西南地区油菜品种根肿病抗性及布局分析

为明确西南地区主栽油菜品种根肿病抗性,以期为合理品种布局提供依据,降低根肿病的危害和损失。结合病圃根肿病菌生理小种鉴定,在四川安县、大邑、广汉三地区,采用病圃自然发病法,对80个油菜品种进行根肿病抗性评价,并对22个品种连续3年进行抗性跟踪。结果表明：三地区病圃根肿菌为存在基因型分化的4号生理小种;供试油菜品种中无免疫根肿病品种,安县、大邑、广汉三地感病品种分别占比88.75%、83.75%、87.50%,其中55个品种在三地区均表现感病,即不适宜在根肿病菌为4号生理小种区域种植;抗性跟踪评价显示不同品种的抗性稳定性存在差异。‘浙油50’、‘油罐罐’适宜安县地区种植,‘黄金荚’、‘金油858’、‘油研9号’、‘种都油998’和‘渝黄4号’适宜大邑地区种植,‘志远油8号’适宜广汉地区种植。‘绵丰油5号’、‘德名油1号’表现抗性丧失趋势;‘丰油精’、‘高油48’抗性不稳定;‘矮架早’抗性完全丧失。     

大白菜品种对陕西省太白县根肿病的抗性鉴定

为明确陕西省太白县塘口村大白菜根肿病发病区根肿菌的生理小种和大白菜品种对根肿病的抗性差异,采用Williams鉴别系统对采自塘口村的根肿病菌进行生理小种鉴定,采用室内人工接种和田间自然发病鉴定方法研究了32份大白菜品种对根肿病的抗性。结果表明,塘口区的大白菜根肿菌为7号生理小种。32个参试品种中有5个经大田和人工2种方法鉴定均表现免疫,其病情指数均为0,即‘百慕田CR-D25’、‘CR金将军’、‘CR金山’、‘CR兴春’和‘CR中联金宝’。这5个品种可作为塘口村抗根肿病主栽品种及育种中的抗源使用。     

贵州部分水稻主栽品种对稻瘟病的抗性评价

在分析湄潭县稻瘟病抗性鉴定试验结果的基础上,得出贵州省部分主栽品种对稻瘟病的抗性类型.结果显示,多数品种不抗稻瘟病或田间抗性表现较差.57个参试品种中,有56个对稻瘟病表现出不同程度的感病性,其中42个表现为感病(S)或高感(HS).通过对比近年抗性监测结果发现,金优117、Ⅱ优162、Ⅱ优58等品种的抗性已逐渐退化或丧失.试验讨论了优质稻稻瘟病的重发原因,并对优质稻生产提出了建议.     

辽宁省水稻主栽品种稻曲病抗性鉴定与评价

为明确辽宁省水稻主栽品种对稻曲病的抗性水平,从而为抗病品种选育、品种合理布局提供科学依据,在2015-2019年对辽宁省200个水稻主栽品种设置3个播期,在田间病圃内采用自然诱发法对稻曲病进行抗性鉴定和评价。结果显示,不同年度间、同年度不同播期间,水稻品种间抗性差异明显,不同穗型水稻稻曲病发生程度不同,且显著差异。随着播期的推迟,稻曲病的发生程度明显下降,并且年度间变化趋势基本一致。200个供试水稻品种中表现高抗（HR）和抗病（R）品种分别为5个（占2.5%）和34个（占17.0%）,中抗（MR）和中感（MS）品种分别为34个（占17.0%）和53个（占26.5%）,感病（S）和高感（HS）品种分别为46个（占23.0%）和28个（占14.0%）。整体上,抗∶中∶感品种数的比值为19.5∶43.5∶37.0,结果表明辽宁水稻主栽品种稻曲病抗性较差。     

广西岑溪田间自然诱发稻瘟病圃的建立及水稻品系的抗瘟性评价

为了明确即将推广的水稻新品种对稻瘟病的抗感特性以及筛选一批抗性育种材料,在岑溪设立自然诱发病圃,对南方稻区国家水稻区试新品种、广西水稻区试新品种及部分水稻育种材料进行抗性鉴定。结果显示,参加国家区试、广西区试的1171个水稻新品种未有抗级以上的,中抗水平也只有极少数品种,大多数新品种都是感病或高感品种;11236份水稻育种材料表现高抗的有82份、抗级473份、中抗987份,筛选出一批抗性材料供抗病育种用。自然诱发病圃不仅可以用于推广品种的抗性监测,还可作为抗病育种筛选基地。     

贵州马铃薯主栽品种对晚疫病的田间抗性评价

本试验在贵州省海拔1000m以下、1000～1600m和1600m以上3个不同的生态区域设置抗性观测圃,调查评价我省主栽的48个马铃薯品种对晚疫病的田间抗性情况.结果显示,所有48个参试品种中,仅有会-1号在整个生育期未发病,其余的47个品种均不同程度的感病.抗性表现为中抗(MR)以上的品种有16个,占总参试品种的33.33%,中感(MS)以下的品种有28个,占总参试品种的58.34%;其中有4个品种的抗性表现因海拔高度的不同而表现出差异,占总参试品种的8.33%.     

冬小麦品种抗、感白粉病性能变异动态研究

１９９３～１９９８年对河南省１３个主栽冬小麦品种白粉病的系统调查和抗性鉴定及评价结果表明：①河南主栽冬小麦品种中没有对白粉病免疫的品种,发病最重的是豫麦１３号,平均病指２８．９,平均ＡＵＤＰＣ值５０２;发病最轻的是郑州８３１,平均病指２．３,平均ＡＵＤＰＣ值２５。②感、抗白粉病性没有明显变异的品种占总数３８％,有明显变异的品种占６２％,其中,高感变中感的品种１个（西安８号）,中感变高感的品种１个（     

不同花生品种褐斑病抗性鉴定及其防治对策

为筛选出抗褐斑病花生品种，对22个花生品种褐斑病抗性采用田间病圃鉴定法进行鉴定。结果表明，有1个品种属于高抗花生褐斑病类型，抗病品种4个，中抗品种10个，感病品种5个，高感品种2个，不同花生品种对花生褐斑病抗性有明显差异。     

云南几个苹果新品种对腐烂病的抗性鉴定

为了引进抗腐烂病新品种,调整云南苹果品种结构,需要对新拟引进品种抗性进行鉴定。以目前主栽品种红富士作为对照,通过观察果园自然发病程度和人工接种腐烂病原菌进行抗性鉴定相结合,对苹果品种对腐烂病的抗性进行鉴定。结果表明,这些测试的苹果新品种对苹果树腐烂病的抗性均存在差异,云南6个苹果新品种对腐烂病的抗性均比主栽品种红富士强。其中斯维塔、玉华早富对腐烂病的抗性表现较好,其次为新嘎啦、短枝富士、皇家嘎啦和金世纪。通过鉴定,明确这些品种均为云南未来可以推广使用的抗腐烂病的新品种。     

福建省水稻主栽品种对稻瘟病的抗性评价

摘 要：采用室内接种和田间自然诱发的方法分别鉴定了福建省18个水稻主栽品种对水稻苗瘟、叶瘟、穗颈瘟的抗病性。结果表明,供试的水稻品种对苗瘟表现为抗病的品种有11个,表现为感病的品种有7个,占供试品种的61.1%和38.9%;对叶瘟表现为抗病的品种有2个,中抗的品种有12个,中感的品种有2个,感病品种有2个,占供试品种的比率分别为11.1%、66.7%、11.1%和11.1%;主栽品种谷优527、佳辐占和特优627对穗颈瘟抗性最强,为抗病品种;金明优100等6个品种为感病品种;汕优63等2个品种为高感品种。另外,地区间气象因子不是造成水稻品种抗病性差异的主要原因,而小气候对稻瘟病发生程度有较大的影响。     

Development of novel clubroot resistant rapeseed lines (Brassica napus L.) effective against Japanese field isolates by marker assisted selection

Clubroot is an important disease infectible to cruciferous plants and a major threat to rapeseed production in Japan. However, no clubroot resistant rapeseed cultivars have been released. We surveyed pathotype variation of six isolates collected from rapeseed fields and found they were classified as pathotype groups 2 and 4 using Japanese F₁ Chinese cabbage cultivars. We produced the resynthesized clubroot resistant Brassica napus harboring two resistant loci, Crr1 and Crr2, by interspecific crossing and developed resistant rapeseed lines for southern and northern regions by marker-assisted selection and backcrossing. We improved the DNA marker for erucic acid content to remove linkage drag between Crr1 and high erucic acid content and successfully selected lines with clubroot resistance and zero erucic acid for northern regions. A novel line, ‘Tohoku No. 106’, suitable for southern regions showed stable resistance against all six isolates and high performance in infested fields. We conclude that Crr1 and Crr2 are important genes for CR rapeseed breeding and marker-assisted selection is effective in improving clubroot resistance.     

The exploitation of genetic resources of Brassica oleracea in breeding for resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae)

Summary About 1000 Brassica oleracea accessions were evaluated in glasshouse tests for response to Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot). Resistance was confirmed in some north and west European kales and cabbage. A new source of resistance in cabbage, from Eire, is reported. Most other accessions were highly susceptible but lower levels of susceptibility were observed in open pollinated Brussels sprouts and forms of south European cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli. Modern breeding (as in the production of hybrid cultivars) appears to have resulted in increased susceptibility in several crop types. The implications of these results for the exploitation of germplasm are discussed.     

利用抗、染根肿病F_2群体构建大白菜AFLP遗传连锁图谱

以易感染根肿病的大白菜(Brassica campestris ssp.pekinensis)自交系94SK和抗根肿病的CR Shinki DH系为亲本,通过杂交获得F1,并选择一株F1植株进行自交,构建了F2作图群体.利用扩增出与根肿病抗性基因CRb连锁标记的17对AFLP引物组合Pst+GNN/Mse+CNN构建大白菜遗传连锁图谱.这些AFLP引物组合共扩增出322个亲本间表现出多态性的AFLP标记.应用其中6个与CRb基因紧密连锁的AFLP标记转化成的SCAR标记和清晰可见的大于100 bp的211个AFLP标记构建了一张包含179个标记位点、10个连锁群、覆盖长度为576 cM,平均图距3.3 cM的遗传图谱.抗根肿病基因CRb定位在第一条连锁群9 cM的范围内.研究表明,利用Pst/Mse Ⅰ和EcoR Ⅰ/Mse Ⅰ引物组合以及其他分子标记类型构建遗传连锁图谱,并有效减少遗传图谱中聚集和间隙现象的产生提供了一定的科学依据.同时,该图谱的构建对在基因组范围内通过分子标记辅助选择选育大白菜根肿病抗性品种奠定了基础.     

‘黑叶’大白菜抗根肿病雄性不育系转育研究

为选育抗根肿病大白菜新品种,根据“复等位基因”遗传假说及大白菜对根肿病的抗性由一对显性核基因控制的结论,以抗根肿病大白菜甲型雄性不育“两用系”的不育株为抗源和不育源,以‘黑叶’大白菜为轮回父本,经过杂交、连续回交、自交、测交、兄妹交和抗病接种筛选鉴定等方法,将抗根肿病基因和核不育基因导入‘黑叶’大白菜中,获得抗根肿病‘黑叶’大白菜新甲型雄性不育“两用系”和“临时保持系”。抗根肿病的大白菜雄性不育系的育成,为抗根肿病新品种选育提供参考。     

根肿病(Plasmodiophora brassicae)菌侵染对大白菜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响

旨在研究根肿病菌侵染过程中膜脂过氧化相关指标及保护酶类活性的变化。以感病（91-12B）和抗病（CR91-12B）大白菜为试验材料,采用注射法对其进行接菌,取样测定。91-12B和CR91-12B抗氧化酶类活性均表现为先升高后降低,但抗病CR91-12B对病菌胁迫反应迅速,防御及时,活性氧系统处于动态平衡。感病91-12B对病菌胁迫反应慢,防御不及时,活性氧系统平衡被破坏。这说明接菌后,抗病材料能及时产生超氧阴离子作为信号激发细胞的抗氧化反应。同时发现,接菌后第8天为抗病CR91-12B对病菌胁迫产生反应的时间。本试验验证了根肿病抗性与膜脂过氧化间的关系,为一些生长调节剂和人工合成的活性氧清除剂在抗根肿病上的应用提供了依据;     

抗根肿病甘蓝型油菜新品种华油杂62R的选育

我国油菜根肿病发病面积在66.7万公顷左右,约占总生产面积的10%,已严重威胁到油菜的安全生产。基于此,本研究以含有CRb抗根肿病位点的大白菜材料CR Shinki为供体亲本,以甘蓝型油菜国审杂交种华油杂62的父本Pol.CMS恢复系Bing409为受体亲本,通过杂交、回交及自交等育种程序,结合前景和遗传背景筛选,将CRb抗病位点导入到Bing409中。在BC3F2代获得了遗传背景高度接近Bing409且含CRb抗病位点的抗根肿病新恢复系Bing409R,进而成功选育了我国首个抗根肿病杂交油菜新品种华油杂62R。CRb抗病位点在甘蓝型油菜背景中表现为单基因显性遗传,根肿病抗性遗传改良的同时并未对Bing409R及由其配制的杂交种华油杂62R的产量、品质造成不良影响,Bing409R及华油杂62R对我国四川、湖北、安徽等地区根肿菌生理小种具有免疫抗性。本研究的开展为我国油菜抗根肿病育种提供了宝贵资源,为我国抵抗油菜根肿病的威胁提供了重要保障。     

抗根肿病甘蓝型油菜新品种华油杂62R的选育

The rapeseed clubroot disease incidence in China is about 0.67 million hectare, accounting for 10% of the canola production area, which become a serious threat for the safety of Brassica napus industry. Based on this, we used CR Shinki, a Chinese cabbage material containing CRb clubroot disease resistance locus, as the donor parent, and Pol.CMS restorer line Bing409, the parent of Brassica napus national approved varieties Huayouza 62, as the recipient parent, and the CRb resistance locus was introduced into Bing409 by breeding programs such as crossing, backcrossing, self-cross with the foreground and genetic background selection. In the BC₃F₂ generation, a new restorer line Bing409R with a genetic background close to Bing409 containing CRb resistance locus was obtained, and Huayouza 62R, the first rapeseed hybrid resistant to clubroot disease in China was successfully developed. The results were as follows: CRb disease resistance locus appeared as a dominant single-gene inheritance in B. napus background, and the genetic improvement of resistance to clubroot disease did not at the expense of yield and quality losses for new restorer line Bing409R and its hybrid Huayouza 62R. Bing409R and Huayouza 62R were showed immune-resistance to physiological races of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Sichuan, Hubei, and Anhui provinces in China. This study will provide valuable resources for the breeding of rapeseed in China, and supplemented important support to overcome the threat of rapeseed clubroot disease.     

Assessment of DNA markers for seed contamination testing and selection of disease resistance in cabbage

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) is an important vegetable worldwide. Most Japanese commercial cultivars of cabbage use an F₁ hybrid seed production system. The purity of F₁ hybrid seeds is important and the assessment of purity based on DNA markers can be highly accurate. In addition, selection of agronomically important traits such as disease resistance based on DNA markers is useful for breeding of cabbage. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of DNA marker-assisted selection in cabbage. In this study we distinguished the parental S haplotypes in 35 F₁ hybrid cultivars by combining several linked DNA markers. Thirty-one highly polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers were screened from 175 reported SSR markers, which are useful for assessment of the purity of F₁ hybrid seeds. We examined the relationship between the DNA marker based genotype and the phenotype by an inoculation test of clubroot disease. A co-dominant PCR–RFLP marker was developed for selection of Fusarium yellows resistance and the genotypes using this marker were consistent with inoculation test in all tested samples.     

Linkage analysis of RFLP markers for clubroot resistance and pigmentation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis)

A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) – based linkage map of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) (2n=20) including two agronomic traits, clubroot resistance and orange-yellow pigmentation, was constructed using doubled haploid parents. The total linkage distance was 735 cM; 63 loci were distributed into ten linkage groups. Clubroot resistance of the parental line T136-8 to the current pathotype, race 2, was predominantly controlled by a single dominant gene that originated from European turnip. The locus for clubroot resistance by the dominant major gene (CRa) was mapped on linkage group 3, and RFLP loci HC352b and HC181 were located 3 cM and 12 cM from it, respectively. The locus HC352b was identified by a 4.4 Kb Eco R I fragment, which segregated for null allele. The absence of an allelic fragment in HC352b could be interpreted by deletion in the resistance source; homozygotes for CRa could be efficiently selected by detecting null types for the marker. Orange-yellow pigmentation expressed in head inner leaves and petals was governed by a single recessive gene. The locus (Oy) for the pigmentation was mapped on linkage group 1, being located 17–19 cM from three RFLP loci that were closely linked to each other. The linkage analysis for clubroot resistance and unique pigmentation revealed some informative RFLP markers. Identification of molecular markers for clubroot resistance and other agronomically important traits would provide useful information in breeding programs of Chinese cabbage. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.