Inheritance of very high linoleic acid content and its relationship with nuclear male sterility in safflower

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) possesses the highest amount of linoleic acid among the 10 major vegetable oil crops of the world. Very high linoleic acid content is controlled by recessive alleles at a single locus Li. However, deviated segregations from the expected monogenic inheritance have been observed in crosses involving nuclear male‐sterile (NMS) lines. The present research was undertaken to study the inheritance of very high linoleic acid content in safflower and its relationship with nuclear male sterility. F₁, F₂, F₃, BC₁F₁ and BC₁F₂ seed generations were evaluated in a cross between CR‐142 (a line with very high linoleic acid content, 88%) and CL1 (an NMS line with wild‐type linoleic acid content, 74%). The genetics of linoleic acid content in male‐sterile plants was determined by testcrossing with CR‐142. The results confirmed monogenic inheritance. The analysis of the F₃ and BC₁F₂ to CL1 seed generations demonstrated a repulsion‐phase linkage between Li and Ms loci, the latter conferring the NMS trait. The recombination rate between Li and Ms was estimated to be 0.09.     

Inheritance of reduced plant height in the sunflower line Dw 89

The objective of the present research was to study the inheritance of reduced plant height in the sunflower line Dw 89. Plants of the cytoplasmic male sterile version of this line, cmsDw 89 (mean plant height of 47.4 cm) were crossed with plants of the restorer line RHA 271 (mean of 120.9 cm). F₁ plants averaged 120.4 cm, which indicated dominance of standard over reduced plant height. F₂ plants followed a segregation pattern of 1 : 15 (reduced : normal height), suggesting that reduced plant height in Dw 89 is controlled by alleles at two loci, designated Dw1 and Dw2. Class assignment in the F₂ was confirmed through the evaluation of the F₃ generation. Backcrosses to Dw 89 segregated with 1 : 3 (reduced : normal height) ratios, which confirmed the digenic inheritance of the trait. The evaluation of plant height distributions in F₃ families suggested possible genetic interaction between the Dw1 and Dw2 loci.     

小麦矮秆突变体的鉴定及其突变性状的关联分析

矮秆突变体是小麦育种和株高遗传研究的重要基因资源。通过‘云麦53’成熟种子的EMS (Ethyl methyl sulfonate)诱变及诱变植株连续自交,获得了33个M3代候选突变体。通过诱变亲本与M2和M3代候选植株的株高差异分析,筛选到26个矮秆突变体,其株高变幅为(13.61±0.11)~(44.08±1.73) cm。基于8个矮秆基因的12个特异性标记检测发现, 26个矮秆突变体至少携带2个矮秆基因标记位点。除株高外, 26个矮秆突变体还携带穗长、小穗密度、节间数和平均节间长4个不同突变性状。26个矮秆突变体可聚为5个亚类,第1亚类的小穗数和小花数最少;第2亚类的株高最矮,穗长和平均节间长最短,小穗密度最高;第3亚类突变体的节间数最少。株高与平均节间长和节间数呈极显著相关,偏相关系数分别为0.94、0.58,但与穗长、小穗数、小花数和小穗密度4个性状无相关性。26个矮秆突变体的株高与平均节间长和节间数关联遗传,携带不同的突变基因组合,可用于小麦矮化育种,以及株高、穗长和小穗密度等性状的遗传机制研究。     

Inheritance of a plant type mutant and its utilization in chickpea

Summary A macro-mutant, E 100Y(M) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was found to affect several plant and seed characters. For plant type monogenic inheritance was observed. A single pair of recessive genes pt/pt was ascribed to this mutant. The mutant locus seemed to be exerting pleiotropic action. The utilization of this mutant for chickpea improvement has been discussed.     

Inheritance of compact dwarf plant type in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)

A compact dwarf plant type TDT2004-1 isolated from the progeny of a cross involving Cajanus cajan (cv. 'C-11') and C. cajanifolia was investigated for its inheritance. Pigeonpea genotype TDT2004-1 is semi-determinate in growth habit; short (approximately 37 cm) with reduced internodal length (1.2 cm), a compact canopy and a high harvest index (40%), while genotype TT44-4 is indeterminate in growth habit; tall (132 cm) with normal internodal length (2.3 cm), an open canopy and a low harvest index (28.9%). The inheritance study involving cross TT44-4 × TDT2004-1 showed that the compact dwarf plant type was governed by a single recessive gene. TDT2004-1 could be utilized for improving the harvest index and also for restructuring the plant canopy in pigeonpea.     

Development of cytoplasmic-genic male sterility in safflower

An interspecific cross was made between Carthamaus oxyacantha and the cultivated species C. tinctorius to develop a cytoplasmic‐genic male sterility (CMS) system in safflower. C. oxyacantha was the donor of sterile cytoplasm. The 3: 1 segregation pattern observed in BC₁F₂ suggested single gene control with dominance of male‐fertility over male‐sterility. The information obtained from crossing male sterile X male fertile plants in BC₁F₃ and BC₁F₄ generations showed statistically significant single gene (1: 1) segregation for male sterility vs. male fertility. The results demonstrated that C. tinctorius possesses a nuclear fertility restorer gene and that a single dominant allele restored fertility (Rf) in progeny carrying CMS cytoplasm of C. oxyacantha. Male sterility occurred with the homozygous recessive condition (rfrf) in a sterile C. oxyacantha cytoplasm background and not in the normal cytoplasm of C. tinctorius. The genetic background of different restorer lines of C. tinctorius having normal cytoplasm did not effect fertility restoration. The absence of male sterile plants in C. tinctorius populations ruled out the possibility of genetic male sterility. Normal meiosis in F₁ and BC₁F₂ ruled out a cytogenetic basis for the occurrence of male sterility.     

小麦矮秆突变体je0098的遗传分析与其矮秆基因定位

倒伏易引发小麦严重减产,发掘和利用优异矮秆基因是培育高产抗倒伏小麦新品种的关键。本研究以京411(WT)及其经EMS诱变获得的产量相关性状优良的矮秆突变体je0098为试验材料,对其株高进行遗传分析,结合外显子捕获测序和遗传连锁分析定位矮秆基因。3年田间株高数据统计分析表明,je0098与WT相比株高降低15cm,组织细胞学观察结果显示,je0098与WT相比节间细胞长度缩短18%,暗示je0098的矮化是由于节间细胞长度变短所致;赤霉素敏感性分析表明, je0098为赤霉素敏感型矮秆突变体。利用WT和je0098杂交构建的由344个单株组成的F2分离群体,结合F2:3家系表型数据,选取矮秆纯合和高秆单株构建混池,对两亲本和子代混池分别进行外显子捕获测序,在2D染色体上定位到一个具有降秆效应的数量性状位点(QTL)。结合全基因组重测序所得SNP位点,在2D染色体开发了6个KASP分子标记,对F2单株进行基因分型。利用QTL IciMapping作图软件构建遗传连锁图谱,结合3年田间表型数据,将矮秆基因定位在20.77～28.84 Mb区间内,遗传距离为11.48 cM。本研究结果为突变...     

玉米矮化突变体gad39的遗传分析与分子鉴定

株高决定了玉米的种植密度和抗倒伏性,进而影响产量和品质,是玉米育种中重要的选择性状之一,因此对控制玉米株高相关基因的遗传和分子机制的研究具有重要意义。本文对源自玉米自交系Mo17的矮化自然突变体gad39进行了表型鉴定、细胞学观察、遗传分析、基因定位和赤霉素(GA3)处理等研究。田间种植条件下,整个生育期gad39的株高都明显矮于野生型Mo17,吐丝期仅100.00 cm,与野生型的192.60 cm相比,下降了48.08%,差异达到极显著水平;进一步分析发现gad39的雄穗长度显著变短,节间数目显著减少。扫描电镜观察发现,茎秆纵向细胞的宽度和长度显著变小。雄穗变短、节间数目减少和纵向细胞变小是导致gad39植株矮化的主要原因。除植株矮化外, gad39分蘖数增加,穗位降低,茎秆变细,叶片变短和雌穗变短。遗传分析表明, gad39的突变表型由1对隐性核基因控制,将控制矮化性状的基因定位在3号染色体长臂td4和td6标记之间。这2个标记之间的物理距离为15.34 kb,其间包含一个控制植株矮化的基因D1/ZmGA3ox2。测序发现, gad39中的D1基因具有10个InDels和21个S...     

Effect of Planting Date on Seed Yield, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Cultivars Grown in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different planting dates (25 April, 5 May and 15 May 1998 and 30 April, 15 May and 25 May 1999) on the seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of three safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) cultivars (Yenice 5‐38, Dincer 5‐118 and 5‐154) grown in fields of the research facility of Akdeniz University in Antalya, Turkey. While seed yield, oil content, and palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid contents decreased, linoleic acid content increased from 50.86 to 55.72 % with delay in planting date. The effect of genotype on fatty acids was greater than that of environment.     

水稻淡黄叶矮化突变体yld的遗传分析及基因定位

水稻叶色突变体是研究植物光合作用、叶绿素代谢和叶绿体发育的重要材料。本研究从籼稻品种蜀恢527经EMS(甲基磺酸乙酯)诱变处理后代中筛选出一个淡黄叶矮化突变体Yellow leaf and dwarf(yld)。与野生型蜀恢527相比,该突变体全生育期都表现出淡黄叶矮化性状,其剑叶的淡黄色表型最为明显,倒二叶次之,倒三叶最弱,其中剑叶的叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量降低最为明显;并且伴随着穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、株高等主要农艺性状的显著降低,但有效穗显著增多。透射电镜观察结果显示,与野生型相比,该突变体多数叶绿体结构基本完整,但基粒模糊,基质片层大量减少且排列疏松。遗传分析表明,该突变性状受一对隐性核基因控制。在yld突变体与粳稻武运粳7号杂交的F2群体中分离出323个突变单株,最终将YLD基因定位在第11染色体的L5和L7两标记之间,物理距离为115.7 kb。本研究为YLD基因的克隆和功能分析奠定了基础。     

Identification and genetic characterization of a safflower mutant with a modified tocopherol profile

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds have a tocopherol fraction dominated by α‐tocopherol, which accounts for more than 95% of the tocopherols. α‐Tocopherol exerts a high vitamin E activity, but a low in vitro antioxidant action. For non‐food applications, replacement of high α‐tocopherol by γ‐tocopherol is preferred. Because of the limited variability found in germplasm of cultivated safflower, the objective of the present research was to search for variability for tocopherol profile in germplasm of wild safflower species. Bulk seed samples of 77 accessions from six species were analysed for total tocopherol content and profile. One accession of C. oxyacanthus showed increased γ‐tocopherol content (36%). Single‐seed analysis showed the existence of a bimodal distribution, which included high α‐tocopherol (>90%) and high γ‐tocopherol (HGT) seeds (>85%). Plants from the HGT seeds bred true for the trait and showed introgression of cultivated safflower, which allowed a rapid selection for cultivated safflower traits. Genetic analysis revealed that the HGT trait was controlled by partially recessive alleles at a single locus Tph1, which will facilitate the transference of the novel trait to diverse safflower germplasms.     

Dynamic QTL mapping for plant height in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Plant height served as one of model traits to analyse dynamic development. The objective of this research was to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTL) and dynamic QTL for plant height trait using an intraspecific recombinant inbred line (RIL) population and a constructed genetic map in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Totally, 41 QTL and 23 conditional QTL controlling plant height were detected at two experimental environments, respectively. Four stable QTL were identified simultaneously in both environments. Some QTL identified at the early stage could not be detected at the final stage at plant maturity. Conditional QTL with different genetic effects were identified at certain stages, demonstrating that the expression of QTL had temporal characteristic during plant growth. Therefore, the study of dynamic QTL could unravel temporal genetic patterns controlling complex developmental quantitative traits.     

Genetic analysis of a novel dominant rice dwarf mutant 986083D

This study was to determine the agronomic and genetic characteristics of a novel rice dominant dwarf mutant 986083D (japonica) and its potential in breeding. 986083D derived from the anther culture of an autotetraploid indica/japonica hybrid and its progeny segregated into normal and dwarf plants. Homozygous and heterozygous 986083D plants looked similar phenotypically, showing shortened stature, erect leaves, more tillers and poor fertility. The segregation ratio of dwarf to normal plants fit the expected 3:1 by χ²-test in 77 out of 88 tested lines. Crosses between homozygous 986083D and eight other rice varieties had uniform semi-dwarf F₁ plants. The F₁ plants from crosses between heterozygous 986083D and five other varieties had normal and semi-dwarf plants close to the expected ratio of 1:1. The reduction of plant height in F₁ plants ranged from 40.0 to 53.5% in a subtropical environment and from 37.5 to 48.2% in a temperate environment. 986083D showed moderate sensitivity to exogenously applied GA₃ in terms of elongation of shoots and induction of α-amylase activity in the endosperm. Linkage analysis showed that the dominant dwarf gene (designated as Dx) in 986083D was not allelic to D53. Dx was roughly mapped to the short arm of chromosome 8. All results showed that 986083D was a novel mutant controlled by single dominant gene, providing a valuable material in rice breeding. Ruizhen Qin, Yang Qiu contributed equally to this work.     

Seedling emergence,coleoptile length,and plant height relationships in crosses of dwarf and standard-height wheats

Summary Seedling emergence was closely correlated with coleoptile length and plant height among parents, F₂ and F₃, populations of crosses involving dwarf wheats Olesen Dwarf (CI 14497), Norin 10 derivative D6301, Tom Thumb derivative D6899, and the standard-height varieties Ramona 50 and Nainari 60. Genetic mechanisms that governed plant height also influenced coleoptile length, but the relative effects of genes showing dominant or epistatic effects appeared to be different. With respect to the two parents involved in each of 15 crosses, mean F₂ coleoptile lengths were consistently closer to the low parent value than were corresponding mean F₂ plant heights. A slight curvilinear relationship was also found between coleoptile length and plant height of F₃ lines. The results suggest that selection of semidwarf wheats with long coleoptiles and improved emergence properties from crosses involving the dwarf wheats of this study would be unlikely.     

中国红花种子醇溶蛋白遗传多样性研究

为了考察红花的种内变异,为进一步进行红花种质资源选育奠定基础.利用A-PAGE(Acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)技术对来源于中国不同地区的19份红花材料醇溶蛋白位点进行检测.结果表明,红花种子醇溶蛋白位点存在丰富的变异类型,共分离出13条迁移率不同的谱带,每份材料具有8～11条不等,平均10条.材料间平均遗传相似系数(GS)为0.759,变幅为0.385-1.000.在GS值为0.25的水平上,供试材料聚为两大类,聚类结果表明,红花醇溶蛋白图谱类型与其地理分布有很大的相关性.     

Inheritance and potentials of a mutated dwarfing gene ndf1 in Brassica napus

A dwarf mutant ‘NDF‐1′, approximately 70 cm high, was derived from a 200‐cm high doubled haploid (DH) line ‘3529’ (Brassica napus), seeds of which were jointly treated with chemical inducers and bombardment of fast neutron. The leaves of the ‘NDF‐1’ mutant were wrinkled and thicker compared with the wild‐type control. The mutant had much lower values than its original parents for all agronomic traits, except for its seed weight. A genetic analysis revealed that dwarfism is under the control of a major gene (designated as ndf1) with a mainly additive effect and non‐significant dominance effect. Because of the high level of resistance to lodging, breeding programmes for double low dwarf oilseed rape and heterosis utilization were initiated. Some new dwarf strains with improved agronomic performance were developed. The hybrid of the cross between the tall parent and the dwarf line showed increased harvest index and significantly higher seed yield than the tall parent or the control variety ‘Zhongyou 821’ and presented an estimated heterosis vigour rate as high as 12.5–25.8%. The dwarf trait will be a promising marker for a simple, economic and efficient way to control the purity of F₁ hybrid varieties in hybrid production of B. napus.     

Inheritance of plant height and allelism tests of the dwarfing genes in Chinese barley

In order to find new dwarfing genes, the inheritance of plant height in 25 Chinese barley dwarf accessions was studied and allelism tests carried out, not only between the dwarfing genes found but also with the known dwarfing genes uz, br, sdw and denso. The results showed that out of the 25 dwarf accessions, 20 were due to monogenic recessiveness and four to digenic recessiveness. Only the short plant character in ‘1974E’ was controlled by a recessive together with a dominant dwarfing gene. In the present study, seven recessive and one dominant new dwarfing genes were identified. Five recessive genes were found in the monogenic mutants ‘91G318’, ‘91D27’ and ‘93‐597’ and in the Tibetan monogenic dwarf landraces ‘Jia Jiu’ and ‘BQK’, respectively. The other two recessives were found in the Tibetan digenic dwarf landraces ‘ZLL’ and ‘ZLLQK’, and the one dominant gene in the digenic mutant ‘1974E’.     

Inheritance and mapping of a yellow leaf mutant of carrot (Daucus carota)

A yellow leaf mutant at a locus named YEL was selected in a population of the cultivated carrot. Genetic analysis of segregating F₂ progenies and corresponding F₃ families, indicates that the phenotype expressed is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. The mutant is stably inherited and is associated with a reduced leaf‐biomass of approximately 30% compared with the wild‐type. Amplified fragment length polymorphism markers were developed and used in bulked segregant analysis. Seventeen marker candidates were detected by using 45 primer pairs. Ten of these could be linked with the YEL locus and mapped in a linkage group with a total length of 33.2 cM. Application of the yellow leaf mutant in carrot research is discussed.