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1.
Generation, investigation, and manipulation of nanostructured materials are of fundamental and practical importance for several disciplines, including materials science and medicine. Recently, atmospheric new particle formation in the nanometer-size range has been found to be a global phenomenon. Still, its detailed mechanisms are mostly unknown, largely depending on the incapability to generate and measure nanoparticles in a controlled way. In our experiments, an organic vapor (n-propanol) condenses on molecular ions, as well as on charged and uncharged inorganic nanoparticles, via initial activation by heterogeneous nucleation. We found a smooth transition in activation behavior as a function of size and activation to occur well before the onset of homogeneous nucleation. Furthermore, nucleation enhancement for charged particles and a substantial negative sign preference were quantitatively detected.  相似文献   

2.
A beam of nitrogen ions obtained with the Princeton Particle Accelerator was used for the irradiation of Chinese hamster (M3-1) cells in monolayer culture. The 3.9-billion-electron-volt (Gev) beam passed along the monolayer, so that ions were stopped in the culture. A sharply defined zone of extensive cell destruction occurred in the last centimeter of the beam path.  相似文献   

3.
含硝化抑制剂(DMPP)氮肥对水稻产量及氮素吸收的影响   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
采用大田试验研究了含新型硝化抑制剂3,4—二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(简称DMPP)氮肥对水稻氮素吸收及产量的影响。结果表明:施用含DMPP氮肥能提高水稻产量,含DMPP尿素比含DMPP硫硝铵的增产效果要好;DMPP能提高水稻植株地上部、稻谷的氮含量,对水稻氮素营养有促进作用。  相似文献   

4.
研究了氮离子注入与叠氮化钠处理水稻种子的诱变效应。结果表明:氮离子注入与叠氮化钠处理相比,M_1代生理损伤轻,诱发的M_2代株高突变频率较高,而叶绿素缺失和抽穗期突变频率则较低。以诱变效率来比较,氮离子注入对叶绿素缺失突变的诱变效率低于叠氮化钠处理,而对株高和抽穗期突变的诱变效率则高于叠氮化钠处理。上述研究结果说明氮离子注入可以作为一种新的诱变技术用于水稻品种改良实践。  相似文献   

5.
通过农业部望城红壤水稻土生态环境重点野外观测试验基地的短期控释氮肥试验,研究了控释氮肥对土壤微生物种群和生理群落的影响及其与土壤氮素肥力的关系.结果表明,短期施用控释氮肥稻田土壤的细菌、真菌和放线菌数量明显高于不施氮处理;土壤好氧自生固氮菌、氨化细菌、反硝化细菌的数量比尿素处理低;周年土壤细菌、放线菌数量明显高于尿素处理,真菌数量略低于尿素处理.50%控释氮肥配施有机肥处理土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量,明显高于尿素和单施控释氮肥处理.控释氮肥配施有机肥,土壤好氧自生固氮菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌的数量均高于控释氮肥和70%控释氮肥处理.施氮处理土壤的好氧和厌氧自生固氮菌的数量低于不施氮处理.土壤中大多数微生物数量与土壤氮素养分含量呈正相关.  相似文献   

6.
Bacterial MerR proteins are dimeric DNA-binding proteins that mediate the Hg(II)-dependent induction of mercury resistance operons. Site-directed mutagenesis of the Bacillus sp. RC607 MerR protein reveals that three of four Cys residues per monomer are required for Hg(II) binding at the single high-affinity binding site. Inactive mutant homodimers can exchange subunits to form heterodimers active for Hg(II) binding. Studies of a heterodimer retaining only three of eight cysteine residues per dimer reveal that Cys79 in one subunit and Cys114 and Cys123 in the second subunit are necessary and sufficient for high-affinity Hg(II) binding in an asymmetric, subunit bridging coordination complex.  相似文献   

7.
水氮互作对石羊河流域春小麦群体产量和水氮利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
【目的】探讨西北旱区春小麦最佳的水氮耦合形式。【方法】在甘肃石羊河流域绿洲区采用田间试验,研究不同生育阶段的水量分配以及氮肥处理对春小麦群体产量和水氮利用的影响。【结果】施氮量、拔节期和抽穗期灌水对干旱区春小麦的产量影响显著;施氮量168 kg/hm2,并于拔节期灌水90 mm、抽穗期灌水70 mm,小麦可获得较高的籽粒产量。水氮对小麦地上干物质累积量的影响与对籽粒产量的影响相似,但抽穗期灌水对地上干物质累积量影响不显著。在施氮量224 kg/hm2、抽穗期和灌浆期灌水均为50 mm的条件下,小麦可获得较高的收获指数。在生产中考虑提高小麦收获指数时,首先应保证较高的籽粒产量。分蘖期和灌浆期灌水均为30 mm时,小麦的水分利用效率高达2.424 kg/m3,但产量降低约45%。施氮量对小麦地上干物质和籽粒氮素累积量影响显著;拔节期灌水90 mm、施氮量168 kg/hm2时,小麦籽粒的氮素累积量最大。【结论】石羊河流域春小麦最优灌水施氮模式为:施氮量168 kg/hm2,全生育期灌水4次,拔节期灌水90 mm,分蘖期、抽穗期、灌浆期均灌水60 mm。  相似文献   

8.
Xenon undergoes reaction with protonated methyl fluoride in the gas phase to form abundant quantities of the stable methyl xenonium ion, CH(3)Xe(+). Estimated values for the xenon-carbon and krypton-carbon bond strengths in the rare gas-methyl molecular ions are 43 +/- 8 and 21 +/- 15 kilocalories per mole, respectively.  相似文献   

9.
pH、氮素形态和Ca2+对玉米幼苗根系发育的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
通过设定不同pH、氮素形态、外源Ca2 浓度,观察玉米植株根系在水培营养液中的发育情况。结果表明:硝态氮(NO3--N)可促进玉米植株侧根的生长和生物量的积累,而铵态氮(NH4 -N)处理的植株根平均直径大于NO-3-N处理。NH4 -N的毒害可能是较高浓度的NH4 取代细胞膜上的Ca2 ,从而破坏细胞膜结构。增加外源Ca2 浓度,可在一定程度上缓解H 和NH4 对玉米根发育的抑制作用。  相似文献   

10.
Lee MS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,261(5129):1716-1720
A restudy of pareiasaurs reveals that these primitive reptiles are the nearest relatives of turtles. The two groups share numerous derived characters, such as a reduced presacral count, an acromion process, and a trochanter major, which are absent in other basal amniotes. Many traits long thought specific to chelonians also occur in pareiasaurs and must have evolved before the distinctive turtle shell appeared. Evidence uniting captorhinid or procolophonoids with turtles is shown to be weak. The phylogeny proposed here also suggests that certain features of the earliest turtle (Proganochelys) that have been interpreted as specializations, such as the large supratemporal and robust metacarpals, are primitive for turtles. In pareiasaurs, the osteoderms represent the precursors of the chelonian shell and the morphology of the anterior region is consistent with the idea that the shoulder girdle in turtles has migrated posteriorly into the rib cage.  相似文献   

11.
为探索高效的近岸海水污染处理及生态修复方法,采用硝酸氧化法对黏胶基碳素纤维(Carbon fiber,CF)进行氧化改性,并利用改性后的黏胶基CF处理近岸模拟污染海水,研究了改性CF对海水中亚硝酸盐、总氨态氮等污染物的吸附情况,考察了黏胶基CF氧化改性时间等因素对吸附处理效果的影响,确定了改性黏胶基CF处理近岸污染海水的优化工艺条件。结果表明:黏胶基CF氧化改性时间、CF投加量、亚硝酸盐初始浓度、总氨态氮初始浓度、吸附时间、海况、p H等因素对CF的吸附性能均有不同程度的影响,当反应条件相同时CF的吸附性能较稳定;CF对亚硝酸盐的吸附效果较好,对总氨态氮的吸附效果次之;通过正交试验确定黏胶基CF材料修复模拟近岸海水的优化条件,即在吸附时间为3 h、海况为3级、投加量为0.01 g、亚硝酸盐初始浓度为4 mg/L、总氨态氮初始浓度为60 mg/L、改性时间为1.5 h、p H为8的条件下,CF对亚硝酸盐的去除率为84.56%,对总氨态氮的去除率为45.63%。本研究结果为CF在近岸海洋环境修复中的应用奠定了基础。  相似文献   

12.
为探索高效的近岸海水污染处理及生态修复方法,采用硝酸氧化法对黏胶基碳素纤维(Carbon fiber,CF)进行氧化改性,并利用改性后的黏胶基CF处理近岸模拟污染海水,研究了改性CF对海水中亚硝酸盐、总氨态氮等污染物的吸附情况,考察了黏胶基CF氧化改性时间等因素对吸附处理效果的影响,确定了改性黏胶基CF处理近岸污染海水的优化工艺条件。结果表明:黏胶基CF氧化改性时间、CF投加量、亚硝酸盐初始浓度、总氨态氮初始浓度、吸附时间、海况、p H等因素对CF的吸附性能均有不同程度的影响,当反应条件相同时CF的吸附性能较稳定;CF对亚硝酸盐的吸附效果较好,对总氨态氮的吸附效果次之;通过正交试验确定黏胶基CF材料修复模拟近岸海水的优化条件,即在吸附时间为3 h、海况为3级、投加量为0.01 g、亚硝酸盐初始浓度为4 mg/L、总氨态氮初始浓度为60 mg/L、改性时间为1.5 h、p H为8的条件下,CF对亚硝酸盐的去除率为84.56%,对总氨态氮的去除率为45.63%。本研究结果为CF在近岸海洋环境修复中的应用奠定了基础。  相似文献   

13.
In China, the abuse of chemical nitrogen(N) fertilizer results in decreasing N use efficiency(NUE), wasting resources and causing serious environmental problems. Cereal-legume intercropping is widely used to enhance crop yield and improve resource use efficiency, especially in Southwest China. To optimize N utilization and increase grain yield, we conducted a two-year field experiment with single-factor randomized block designs of a maize-soybean intercropping system(IMS). Three N rates, NN(no nitrogen application), LN(lower N application: 270 kg N ha–1), and CN(conventional N application: 330 kg N ha–1), and three topdressing distances of LN(LND), e.g., 15 cm(LND1), 30 cm(LND2) and 45 cm(LND3) from maize rows were evaluated. At the beginning seed stage(R5), the leghemoglobin content and nitrogenase activity of LND3 were 1.86 mg plant–1 and 0.14 m L h–1 plant–1, and those of LND1 and LND2 were increased by 31.4 and 24.5%, 6.4 and 32.9% compared with LND3, respectively. The ureide content and N accumulation of soybean organs in LND1 and LND2 were higher than those of LND3. The N uptake, NUE and N agronomy efficiency(NAE) of IMS under CN were 308.3 kg ha–1, 28.5%, and 5.7 kg grain kg–1 N, respectively; however, those of LN were significantly increased by 12.4, 72.5, and 51.6% compared with CN, respectively. The total yield in LND1 and LND2 was increased by 12.3 and 8.3% compared with CN, respectively. Those results suggested that LN with distances of 15–30 cm from the topdressing strip to the maize row was optimal in maize-soybean intercropping. Lower N input with an optimized fertilization location for IMS increased N fixation and N use efficiency without decreasing grain yield.  相似文献   

14.
Open channels in sea ice may be acting as sources of atmospheric ions.  相似文献   

15.
Evidence for a three-coordinate silyl cation is provided by the crystal structure of [(Mes)3Si][H-CB11Me5Br6].C6H6 (where Mes is 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl). Free (Mes)3Si+ cations are well separated from the carborane anions and benzene solvate molecules. Ortho-methyl groups of the mesityl substituents shield the silicon atom from the close approach of nucleophiles, while remaining innocent as significant ligands themselves. The silicon center is three-coordinate and planar. The downfield 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift in the solid state (226.7 parts per million) is almost identical to that in benzene solution and in "gas phase" calculations, indicating that three-coordination can be preserved in all phases.  相似文献   

16.
Atomic collisions of high-energy heavy ions produce large yields of x-rays. The small de Broglie wavelength of massive ions leads to an estimate of 0.2 angstrom for the resolution of a microscope utilizing nitrogen ions with energies of 14 million electron volts. Estimates of the yield of x-rays relative to molecular radiation damage of the bases in DNA are made.  相似文献   

17.
The oxidation of the bisulfite ion by dissolved oxygen to produce sulfate ion involves the formation of a previously undetected intermediate. This intermediate has a fairly strong Raman band at 1090 wave numbers and a weak Raman band at 740 wave numbers, both of which are probably due to sulfur-oxygen stretches. The intermediate is proposed to be the disulfate ion S(2)O(7)(2-), which hydrolyzes into H(+) and either SO(4)(2-) or HSO(4)(2-) with a half-life of about 52 seconds at 25 degrees C.  相似文献   

18.
Photochemical calculations indicate that if NH(3) outgassed from Titan it should have been converted to a dense N(2) atmosphere during the lifetime of the satellite. A crucial step in the process involves a gas phase reaction of N(2)H(4) with H. The most favorable conditions for this step would be the intermediate production of a CH(4)-H(2) greenhouse capable of raising the gas temperature to 150 degrees K. Subsequently about 20 bars of N(2) could have evolved. The pressure-induced opacity of 20 bars of N(2) should suffice to explain the recently measured 200 degrees K surface temperature. Unlike the situation on Jupiter, NH(3) is not recycled on Titan by reactions involving N(2) or N(2)H(4). This may explain the failure of recent attempts to detect NH(3) in the upper atmosphere of Titan.  相似文献   

19.
The aim of drip fertigation is synchronising the application of water and nutrients with crop requirements, and maintaining the proper concentration and distribution of nutrient and water in the soil. The wetting patterns and nutrient distributions under drip fertigation have been proved to be closely related to the fertigation strategies. In order to find out the critical factors that affect the nutrient distribution under different drip fertigaiton strategies, a computer simulation model HYDRUS2D/3D was used to simulate the water and nitrate distribution for various fertigation strategies from a surface point source. Simulation results were compared with the observed ones from our previous studies. A 15° wedge-shaped plexiglass container was used in our experiment to represent one-twenty-fourth of the complete cylinder. The height of container is 40 cm, and the radius is 41 cm. The ammonium nitrate solution was added through a no. 7 needle connected to a Mariotte tube with a flexible hose. The soil water content, nitrate and ammonium concentrations were measured. The comparison of simulated and observed data demonstrated that the model performed reliably. The numerical analysis for various fertigation strategies from a surface point source showed that:(1) The total amount of irrigation water, the concentration of the fertilizer solution and the amount of pure water used to flush the pipeline after fertilizer solution application are the three critical factors influencing the distribution of water and fertilizer nitrogen in the soil.(2) The fresh water irrigation duration prior to fertigation has no obvious effect on nitrate distribution. The longer flushing time period after fertigation resulted in nitrate accumulation closer to the wetting front. From the point of avoiding the possibility of nitrate loss from the root zone, we recommended that the flushing time period should be as shorter as possible.(3) For a given amount of fertilizer, higher concentration of the fertilizer applied solution reduces the potential of nitrate leaching in drip irrigation system. While, lower concentration of the fertilizer solution resulted in an uniform distribution of nitrate band closer to the wetted front.  相似文献   

20.
West R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,225(4667):1109-1114
After 70 years of unsuccessful attempts, several stable disilene-compounds with double bonds between silicon atoms-have now been made. The silicon-silicon double bond resembles in many ways the well-known carbon-carbon double bond of organic chemistry. However, striking dissimilarities are also found between disilenes and alkenes in both their structures and chemical reactions.  相似文献   

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