超声波联合混凝法处理制药废水的研究

为了探讨单独超声波降解法、混凝法及2种方法联合处理制药废水的可行性,研究了超声波辐射时间、功率以及混凝剂的种类、浓度对制药废水中COD和NH3-N去除的影响。结果表明：（1）超声波单独处理制药废水时,COD和NH3-N去除率先随着超声波辐射时间(200~1000 s)的增大而增大,最佳时间为1000 s,COD和NH3-N的最大去除率分别为27.80%、45.34%;超声波辐射时间为1000 s,COD和NH3-N去除率随着超声波辐射功率的增大而先增大后减小。（2）单独用混凝剂处理制药废水时,COD的去除率随着混凝剂的浓度(0.1~0.6 g/L)的增大而先增大后减小,PAC在0.3 g/L时为最佳,COD的去除率为40.10%,NH3-N的平均去除率保持在5%左右。（3）在各自的最佳状态下,先用超声波处理后加混凝剂比先加混凝剂后用超声波处理的COD和NH3-N的去除率高,分别为61.24%、58.63%。试验表明,先用超声波处理后加混凝剂比先加混凝剂后用超声波处理对COD和NH3-N的去除率高。     

抗生素废水生物处理法的研究进展

为了更好地为抗生素废水治理提供工艺参考。笔者在分析抗生素废水特点的基础上,总结了国内外普遍使用的几种抗生素废水生物处理方法：包括好氧法、厌氧法、好氧-厌氧法以及其他组合工艺,探讨了目前存在的一些问题和解决方法,同时也对抗生素废水生物处理法的应用前景进行了展望。     

电极生物膜处理水产养殖废水氨氮的实验研究

为了探索水产养殖废水中难以降解的氨氮的最佳去除工艺,本实验采用电极生物膜法,在好氧区利用阳极碳棒电解产生的氧,在硝化细菌的作用下使氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮;在缺氧区利用阴极碳棒电解产生的氢,促进反硝化细菌实现反硝化脱氮。结果表明：温度过高或过低,对硝化和反硝化细菌的活性都有一定抑制;C/N比为1时,能实现氨氮与硝酸盐氮的同时去除;电流对硝化和反硝化处理效率有很大的促进作用;同时电流强度随氨氮负荷的增加而增大;水力停留时间越长,氨氮的去除率越高。     

大豆油制备生物柴油的研究

大豆生物柴油是一种对环境友好的、可再生的生物质燃料。大豆生物柴油的应用可以减少人类对矿物燃料的依赖,而且可以大大减少对环境的污染。研究了大豆油和煎炸废油在碱催化剂(KOH)的作用下,与甲醇发生转酯化反应而制备生物柴油的工艺条件,并采用气相色谱法,测定了生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的成分及含量。试验利用精制大豆油和煎炸废油,成功制得符合国内外现有质量标准的大豆生物柴油。     

直播玉米覆盖不同厚度生物降解膜效果初探

为了解直播玉米覆盖不同厚度生物降解膜的效果,2016年、2017年分别在播州区石板镇池坪村开展了直播玉米覆盖不同厚度生物降解膜试验,两年试验结果显示:覆盖0.012 mm厚黑色膜处理产量均居第1位,与其余处理产量差异达显著水平,说明覆盖0.012mm黑色生物降解膜在玉米生产中增产效果最好;覆盖0.012mm厚白色膜处理产量居第2~3位,该处理增产效果次之。在生产中,黑色降解膜可抑制杂草的生长,但缺点是不易观察玉米播种后出苗情况,增加破膜引苗难度,因此,综合生产上应用和管理方便,在严格采取覆膜操作技术下,直播玉米建议选择0.012cm厚的白色降解膜。     

固废生物炭净化处理猪场废水研究初探

为了探索固废生物炭对集约化猪场废水的净化处理效应,选取玉米秸秆(CS)、松球(PC)、开心果皮(PS)、棕榈皮(PR)等4种不同农林固体废弃物生物质材料制取生物炭,处理编号分别为CS500、PC500、PS500、PR500、PR700,对其理化特性及对猪场废水的吸附净化效果进行了初步研究。结果表明,不同来源的生物炭材料组分存在一定差异,同时生物炭各组分含量还受裂解温度的影响,其中玉米秸秆生物炭CS500的C、K、Cu、Zn含量最高,棕榈皮PR500的N、P、Fe含量最高,而棕榈皮PR700的Ca、Mg含量和pH最高;5种材料对猪场废水都有一定的净化效果,其中化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)的吸附效果明显,最大吸附量分别为81.62、43.67、10.46mg/g,总磷(TP)效果不显著。综合考虑,CS500的吸附效果最优,对COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的吸附量分别为81.62、20.75、10.46、1.19mg/g。本研究对农林固废生物炭的吸附净水效应做了初步探讨,为进一步开发利用生物炭材料在污水处理工程中的应用提供科学参考。     

赭曲霉毒素A的生物脱毒实例

简要介绍了赭曲霉毒素A的存在范围以及对人和动物的危害,并综述几种通过生物方法进行脱毒处理的实例。其中,应用最多的是生物降解法,原理是将具有高毒性和强危害性的赭曲霉毒素A降解成毒性小的赭曲霉毒素α。此外,可把植物精油当作生物抑菌剂抑制赭曲霉及其毒素的生长,加入金属钙离子来抑制已经感染OTA的植物叶片毒性,利用微酸性电解水来去除食品中的赭曲霉毒素A。为今后研究赭曲霉毒素A的脱毒处理,提供了应用实例。     

生物柴油的优点

生物柴油是一类脂肪酸甲脂,是植物油脂脱甘油后经过甲脂化而获得。其优点是:①具有持续的可再生性能:通过油菜等植物的光合作用将太阳能转化为生物能,再加工为生物柴油,取之不尽,用之不竭;②具有优良的环保特性:生物柴油中不含硫和芳香族烷烃,使得二氧化硫、硫化物等废气的排放量显著降低;其中氧含量高,燃烧时一氧化碳的排放量显著减少。此外,生物柴油的可降解性明显高于矿物柴油;③具有良好的替代性能:生物柴油可被现有的柴油机和柴油配送系统直接利用。因此,生物柴油在石油能源的替代战略中具有核心地位。生物柴油的优点@新源…     

利用大豆油制备生物柴油的技术研究

研究了大豆油在碱催化剂(KOH)的作用下与甲醇发生转脂化反应,制备生物柴油的工艺条件,并采用气相色谱法,测定了生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的成分及含量。探讨了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间等工艺条件对生物柴油得率的影响。正交实验结果表明,最佳反应条件为:反应温度50℃,醇油摩尔比为6∶1,催化剂添加量为1.3%,反应时间为40min,在此反应条件下,生物柴油得率高达92%。     

猪粪污水的UASB-生物接触氧化工艺处理

采用UASB-生物接触氧化组合工艺处理猪粪污水,研究其对高浓度有机废水的处理效果。结果表明,污水经过初次沉淀、厌氧、好氧、混凝沉淀、过滤、消毒等处理后,化学需氧量（CODcr）、生物需氧量（BOD5）、悬浮物（SS）、氨氮（NH3-N）去除率分别达到99%、99.5%、98.7%、99.7%;大肠杆菌和蛔虫卵均未检出;出水水质达到了国家中水回用标准（GJ/T48-1999）,完全可以作为猪栏冲洗用水,达到中水回用的目的。     

多介质地下渗滤系统脱氮影响因素及强化措施

与传统的污水处理工艺相比,地下渗滤在处理分散污水中具有天然的优势,因此逐渐受到了广泛关注与深入研究。地下渗滤对COD和TP的去除率较高,但较低的脱氮率有待加强。笔者通过详细介绍地下渗滤系统氧化还原电位、碳源、运行工况、外部环境等影响脱氮因素,系统地总结了地下渗滤强化脱氮的措施,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。通过对影响因素进行权重排序,多种强化措施和作用联合应用,提升微生物功效等方法强化氮的去除率,旨在丰富系统除氮的理论内涵,拓展地下渗滤的应用空间。     

Study of the Correlation between the Transformation of PHB and Denitrifying Phosphorus Absorption in A/ASBR

By the study of the influence of COD concentration on denitrifying phosphor removal of A/ASBR (anaerobic/ aerobic sequence bioreactor), it was shown that the favorable treatment effect had been gained with the COD concentration between 220 and 300mg/l; the higher or lower concentration of COD was unfavorable to the work of the system. In our test, it has been confirmed that the rudimental carbon resource organism and cell depositor PHB deposited in anaerobic stage has a significant influence on the process of denitrifying phosphorous removal. The better correlation has been observed also between the consumption of PHB and denitrifying phosphorous removal when the use of cell depositors PHB as carbon resource is concerned. It indicates that the deoxidization of 2 mg nitrate may accelerate the absorption of 1 mg phosphorous.     

Kinetics on degradation of CODcr in mustard comprehensive wastewater by electro-Fenton process

The treatment efficiency of mustard comprehensive wastewater with high salt by electro-Fenton is studied to solve the problem that microorganism is inhibited by high salt and improve the unstable performance of biological treatment. CODcr removal effect and its influencing factors in high salt wastewater by electro-Fenton process are mainly investigated, and the degradation kinetics of CODcr is analyzed. The results show that CODcr removal rate reaches 76.33 % after 120 min at the conditions that current density of 10 A/dm 2, ferrous sulfate dosage 1.0 mmol/L, electrode spacing 15 mm, pH=5, RuO2-IRO2-SnO2-TiO2/Ti quaternary as anode, titanium mesh as cathode. Kinetic analysis shows that the degradation curve of CODcr consists with the first-order response characteristics and the value of the kinetic constant is 0.0121 min -1 when COD of raw wastewater is 4 225 mg/L. By linear regression equation, kinetics model of CODcr degradation is established. The model possesses higher regression rate (R 2=99.25%) and has higher coincide degree with the experimental results.     

Cost-effective treatment of piggery wastewater

Nine complete wastewater and sludge treatment trains are presented for a case of two industrial piggeries, with unit water uses of 28 and 20 litres d⁻¹ per hog and respective COD_f concentrations of 14 and 20 g litre⁻¹.Assuming two energy cost levels of 4 and 12 ¢ kWh⁻¹, full economic effectiveness analyses are presented. All wastewater unit processes are based on actual laboratory-, pilot- or full-scale results. The treatment systems analyzed combine both practiced aerobic and novel anaerobic technology. Analysis is based on the ratio of the effectiveness index defined as total annual cost in dollars per kilogram COD removed for each system to the index for a series of lagoons (SystemI). The lagoon system has been regarded as standard by the industry, which traditionally consisted of mostly small piggeries of less than 2000 animals. It has been found that some of the practiced systems: extended aeration; chemical coagulation; series of lagoons; and systems featuring land disposal, are not cost-effective. With the increase in concentration of wastes and inflationary energy costs, the systems combining high-rate anaerobic and aerobic unit processes can do the same job at half or even a third of the total annual cost, expressed as cost per unit COD removed.Although numerous simplifications had to be made in the analysis, the results are conservative. The organic loads used for anaerobic reactors were lower than actually achieved; heat losses were assumed higher than normal. On the other hand cost of land, a significant factor in traditional Systems I and VII, was not included. Existence of, or lack of, odor problems were not factored into the comparison. To compensate for the higher level of skill required to operate anaerobic reactors, their gas production rates were lowered to 0·25 m³ CH₄ per kilogram COD removed.     

Biological Pretreatment Processes of Nitrilon Wastewater

The nitrilon wastewater was pretreated with aerobic activated sludge, suspended carrier expanded bed and anaerobic biological reactor. The results showed that the aerobic activated sludge was unfit for treating nitrilon wastewater due to its CN - toxicity and high concentration of difficult degraded organic matter. With the increase of operational time, the activity of sludge lost gradually and a lot of microbe died. The effect of suspended carrier expanded bed treating nitrilon wastewater was worse and the removal efficiency of contaminated matter was under 15%. The anaerobic biological reactor was good at treating nitrilon wastewater and the removal efficiency of contaminated matter was up to 35%. Meanwhile the wastewater quality was improved and the biochemical performance of nitrilon wastewater was enhanced, which were beneficial for advanced treatment to nitrilon wastewater by sequential biological treating processes.     

Parameter estimation of the carbon oxidation process of the activated sludge model using respirometry

A new hybrid respirometer is used to measure the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of COD aerobic biodegradation process. Parameter identification and estimation of carbon oxidation process of an Activated Sludge Model are studied by combining the OUR data and mathematical fitting of curves. Coefficients of variation (CVs) for the three combined parameters estimated are below 13% for activated sludge from a laboratory and below 8% for activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. For single parameter estimation, the CVs are below 25% and below 10%, respectively. High measurement frequency and precision of the hybrid respirometer can improve the precision of parameter estimation. Initial concentrations of the substrate and the activated sludge of the respirometric experiment are key conditions that must be optimized to obtain high precision parameter estimation due to their effect on OUR curve characteristics.     

微污染水源人工湿地处理效果与植物作用分析

采用水平流人工湿地系统对沉砂后的微污染水源水进行了预处理试验,考察了处理效能与湿地植物作用。结果表明：水平流人工湿地系统对COD,TP,TN和NH4+-N平均去除率分别为49.89%,50.44%,53.41%和48.45%;湿地植物作用研究表明：一方面,植物通过吸收直接去除氮、磷,在生长季节作用更明显。而且在床体前部植物生长效果略好于后部,对氮、磷吸收也略高于后部。另一方面植物根系可以过滤、截留去除水中污染物,并为微生物提供附着表面,从而发挥了微生物的降解作用,这在人工湿地系统起重要的作用。     

Treatment of wastewater from ABS condensation drying section by BAC-SBR reactor

Wastewater from ABS condensation drying section is treated by biological activated carbon-sequencing batch reactor (BAC-SBR), and degradation process of the toxic and hazardous pollutants in ABS wastewater is studied significantly by using UV-visible spectrum and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the treatment process of ABS wastewater by BAC-SBR contained three phases of adsorption, bioregeneration and completion. The COD and TOC removal efficiencies of ABS wastewater are both more than 85% after 180 min treatment in BAC-SBR reactor, and the analysis results of UV-vis and FTIR suggest that the toxic and hazardous pollutants i.e., aromatic compounds and organic nitriles in ABS wastewater can be decomposed and transformed efficiently by BAC-SBR reactor.     

Features of Hydrolysis acidogenosis Reactor in Concentric Structure and Its Pilot scale Application

A novel hydrolysis acidification reactor in concentric structure was designed and developed, which could improve the biodegradability of wastewater effectively by the enhancement of the mixture performance due to the stirring and reflux. The pilot scale study showed that the COD removal rate could reach over 46% and 36% respectively treating the two different kinds of refractory wastewater. Moreover, the reactor could cut down the operational cost through the variation of the operation mode. According to the comparison with other hydrolysis acidification reactors, the result showed that a 6 percentage point of improvement in COD removal could be reached to the novel hydrolysis acidification reactor.