed moderate antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay.     

Identification and Bioactivity of Compounds from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Alternaria sp.

Racemic new cyclohexenone and cyclopentenone derivatives, (±)-(4R*,5S*,6S*)-3-amino-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-methoxy-5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (1) and (±)-(4S*,5S*)-2,4,5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-4-methoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (2), and two new xanthone derivatives 4-chloro-1,5-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-6-methoxycarbonyl-xanthen-9-one (3) and 2,8-dimethoxy-1,6-dimethoxycarbonyl-xanthen-9-one (4), along with one known compound, fischexanthone (5), were isolated from the culture of the mangrove endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. R6. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of their MS (Mass), one and two dimensional NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] scavenging activities with EC₅₀ values of 8.19 ± 0.15 and 16.09 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. In comparison to Triadimefon, compounds 2 and 3 exhibited inhibitory activities against Fusarium graminearum with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 215.52 and 107.14 μM, respectively, and compound 3 exhibited antifungal activity against Calletotrichum musae with MIC value of 214.29 μM.     

Bioactive Metabolites from Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus sp. 16-5B

Chemical investigation of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. 16-5B cultured on Czapek’s medium led to the isolation of four new metabolites, aspergifuranone (1), isocoumarin derivatives (±) 2 and (±) 3, and (R)-3-demethylpurpurester A (4), together with the known purpurester B (5) and pestaphthalides A (6). Their structures were determined by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of Compound 1 was determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra, and that of Compound 4 was revealed by comparing its optical rotation data and CD with those of the literature. The structure of Compound 6 was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment using CuKα radiation. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, and Compound 1 showed significant inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ value of 9.05 ± 0.60 μM. Kinetic analysis showed that Compound 1 was a noncompetitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase. Compounds 2 and 6 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities.     

Metabolites with Anti-Inflammatory Activity from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe sp. QYM12

One new diterpenoid, diaporpenoid A (1), two new sesquiterpenoids, diaporpenoids B–C (2,3) and three new α-pyrone derivatives, diaporpyrones A–C (4–6) were isolated from an MeOH extract obtained from cultures of the mangrove endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. QYM12. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations and a comparison of the specific rotation. Compound 1 had an unusual 5/10/5-fused tricyclic ring system. Compounds 1 and 4 showed potent anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells with IC₅₀ values of 21.5 and 12.5 μM, respectively.     

Bioactive Indole Diketopiperazine Alkaloids from the Marine Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus sp. YJ191021

Six new prenylated indole diketopiperazine alkaloids, asperthrins A–F (1–6), along with eight known analogues (7–14), were isolated from the marine-derived endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. YJ191021. Their planar structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by HR-ESI-MS, 1D/2D NMR data, and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)/ECD calculation. The isolated compounds were assayed for their inhibition against three agricultural pathogenic fungi, four fish pathogenic bacteria, and two agricultural pathogenic bacteria. Compound 1 exhibited moderate antifungal and antibacterial activities against Vibrio anguillarum, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzicola, and Rhizoctonia solani with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8, 12.5, and 25 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, 1 displayed notable anti-inflammatory activity with IC₅₀ value of 1.46 ± 0.21 μM in Propionibacterium acnes induced human monocyte cell line (THP-1).     

New Polyketides from Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Penicillium sp. BJR-P2 and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Four new polyketide compounds, including two new unique isocoumarins penicillol A (1) and penicillol B (2) featuring with spiroketal rings, two new citreoviridin derivatives citreoviridin H (3) and citreoviridin I (4), along with four known analogues were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. BJR-P2. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods. The absolute configurations of compounds 1–4 based on electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, DP4+ analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction are presented. All the new compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. An anti-inflammatory assay indicated that compound 2 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 12 μM, being more potent than the positive control, indomethacin (IC₅₀ = 35.8 ± 5.7 μM). Docking study showed that compound 2 was perfectly docking into the active site of murine inducible nitric oxide oxygenase (iNOS) via forming multiple typical hydrogen bonds.     

臂形草内生真菌菌株HND5的分离、抗性评价及其初步鉴定

对我国主要臂形草(Brachiaria sp.)种质内生菌进行了活体检测、内生菌分离纯化、抗性评价及其初步鉴定。利用改良的苯胺蓝染色法对臂形草内生菌活体检测结果发现,内生真菌广泛存在于供试的9个臂形草品种中;通过组织块培养法从供试材料叶片中分离获得内生真菌菌株HND5;体外抗性分析实验结果表明,HND5菌株对多种重要病原真菌具有明显的抑菌活性和较强的耐盐碱性;经初步鉴定,该菌株属于半知菌类(FungiImperfecti)从梗孢目(Moniliales)从梗孢科(Monillaceae)枝顶孢属(Acremonium)真菌。     

旗草内生真菌的遗传多样性分析

从形态学水平和DNA水平上对11个旗草内生真菌交织顶孢霉Acremonium implicatum分离物的遗传多样性进行研究。结果表明,分离物在形态学和DNA水平上都表现出遗传多样性。在PDA培养基上,依据生长特性将这11个分离物划分为9类。通过11个随机引物对旗草内生真菌分离物基因组DNA进行RAPD分析,当相似系数为0．93时,11个旗草内生真菌分离物被聚类为7组。用4对选择性引物进行AFLP分析,当相似系数为0．95时,这些分离物也被聚类为7组。RAPD聚类结果与AFLP聚类结果的相关系数大于0．98。RAPD和AFLP聚类结果与形态学上的分类基本一致。旗草内生真菌分离物遗传多样性的存在,说明在A．implicatum的自然株系中有可能筛选出有利于旗草生长,但却不产生家畜毒性物质的优良菌株,从而加速旗草的抗性育种和高产育种。