氮密调控对冬小麦籽粒产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为探究氮肥用量和种植密度对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的互作效应,2017-2018年在大田定位试验条件下,以'矮抗58'为试验材料,设置112.5、150、187.5 kg/hm2 3个种植密度,0、180、240、300 kg/hm24个施氮水平,研究了氮肥用量和种植密度对小麦干物质积累转运、籽粒产量及氮素利用效率...     

施肥对春青稞干物质积累、分配及产量的影响

为研究施肥对青稞干物质积累、分配及产量的调节作用,以‘藏青27’、‘QTB13’和‘QTB25’为试验材料,比较分析不同施肥处理下干物质积累、分配及产量的变化规律。结果表明：增加施肥量促进青稞分蘖期—成熟期的干物质积累及开花期和成熟期干物质向营养器官和籽粒的分配,提高了花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量及对籽粒贡献率,降低了花后同化物输入籽粒量对籽粒贡献率。‘QTB13’和‘QTB25’在F₂条件下,更有利于干物质积累及向营养器官和穗部的分配,花后同化物输入籽粒量最大,产量也最大。‘藏青27’在F₃条件下,更有利于干物质积累及向营养器官和穗部的分配,花后同化物输入籽粒量和对籽粒贡献率最大,产量也最大。说明合理施肥有利于青稞干物质积累分配及产量提高。     

牛粪生物质炭基肥对青稞生长、产量及氮素利用的影响

为探讨不同配比的生物质炭基肥料对青稞生长、产量和氮素利用的影响。以牛粪为研究对象,在限氧条件下经高温热解炭化制成生物炭,将生物质炭与一定比例的化学肥料混合,制成生物质炭基肥料。研究表明,随着碳化的进行,牛粪中的全氮和有机质（有机碳）含量降低,材料的碳氮比也随之降低,而全磷、全钾的含量升高;增施牛粪生物炭,青稞叶片中叶绿素含量升高,促进作物对肥料中养分的利用,进而利于青稞生长,草木灰与化肥配施的叶片叶绿素含量最高;不同处理籽粒产量之间的差异达到极显著;化肥施入量减少至70%,牛粪生物炭施入量30%时,籽粒产量最高,达到4830.75 kg/hm²,高于有机肥、草木灰与化肥配施和羊粪的处理（较对照增产13.88%）;22500 kg/hm²羊粪处理的秸秆产量最高;同等氮输入条件下,减少化肥施用量,增加生物炭,可以提高氮素利用效率。     

减氮条件下分期施钾对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为探究钾肥分期施用对冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响,确定减氮条件下冬小麦高产高效的钾肥运筹方案,本试验选用高产强筋冬小麦品种藁优5766作为试验材料,于2018—2020年度冬小麦生长季,采用二因素随机区组设计,设置3个施氮水平:常规施氮水平(240 kg hm^–2, N1)、减氮20%(192 kg hm^–2, N2)、减氮40%(144 kg hm^–2, N3),两种钾肥运筹方案:钾肥全部底施(K1)和分期施钾(底施50%、拔节期追施50%, K2)。结果表明,相同钾肥运筹方案下, N2处理的籽粒产量与N1处理无显著差异, N3处理的籽粒产量比N1处理显著降低,降幅达9.0%～11.6%。在相同施氮水平下,分期施钾可显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。与K1处理相比, K2处理显著抑制硝态氮向深层土壤的淋溶,增加冬小麦植株氮素积累量,提高旗叶光合速率和硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒灌浆速率、穗粒数和千粒重;籽粒产量和氮素利用效率在常规施氮水平下两年度分别提高21.7%和20.2%,在减氮20%水平下两年度分别提高26.9%和...     

不同密氮模式下高产玉米品种籽粒产量与氮素利用特性研究

为给玉米高产高效栽培提供科学依据,在大田试验条件下,选用郑单958和先玉335为材料,在每个品种下设置2个种植密度(6.75,8.25万株/hm~2)和4个施氮水平(0,180,240,300 kg/hm~2),研究了种植密度和施氮水平下2个高产玉米品种籽粒产量和氮素吸收利用特性。结果表明:在相同密度水平下,2个玉米品种籽粒产量、氮素积累量和蛋白质产量均随施氮量增加总体呈现增加趋势,氮素利用效率则降低;在相同施氮水平下,2个玉米品种籽粒产量、氮素积累量和蛋白质产量均随密度的增加总体呈现增加趋势,氮素利用效率则降低。在不同密氮组合下,先玉335的籽粒产量、氮素积累量、蛋白质产量及氮素利用效率均高于郑单958。本研究条件下,2个玉米品种在密度为8.25万株/hm~2,施氮量为240 kg/hm~2组合下,均可以同步协调实现籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和氮素利用效率的协调统一。     

SPNE对玉米籽粒产量的影响

SPNE是贵州师范大学余素芹发明的植物特效营养素（SpecialPlantNutricitonalElement简称SPNE）,经连续三年在全国多种作物,南北多点试验证明,作物施用后,可以明显地提高产量,改善品质。1995年荣获第九届全国发明奖,1996年荣获北京国际发明银奖,1997年荣获中国专利技术金奖。该营养素含丰富的核酸,氨基酸等促进细胞生长因子及植物生长发育所必须的微量元素。1995年用于甜玉米金穗3号浸种试验,首次发现SPNE3比其它浸种剂提高发芽率8％,萌发四天后平均苗高比对照多1．scm。1996——1997年在贵州大方、贵阳等地二千多亩不同海…     

施钾量对夏玉米氮、磷、钾吸收利用和籽粒产量的影响

于2019—2020年在山东省泰安市东平农科所以登海605(DH605)为试验材料进行大田试验,在统一氮、磷肥用量(N 225 kg hm^–2、P2O5 110 kg hm^–2)的条件下,设置5个K2O施用量,分别为0 kg hm^–2 (K0)、150 kg hm^–2 (K1)、225 kg hm^–2 (K2)、300 kg hm^–2 (K3)和375 kg hm^–2 (K4),研究连续多年秸秆还田条件下施钾量对夏玉米籽粒产量、养分吸收转运及利用的影响。结果表明,施钾显著提高了夏玉米籽粒产量, 2年均在225 kg K2O hm^–2时增幅最高, 2019年和2020年籽粒产量分别增加13.64%和15.27%;施钾显著提高了叶面积指数、生物量及干物质向穗部转运的强度,促进植株对氮、磷、钾的吸收,提高玉米氮、磷、钾积累量及花后氮、磷积累比例,但当施钾量>225 kg hm^–2时增效降低。...     

施氮水平对不同水稻品种籽粒产量及米质的影响

在五个施肥水平下,探讨了6个品种氮肥的农学利用率、稻谷产量以及米质的差异。研究表明,随着施氮量的增加,产量升高。不同施肥水平下,对氮肥的农学利用率不同,75、150kg/hm2施肥水平下较高。随着施氮量的增加,氮肥的农学利用率下降。因此,降低施肥量可以提高氮肥的农学利用率。不同品种在不同的氮肥水平下表现也不相同：协优57在75kg/hm2施肥水平下的农学利用率最高,达14.6Kg稻谷/kg氮;氮肥农学利用率高的品种也需在适宜的施肥水平下才能体现。试验还得出：在不同的产量目标下,可选择不同的品种,以达到目标。而无论在何产量目标下,以选择协优9019风险最小。因为它的平均氮肥农学利用率较高。多产稻和汕优63是较耐低肥的品种。从改善米质来讲,150kg/hm2的施氮量较为有利。     

青稞的特性及其应用现状

介绍了青稞、青稞特性、青稞主要成分、青稞在食品中的应用及青稞产品的加工利用现状;指出青稞食品加工利用中需要进一步研究和解决的问题。     

Effects of Fungicide on Grain Yield of Barley Grown in Different Cropping Systems

The effect of fungicides and their combination on yield of barley under different nitrogen, slurry and tillage treatments was investigated at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel, Germany in 1991–97. Various fungicide treatments (no fungicide, and treatment with stem, leaf and ear fungicides and combinations of these), two nitrogen levels (120 and 240 kg N ha⁻¹), two tillage systems (minimum and conventional tillage) and four slurry applications (no application, and autumn, spring and autumn plus spring applications) were used. On average, fungicide application increased barley yield by 1.1 t ha⁻¹. The fungicide treatments could be classified into four types: (1) fungicides against stem diseases, which slightly increased yield by 0.25 t ha⁻¹, very similar to the results for the untreated control; (2) leaf fungicides and ear fungicides applied separately, and fungicides against a combination of stem and leaf diseases, which increased yield by 1.0 t ha⁻¹ on average; (3) fungicides against a combination of ear and stem diseases, which increased the yield by 1.22 t ha⁻¹, and (4) fungicides against a combination of leaf and ear diseases and a combination of stem, leaf and ear diseases, which increased yield by 1.59 t ha⁻¹ on average. The effects of fungicide on the yield were modified by crop husbandry. It can be concluded that application of fungicides against a combination of leaf and ear diseases could increase barley yield and reduce yield variation.     

Effects of Nitrogen and Foliar Sulphur Interaction on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Barley

In this study, conducted from 1979 to 1986 in southern Spain, the objective was to analyze the effects of a possible interaction between soil-applied N and foliar S applied to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) during tillering on grain yield and to identify the mechanism involved. From 1979 to 1982, we used rates of 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg a.i. N ha^?1, together with 12.5 or 25 kg foliar a.i. S ha^?1 during tillering. The results demonstrated that foliar S at both dosages acted as a partial (but not total) substitute for N, when the latter was applied at levels of 40 to 60 kg ha^?1. These effects of S did not appear to result only from a nutritive mechanism, but rather from a hormonal mechanism through the increase in ethylene biosynthesis. Therefore, during 1983 to 1986, we used 40, 60 and 80 kg a. i. N ha^?1, together with 12.5 a. i. S ha^?1 and 0.55 kg a.i. ethrel (2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid) ha^?1. The results showed that the effects of S and ethrel on yield were practically the same. Assayed with 40 and 60 kg N ha^?1, S and ethrel acted as partial (but not total) substitutes for N, exceeding the yield of the control without S or ethrel, and equalling the yield obtained with 20 kg more of N ha^?1. The S or ethrel applied with 80 kg N ha^?1 presented an additive effect with the N. The increases in yield using S or ethrel were in all cases due to the increased final number of spikes m^?2, which was principally a consequence of the higher number of tillers formed but also a result of increased survival of tillers to form a viable spike. In addition, the positive effects of S on yield were greater the smaller the N dosage and the lower the annual yield. Finally, we present a possible mechanism of hormonal action, to explain how foliar S applied during tillering affects grain yield in barley.     

Yield Responsiveness in Two- and Six-Rowed Barley Grown in Contrasting Nitrogen Environments

Two‐ and six‐rowed barley with different intrinsic ability to produce tillers and kernels per ear, would differ in responsiveness to nitrogen availability with environmental improvements. Two field experiments were carried out to elucidate how nitrogen supply (N₄₀ and N₁₅₀) affects yield and its components in two‐ and six‐rowed barley. High nitrogen increased aboveground dry matter at anthesis, by improving cumulative solar radiation intercepted by the crop, determining an increased dry‐matter production at maturity without changes in harvest index. In both barley types, variations in grain yield were explained by changes in kernels per unit land area rather than by differences in the average kernel weight. However, changes in the number of kernels were due to variations in the number of ears per m² in two‐rowed barley and the number of kernels per ear in six‐rowed barley. Ears per unit area showed a greater responsiveness in two‐ than in six‐rowed barley due to a higher nitrogen supply treatment, associated with their intrinsic higher tillering capacity, while the number of kernels per ear was more responsive in six‐ than in two‐rowed types. The fact that responses to nitrogen by the number of kernels per unit land area in two‐ and six‐rowed barley is better explained by different yield sub‐components, allows the speculation that the critical period for yield determination would differ between barley types.     

氮素对不同来源大豆品种农艺性状及产量的影响

在田间条件下,以12个不同来源大豆品种为试验材料,采用二因素裂区设计,研究氮素对不同来源大豆品种农艺性状及产量的影响.结果表明:追施氮肥会使大豆品种的株高、分枝数和单株荚数增加.当尿素施用量为100 kg/hm2时,和不施肥相比,3组不同来源大豆品种的主茎节数增加,俄亥俄当代品种与辽宁当代品种结荚高度则会降低.氮肥处理能提高俄亥俄当代品种与辽宁当代品种的粒茎比.当尿素施用量为200 kg/hm2时,和不施肥相比,俄亥俄当代品种与辽宁老品种产量分别增加10.61%和1.63%;当尿素施用量为100 kg/hm2时,和不施肥相比,辽宁当代品种产量会增加10.47%.     

氨基多糖水溶肥对小麦生理特性、产量及籽粒品质的影响

为了探明氨基多糖水溶肥对小麦生理特性、产量及籽粒品质的影响,以'淮麦33'为试验材料,研究小麦不同生育期叶面喷施氨基多糖水溶肥1次、2次和3次对小麦产量和品质的影响,并在处理后12天测定小麦旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs),叶绿素(Ch1)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛...     

Response of Yields and Yield Variability of Wheat and Barley to Nitrogen Fertilizing and Fungicide Treatments

From the results of a long term experiment with wheat and barley and different fungicide treatments it could be concluded that the variability of yield did not increase with higher application rates of nitrogen until the maximum yield was reached. The relative variability even decreased due to the increasing yields and the nearly constant standard deviations of yields. Only if the fertilization exceeded the optimum and yield depressions occurred the yield variability increased especially for barley and on plots without fungicide treatments. Whether the yield variability increases with increasing intensity or not depends on the factors of intensification and whether these factors increase the yield potential (higher yielding varieties for example) or whether they only realize more of a given potential (like higher amounts of nitrogen). In the first case yield variability will increase while in the second a higher yield stability has to be expected. The changes in yield variability within time series raise from both factors and, therefore, the individual situation may be very different from one country to another and may also change within a country with time.     

氧肥后移对超高产小麦产量及生理特性的影响

在小麦超高产栽培条件下,研究了氮肥不同追施时期追施量对籽粒产量及植株生理特性的影响。结果表明,超高产小麦施氮量以２４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,基追比例５：５为宜,追氮量过少或过多均不利于进一步提高小麦产量。氮肥不同追施时期对小麦产量也有不同的影响,小花雌雄蕊分化期和药隔形成期追肥可明显改善植株后期光合性能,降低叶片气孔阻力,并使植株体内保持高水平的保护酶活性,降低后期细胞膜脂过氧化水平,延缓植株衰老,从而