竹材热压干燥过程中的水分扩散研究

采用非稳态法测定龙竹竹材热压干燥过程中的水分扩散系数,并探讨了温度对水分扩散系数的影响.结果表明:干燥温度越高,干燥各阶段水分扩散系数及平均水分扩散系数也越大;初始高含水率阶段,随含水率逐渐降低,水分扩散系数呈逐步增加趋势,在纤维饱和点附近时达最大值;随后,随含水率逐渐降低呈逐步减少趋势.     

相思木常规干燥过程中的水分迁移

对相思木干燥过程中水分迁移的研究成果表明 ,在干燥全过程中 ,含水率下降速度由快变慢 ;平均干燥速度与次表层干燥速度相近 ;表层与次表层间的含水率梯度最大。     

竹材干燥技术研究现状

介绍了国内外竹材干燥技术的研究现状。研究的重点主要集中于干燥方式的选用及干燥参数的确定, 对竹材干燥过程中的水分移动特性、竹材干燥过程中的应力应变、塑性变定机理的研究基本上是空白。     

栓皮栎板材的降温干燥试验

采用了一种新的干燥方法──降温干燥法对栓皮栎板材进行了于燥试验。试验结果表明，在降温干燥过程中，木材内部含水率梯度和温度梯度方向相一致，加速了木材内部水分的迁移，提高了干燥速度。同时由于木材表层温度较内部温度低，表面水分蒸发的速度减慢，降低了木材内应力，使木材干燥质量与常规干燥相比有所提高。这种干燥方法为难干材的干燥提供了一条新的途径。     

轻质稻秸保温材料高频热压板坯内部温度的研究

研究了高频电场中板坯厚度方向温度分布规律以及制板工艺因素(包括原料含水率、板材厚度和板材密度)对轻质稻秸保温材料板坯内部温度的影响,试验采用荧光光纤温度测定仪自动准确测定高频热压时板坯内部温度。结果表明:板坯升温过程分为快速升温、水分排出、慢速升温三个阶段,板坯内部温度在厚度上存在差异.温度分布总体表现为芯层高表层低。与常规热压相比,高频热压大大缩短了热压时间,且板坯厚度方向温度均匀性大大优于常规热压。在快速升温阶段,在一定范围内提高含水率能加快板坯的升温速度;在水分排出阶段,通过减小原料含水率能缩短水分汽化时间;原料含水率对慢速升温阶段基本没有影响。在整个升温阶段,板材密度越低,其升温速度越快;在水分排出阶段。板材密度越低,水分汽化时间越短。板材厚度的影响作用与板材密度类似。     

基于微波真空干燥的圆竹材干缩性研究

圆竹材的合理干燥是决定竹材利用质量优劣和寿命的重要环节,圆竹材的微波真空干燥,是一项探索性研究课题。笔者采用微波真空干燥方法,在一定的干燥基准条件下,依据含水率变化曲线,将干燥过程分为加速、恒速和减速干燥三个阶段。研究结果表明,干燥初期随着温度逐渐上升,水分蒸发量逐渐增加,中期恒速干燥阶段,大量液态水转化为水蒸气排出,持续时间长,后期减速干燥阶段含水率较低,主要是结合水的蒸发,含水率变化很小,三个阶段所占干燥时间分别约为20、90 min和40 min;沿壁厚方向干缩率不明显,沿着竹竿高度方向由下向上,干缩率逐渐增大。     

白橡热压干燥材等温吸湿特性研究

以白橡热压干燥材为研究对象,利用动态水分吸附仪研究了不同热压温度干燥处理后白橡木材和未处理对照材的等温吸湿特性,并采用H-H模型拟合;分析热压干燥对木材吸湿特性的降低机理。结果表明:白橡木材等温吸湿线皆为IUPAC Ⅱ型等温吸湿线。在任意相对湿度下,热压干燥材平衡含水率均明显低于对照材,且热压温度越高,平衡含水率降低越明显。H-H模型对白橡木材等温吸湿数据表现出良好的拟合效果。单分子层和多分子层含水率降低共同作用使得热压干燥材吸湿性降低,且相对湿度越高,多分子层水的减少对吸湿性的降低作用越大。与对照材相比,热压干燥材(140、150 ℃和160 ℃)的纤维饱和点推测值分别降低8.89%、11.76%和13.62%。白橡热压干燥材吸湿性降低机理主要为游离羟基等亲水基团含量减少和细胞壁刚度增加等。     

刨花板常规热压传热研究

采用常规热压法对刨花板板坯进行热压,探讨热压时中心层温度变化规律与板坯含水率、板厚、板材密度及热压温度等的关系.结果表明:在快速升温段,升温速度随板厚的增加而明显减小,随热压温度的提高而加快;在慢速升温段,升温速度随板厚的增大而显著加快,随热压温度的升高而明显加速,升温速度受目标密度和板坯含水率影响很小;板坯内水分蒸发所需时间随板厚、板坯含水率、热压温度、板材密度的增长而增加;板坯内水分蒸发温度随板材密度的增加而升高,随板厚的减少而升高,热压温度和板坯含水率对其几乎没有影响;加入胶粘剂会使快速升温段的升温速度有所加快,而使恒温段的水分蒸发温度有所降低.     

Ⅰ类竹材胶合板生产中的溢胶问题探讨

当前，我国Ⅰ类竹材胶合板（包括覆塑竹材胶合板）的一些生产厂家在生产中存在这样一个问题：热压时产生溢胶。溢胶不仅浪费胶液，增加生产成本，而且不同程度地影响板材的质量，如易出现放炮、鼓泡和分层等现象，降低板材的力学性能等；同时，溢胶也产生大量的树脂胶片，并常伴有大量的水蒸汽及挥发物混合气体，严重污染生产环境。1产生盆腔的原因笔者通过对实际生产的跟踪调查及分析研究后认为，产生田胶的主要影响因素是板坯的含水率、树脂含量及热压工艺。1．1含水年的影响板坯的含水率反映板坯内水分的多少。在这里，水分是指竹材内部…     

龙竹竹材的微波干燥特性研究

对龙竹竹材在微波干燥下的干燥特性进行了研究。结果表明:微波功率和竹材构造对干燥特性有显著影响;竹材径向干缩率大于弦向干缩率;纵向干燥速度大于弦向和径向;竹材水分排除主要沿纵向,其次为弦向;竹材试件尺寸大小对竹材干缩率没有影响,试件长度对干燥速度有较显著影响。     

55mm厚红桉板材气干特性的研究

对55mm厚红桉板材气干特性与规律的研究结果表明,当红桉板材的含水率在30%以上时,在广州的2、3、4月份进行气干比较合适,在其它月份则应采取适当保护措施,以防止产生干燥缺陷;板材气干到含水率25%时即进行窑干,具有较好的经济效益;板材窑干前应进行调湿处理,以降低含水率梯度,从而有效避免表裂的发生.     

重组竹热压板坯内部温度变化的研究

利用热电偶测试重组竹压制过程中板坯内部的温度变化,探讨了板坯厚度、板坯含水率、热压温度等因素对重组竹传热的影响。结果表明:①利用检测结果绘制的散点图趋势线有很好的线性关系。②重组竹热压过程中中心层温度的变化曲线可分温度缓慢传递阶段、快速升温阶段和慢速升温阶段。③板坯内含水率越高其传热效果越好。④酚醛树脂在高温下固化形成的隔热层对温度传导不利。     

An experimental assessment of driving forces for drying in hardwoods

Summary An investigation has been carried out into whether the internal moisture movement inside Australian hardwood timber is best described by a diffusion model with driving forces based on gradients in moisture content or in partial pressure of water vapour. Experimental data from two sets of drying schedules applied to timber from three species of Australian hardwoods (yellow stringybark, spotted gum and ironbark) reported in Langrish et al. (1997) have been used to assess the use of the two driving forces, and the standard error has been used as the criterion for goodness of fit. Moisture-content driving forces have fitted the data better than a model based on vapour-pressure driving forces alone. The use of moisture-content driving forces with diffusion parameters obtained from data from one drying schedule is also better in predicting the drying behaviour with another schedule than vapour-pressure driving forces for yellow stringybark and ironbark. These results may be due to the complexity of the moisture-movement process through timber, with more than one moisture-transport mechanism being active, so that the use of only one driving force for moisture movement is at best only an approximation to the true behaviour.Symbols D diffusion coefficient, m² s^–1 (moisture-content gradient), m³ s kg^–1 (vapour-pressure gradient) - D_e activation energy, K - D_r pre-exponential factor m² s^–1 (moisture-content gradient), m³ kg^–1 (vapour-pressure gradient) - J mass flux of water divided by density, m s^–1 - t time, s - x position, m - X moisture content, kg kg^–1 This work has been supported by the Australian Research Council, the Ian Potter and George Alexander Foundations, and The University of Sydney Research Grant Scheme.     

小径级柞木干燥工艺的试验研究

小径级柞木干燥试验结果表明:在干燥初期干球温度为35℃、干燥末期干球温度为70℃、干燥周期中进行两次中间处理和末期终了处理、干燥周期为15 d的工艺条件下,板材干燥前总平均含水率41.6%,干燥结束后总平均含水率11.7%,板材厚度上含水率偏差<3%;干燥结束后伸长应力和压缩应力甚微,板材表面的颜色轻微变暗,除髓心材和水纹材有少数裂纹和轻微变形外,其余木材并没有发生翘曲、变形、开裂等干燥缺陷,干燥质量满足了GB6491—86《国家锯材干燥质量标准》二级以上的指标要求。本次试验确定的干燥工艺满足了小径级柞木板材的干燥工艺要求。     

Numerical and experimental study of moisture-induced stress and strain field developments in timber logs

When solid wood dries from a green condition to a moisture content used for further processing, moisture-induced fracture and stresses can occur. The drying stresses arise because of internal deformation constraints that are strongly affected by the cross-sectional moisture gradient differential shrinkage and the inhomogeneity of the material. To obtain a better understanding of how stresses develop during climatic variations, the field histories of stresses (and strains) in cross sections in their entirety need to be studied. The present paper reports on experiments and numerical simulations concerned with analysing the development of strains and stresses during the drying of 15-mm-thick discs of Norway spruce timber log. The samples were dried at 23 °C and relative humidity of 64 % from a green condition to equilibrium moisture content. The moisture gradient in the longitudinal direction was minimised by use of thin discs simplifying the moisture history of the samples studied. The strain field history was measured throughout the drying process by use of a digital image correlation system. Numerical simulations of the samples agreed rather well with the experimental strain results obtained. The stress results also indicated where in the cross section and when fractures could be expected to occur during drying. More optimal drying schemes showed markedly reduced stress generation.     

Moisture content gradient in a softwood board during drying: simulation from a 2-D model and measurement

Summary A 2-D mathematical model was developed to simulate moisture movement and heat transfer in width and thickness directions within a softwood board during drying. The model is based on wood physiological features and behaviour observed during drying. In sapwood, liquid water movement is assumed to be a consequence of capillary action between liquid and gas phases inside the cell lumens. However, liquid flow does not occur in wood close to the exposed surfaces because at timber surfaces the wood cells are damaged during the sawing process and consequently the liquid column is broken. In heartwood, liquid flow is negligible since the pits are normally aspirated during the formation of heartwood in the growing tree. Water vapour moves under a partial vapour pressure gradient while bound water diffuses within the wood material due to differences in chemical potential. The model was solved numerically to predict moisture-content profiles. Experiments were undertaken to measure the moisturecontent gradient. Samples were removed from a tunnel dryer at intervals throughout drying, frozen overnight and then cut into slices for moisture-content determination. The experimental results were used to verify the model.This work is supported by the New Zealand Foundation of Research, Science and Technology under contract CO4415