拟穴青蟹ISSR-PCR条件的优化

分析DNA模板、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶及甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜等对拟穴青蟹ISSR-PCR反应的影响.研究结果确定了获得清晰条带的模板DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物、Taq DNA聚合酶的浓度范围分别为:模板DNA 8～50 ng/μl ,Taq DNA聚合酶0.75～1.0 U, Mg2+1.0～2.0 mmol/L(与引物密切相关),dNTP 0.15～0.20 mmol/L,引物浓度0.6～0.8 μmol/L.甲酰胺的添加并不能优化拟穴青蟹ISSR-PCR反应结果,而低浓度的二甲基亚砜可提高扩增产物的清晰度,但与引物相关.     

甘肃金鳟RAPD反应体系构建及优化

以甘肃金鳟尾鳍为试验材料,提取基因组DNA。对影响甘肃金鳟RAPD扩增的重要参数进行了优化试验,包括模板DNA浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度、Taq酶、变性时间、退火温度等,建立了甘肃金鳟RAPD反应的最适体系。即在25μl反应体系中:模板DNA用量为4.0 ng/μl;Mg2 浓度为2.5mmol/L;dNTP浓度为0.5 mmol/L;引物浓度为0.5μmol/L;Taq酶用量为1 U;扩增程序:94℃预变性4 min,94℃变性45 s,36℃退火50 s,72℃延伸1 min,共35个循环,最后延伸10 min。     

基于正交试验设计优化三疣梭子蟹SRAP-PCR反应体系

相关序列扩增多态性（sequence related amplified polymorphism,SRAP）是一种多态性高的新型分子标记,其扩增结果稳定,容易操作和引物通用性高,在遗传多样性分析、种质鉴定和遗传图谱构建等方面的广泛应用逐渐从植物转移到水产动物中。为了建立三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）SRAP技术体系,文章利用正交设计L16（45）对三疣梭子蟹SRAP-PCR反应体系的5因素[TaqDNA聚合酶、镁离子（Mg2＋）、模板、三磷酸脱氧核苷（dNTPs）和引物]在4个水平上进行优化试验,结果得出各因素水平变化对PCR反应的影响从大到小依次为模板（纯度1.75~1.90,质量浓度10~70ng.μL-1）,Mg2＋（1.60~2.00mmol.L-1）,dNTPs（0.10~0.40mmol.L-1）,TaqDNA聚合酶（0.50~2.00U）和引物（0.10~0.40μmol.L-1）;筛选出各反应因素的最佳水平,建立三疣梭子蟹SRAP-PCR反应的最佳体系（25μL）为TaqDNA聚合酶0.50U,Mg2＋2.20mmol.L-1,模板DNA10ng,dNTPs0.20mmol.L-1,引物0.20μmol.L-1。这一优化体系可望在三疣梭子蟹遗传多样性和性别连锁标记等研究中应用。     

大麻哈鱼SRAP反应体系正交设计及优化

以大麻哈鱼基因组DNA为模板,利用相关序列多态性(SRAP)技术以及L25(56)正交试验和单因子试验方法,分析了不同浓度的TaqDNA聚合酶、引物、dNTPs、Mg2+、DNA模板对扩增结果的影响,最终确立的PCR最佳反应体系为15μl,该体系含有1×PCRbuffer,TaqDNA聚合酶0.75U,引物浓度0.3μmol/L,dNTPs浓度0.3mmol/L,Mg2+浓度2.5mmol/L,DNA模板100ng。利用此优化反应体系,获得了清晰、稳定、多态性高的DNA谱带。     

罗非鱼TRAP分子标记反应体系优化设计方案的比较

靶位区域扩增多态性（target region amplification polymorphism,TRAP）是一种新型功能性分子标记,比较了L16（4^5）正交试验和单因素方法优化罗非鱼（Oreochromis spp．）TRAP反应体系。2种分析方法结果中dNTPs浓度、随机引物浓度、DNA浓度相同而镁离子（Mg2＋）浓度和TaqDNA聚合酶浓度不同,不同因素间存在一定的交互作用。正交设计方法比单因素法更简单、科学、合理。该试验获得罗非鱼15txLTRAP最优反应体系为DNA模板浓度为60ng、Mg2＋浓度为1．5mmol·L^-1、dNTPs浓度为0．3mmol·L^-1、TaqDNA聚合酶0．5U、随机引物浓度为7pmol·L^-1和固定引物浓度为10pmol·L^-1。该反应体系在4个罗非鱼群体中验证,表现出良好的稳定性和重复性,该反应体系的建立为TRAP标记应用于罗非鱼遗传多样性评价、种质鉴定、分子标记辅助育种等研究提供了新的手段。     

青鱼ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及优化研究

以赣江野生青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)基因组DNA为试验材料,研究Mg2+浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度和模板浓度4个参数对ISSR-PCR反应的影响,建立一套适合青鱼ISSR-PCR反应的最佳体系。结果表明,在25μL的反应体系中,Mg2+、dNTP、引物和模板4个参数的最适宜浓度分别为:3.0mmol/L、0.25mmol/L、0.4umol/L和30ng。PCR扩增程序为:94℃预变性5min,94℃30s,52℃45s,72℃2min,共38个循环,最后72℃继续延伸10min。     

鳡鱼ISSR-PCR反应体系的正交优化

利用正交试验设计的方法,对鳡鱼ISSR-PCR反应体系中的Mg2+浓度、引物浓度、dNTPs浓度、DNA模板浓度及Taq DNA聚合酶浓度进行优化分析。建立了最佳ISSR-PCR反应体系,即25μL反应体系中含Mg2+2mmol/L、引物0.4μmol/L、dNTPs 0.2mmol/L、模板DNA 100ng、Taq DNA聚合酶1.0U。并在此基础上对退火温度和循环次数进行梯度试验,得到最佳退火温度为52℃,最佳循环次数35次。     

西施舌基因组DNA的提取及其RAPD反应条件的优化

通过实验比较获得了一种高效、简便的西施舌基因组DNA的提取方法,以该法提取的基因组DNA为模板,对西施舌RAPD分析中的DNA模板浓度、镁离子浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度和Taq酶浓度进行了研究,初步确定了适于西施舌RAPD分析的最佳反应体系:25μL反应体系中,含模板DNA 25 ng,10×PCR缓冲液2.5μL,dNTPs 0.3 mmol/L,MgCl22.5 mmol/L,引物15 ng,Taq DNA聚合酶1.5U。     

刀鲚RAPD分析条件的优化

以刀鲚基因组DNA为模板,对刀鲚RAPD分析中的DNA模板浓度、镁离子浓度,dNTPs浓度、引物浓度进行了研究。研究结果初步确定了适用于刀鲚遗传多样性分析的RAPD反应体系为:25μl反应体系中,含10×PCR缓冲液2.5μl,模板DNA20ng, dNTPs0.1m mol/L,Mg~(2+)2.5m mol/L,引物0.4μ mol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶1U。     

3个不同地理群体真鲷遗传变异的RAPD分析

随机扩增多态DNA(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)是建立在PCR技术基础上的检测DNA序列多态性和建立分子遗传标记的技术,Williams等[1]首次运用随机引物扩增寻找多态DNA片段作为分子遗传标记.Welsh等[2]也发现以寡核苷酸作为引物对基因组DNA进行扩增,产物的图谱表现出高度的变异性.因其具有操作简单、能够快速高效地提供许多个体或基因型许多位点的DNA序列多态性数据等优点,在生物的遗传多样性、群体遗传学、分类学及农牧业的遗传育种等研究中得到了广泛的应用.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.