Effects of dietary supplementation of Acanthopanax senticosus on gastrointestinal tract development in calves

Twenty‐four newborn Holstein dairy male calves (with initial body weight of 38 ± 3.0 kg) were used in a randomized block design experiment to determine effects of dietary supplementation of Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) on gastrointestinal tract development. Calves were fed milk (10%/body weight) three times at 06.00, 12.00 and 18.00 hours daily with one to four treatments during the experimental periods (4 to 28 days): no supplementation of AS (control group, CG); 1.0 g/L?time of micro‐powder AS (MP); 1.0 g/L?time of superfine powder AS (SP); or 1.0 g/L?time of coarse powder AS (CP). On days 7, 14, 21 and 28, 20 mL blood samples were collected at 06.00 hours before the morning feeding. At the end of the trial (28 days), all calves were euthanized, and tissue samples were taken and placed in 4% buffered formaldehyde for analyses. In the rumen of MP treatment, compared with the CG treatment, wall thickness and papillae diameter was both significantly lower (P <0.05), while crypt depth was significantly greater (P <0.05). In the duodenum, villi diameter of AS supplemented treatments was significantly lower than that of CG treatment (P <0.05) . Results indicate that calves during sucking period supplemented with AS as MP style could promote gastrointestinal development.     

日粮中添加谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡法氏囊发育的影响

谷氨酰胺（Glutamine，GLN）是体内组织间的氮前体穿梭工具，是快速增殖细胞（淋巴细胞和肠黏膜细胞）的主要能源物质，参与体内抗氧化剂-谷胱甘肽（GSH）的合成。具有维持肠道机能，提高机体免疫功能，改善酸碱平衡失调和提高机体对应激的适应等多种生理功能。GLN对机体免疫功能的作用已受到诸多学者关注：Ardawi等体外培养大鼠淋巴细胞发现，添加GLN可显著提高淋巴细胞的增殖；O’Riordain MG等证实，GLN能显著增强结肠、直肠切除病人体内T淋巴细胞DNA的合成。     

Effect of dietary sorbitol on the performance of broilers

1. The effect of dietary sorbitol on the performance of broilers was investigated. Male and female broilers were given a control diet or a sorbitol diet (100 g/kg diet) ad libitum from 29 to 57 d of age. 2. Body weight gain, food intake, food efficiency and the ME values of the diets were not significantly different. Absolute and relative weights of abdominal fat were significantly reduced in birds given the sorbitol diet. 3. Compared to the control diet, the diet containing sorbitol lowered the serum glucose, total cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein concentrations.     

早期补饲粉状精料和颗粒料对羔羊生长性能及胃肠道发育的影响

旨在研究断奶前补饲粉状精料和颗粒料对羔羊生长性能及整个胃肠道发育的影响,为颗粒料在幼龄反刍动物上的合理使用提供依据。试验选取18只体重相近、体况良好的新生湖羊(公羔),在其12日龄时与母羊分离,饲喂按一定比例配置好的羊奶粉(羊奶粉:水=1:10)。经过3 d适应期后将其随机分为对照组(control group,n=9)和试验组(treatment group,n=9):对照组羔羊自由采食粉状精料,试验组羔羊自由采食颗粒料。两组羔羊每只每天均给予相同的奶粉量(600 mL·d^-1),所有羔羊自由饮水。试验过程每天记录羔羊采食量,每周于晨饲前称量羔羊体重。羔羊42日龄时颈静脉采血后屠宰采样,称量胃肠道各部位重量,采集胃肠道各部位组织样品进行上皮形态测定。结果显示,与补饲粉状精料相比,补饲颗粒料显著增加羔羊第6周龄(P=0.047)的平均日采食量,显著增加羔羊第4(P=0.030)和第5周龄(P=0.019)的平均日增重。早期补饲颗粒料显著增加第4(P=0.048)、5(P<0.001)和6周龄(P<0.001)的羔羊体重。与补饲粉状精料相比,补饲颗粒料对羔羊胃肠道重量和肠道长度无显著(P>0.05)影响;显著增加羔羊瘤胃乳头的长(P<0.001)、宽(P<0.001)和上皮吸收面积(P=0.038),但对瘤胃上皮乳头个数(P=0.230)无显著影响。通过HE染色观察胃肠道上皮结构,结果显示,与补饲粉状精料相比,补饲颗粒料显著增加了羔羊瘤胃上皮颗粒层厚度(P=0.027),但对瘤胃上皮角质层(P=0.577)、棘基层(P=0.153)和上皮总厚度无显著影响(P=0.486)。补饲颗粒料显著增加了羔羊十二指肠绒毛高度(P<0.001)和绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(P<0.001)、显著降低了十二指肠隐窝深度(P=0.010)。补饲颗粒料显著降低了空肠隐窝深度(P=0.010)、对空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值有增加的趋势(P=0.087),但对空肠绒毛高度无显著影响(P=0.258)。补饲颗粒料显著增加了回肠绒毛高度(P<0.001)和绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(P=0.002),但对回肠隐窝深度(P=0.761)无显著影响。两组羔羊盲肠上皮(P=0.266)和结肠上皮(P=0.526)厚度无显著差异。以上结果表明,与补饲粉状精料相比,补饲颗粒料显著促进了羔羊瘤胃上皮和小肠上皮的发育,但对后肠上皮的发育无显著影响。     

Effect of dietary fibre and grit on performance,gastrointestinal tract development,and grit pattern of goose

ABSTRACT

1. This study aimed to investigate effects of dietary fibre and grit on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract development, and gizzard grit retention of geese.

2. The trial had a 3 × 2 factorial design consisting of three levels of dietary crude fibre (CF, 4%, 7% and 10%, adjusted by grass powder), with or without grit addition (1–4 mm river sand).

3. In total, 648, 22-d-old male goslings were randomly allotted to six treatments (six pens/treatment). At 49 d and 70 d of age, one goose per pen was euthanised to collect samples.

4. The birds fed 10% CF had decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 22–49 d, but this effect was less in older geese. Increasing dietary CF levels increased relative weights of gizzards for geese aged 49 d and 70 d. Grit addition decreased the relative weights of gizzard and duodenum of geese aged 49 d. The gizzard of geese could selectively retain grit from feed even with no grit added. With adequate supply, most grit in gizzard was 0.45–3 mm in size.

5. In conclusion, supplement of CF and grit mainly affected gastrointestinal tract, and the amount of CF affected FCR. Geese aged 22–49 d could utilise dietary CF levels of 4%-7% and older birds could feed on diets with up to 10% CF. The gizzard of goose selectively retained grit of a particle size of 0.45–3 mm.     

外源添加谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡生长性能反抗氧化指标的影响

选1日龄Avian肉仔鸡360羽,随机分成4组,试验组日粮分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%谷氨酰胺(Glutamine,Gln).对照组饲喂基础日粮,于42日龄进行屠宰取样,测定各项指标,结果表明:与对照组相比,添加0.5%谷氨酰胺组的日采食量和日增重均显著提高(P<0.05),试验各组的料重比都有所下降,但差异不显著;1.0%Gln组胸肌中MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组胸肌中SOD活力有升高的趋势;0.5%和1.0%Gln组血清中S0D和GSH-Px活力显著提高(P<0.05).说明饲粮中添加Gln有提高肉仔鸡生长性能和抗氧化能力的趋势,综合分析0.5%Gln添加组效果最佳.     

Effect of dietary antioxidant supplementation on the oxidative status of plasma in broilers

In this study, the effect of dietary antioxidants on the plasma oxidative status of growing birds fed a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids was investigated. One‐day‐old broilers were fed for 42 days a diet containing 4% linseed oil and supplemented with single plant extracts rich in antioxidants (natural tocopherols, rosemary, grape seed, green tea, tomato) or a combination of some of these plant extracts, in two different total doses (100 and 200 mg product/kg feed). A diet with synthetic antioxidants with and without α‐tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg feed) were also included. The plasma oxidative status was evaluated measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity. Lipid peroxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS). No significant effect of the dietary treatments was observed for FRAP as well as for TBARS. However, diet affected GSH‐Px activity (p = 0.002) and a trend for an effect on SOD activity was observed (p = 0.084). A higher GSH‐Px activity was found for 200 mg/kg tomato extract and natural α‐tocopherol in relation to the corresponding 100 mg/kg treatment, and the lowest GSH‐Px activity was measured for the synthetic antioxidants treatment. The lowest and highest SOD activity were found for the 200. and 100 mg/kg treatment with tomato extract respectively. In conclusion, the oxidative status and lipid oxidation of plasma in broilers was not affected by feeding natural antioxidant extracts at the doses in the present study, but some changes in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed, of which the implication remains to be elucidated.     

酸枣仁皂甙对热应激肉用仔鸡生产性能、消化道和免疫器官的影响

为探明酸枣仁皂苷对肉仔鸡的抗热应激作用,将225只1日龄AA肉雏仔鸡公母混合随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每重复15只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1～4组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.5,1.0,1.5和2.0 mg/kg的酸枣仁皂苷。1～3周龄采用常规饲养管理,4周龄时开始进行为期1周的(34±1)℃热应激处理。结果:0.5和1.0 mg/kg添加水平极显著提高3周龄肉仔鸡日增重(P<0.01),4个水平的酸枣仁皂苷对热应激肉仔鸡的平均日增重、采食量和饲料转化率均有改善作用,以0.5和1.0 mg/kg添加水平最佳(P<0.01)。饲粮中添加0.5 mg/kg酸枣仁皂苷显著提高热应激肉仔鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率(P<0.05),极显著降低皮下脂肪厚(P<0.01)。酸枣仁皂苷对热应激肉仔鸡的腿比例、腿肌率、胸肌率、腹脂率、腺胃率、肌胃率、脾脏率、十二指肠率、空肠率、回肠率、盲肠率、法氏囊率和胸腺率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。总之,1～3周龄肉仔鸡饲粮中添加酸枣仁皂苷,可提高采食量和日增重;34℃热应激下添加酸枣仁皂苷,可提高平均日增重、采食量和饲料转化率,改善胴体品质;酸枣仁皂苷较理想的添加水平为0.5～1.0 mg/kg。     

微生态添加量对商品肉鸡生长性能的影响

选用36000只1日龄罗斯308商品肉鸡,随机分成3个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复4000只鸡。各处理组从1日龄开始至14日龄每天分别饮用绿源生0ml/只(T1)、0.35ml/只(T2)和0.65ml/只(T3)。研究饮水中添加不同剂量绿源生对肉鸡生长性能的影响。结果表明,绿源生有使肉鸡全期日增重线性上升的趋势(P=0.06)。随着绿源生添加剂量的增加,试验第2周(P<0.05)和全期(P<0.01)增重耗料比呈二次曲线上升。饮水中添加绿源生时间少于7d,可能对生产性能没有显著影响,增加饮水中绿源生的添加量能显著改善肉鸡的饲料转化率。     

半胱胺对肉仔鸡脂肪合成代谢的影响

21日龄艾维茵商品代肉仔鸡96只,随机分成2组,分别为基础日粮组和添加半胱胺(cysm ine,CS)组。研究CS对肉仔鸡血浆中胰岛素、肝脏中苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)水平的影响。结果表明:在42日龄以前,CS使体内胰岛素和MDH水平高于对照组;在42日龄以后,使体内胰岛素和MDH水平低于对照组。     

外源添加谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡生长性能和胴体组成的影响

本试验旨在研究不同浓度谷氨酰胺(Gln)对内仔鸡生长性能、胴体特性和肉质的影响.选用1日龄Avian肉仔鸡360羽,随机分成4组,其中1组为对照组,喂基础日粮,另外3组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的谷氨酰胺.每组选取18只鸡于42日龄屠宰取样.测定各项指标.结果表明,与对照组相比,各Gln添加组肉仔鸡采食量和日增重均有所增加,料重比有所下降,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);内仔鸡全净堂率、半净堂率、胸肌率和腿肌率均有所提高,其中1.0%和1.5%Gln组肉仔鸡半净堂率显著提高(P＜0.05),0.5%Gln组腿肌率显著提高(P＜0.05);皮脂厚和肌间脂肪含量有所降低(P＞0.05).表明外源添加谷氨酰胺具有提高肉仔鸡日增重、降低料重比,提高胸肌率和腿肌率,降低脂肪含量,改善肉仔鸡胴体组成的趋势,其中0.5%Gln添加量效果最佳.     

乳化剂对肉仔鸡生产性能及养分利用率的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同来源油脂饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉仔鸡生产性能及养分利用率的影响。试验采用2×3二因子析因试验设计,A因子为菜籽油和牛油两种油脂饲粮组,B因子为无乳化剂添加组、添加乳化剂1组和添加乳化剂2组,乳化剂添加量均为商业推荐量。选取672只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分成6组,每组8个重复,每个重复14只鸡(公母各半)。结果表明,肉仔鸡生长后期及全期,乳化剂1组平均日采食量和平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),乳化剂1和2均有降低料肉比的趋势。饲粮中添加乳化剂1显著提高了生长前期肉仔鸡干物质表观消化率及表观代谢能值(P<0.05)。牛油饲粮组肉仔鸡生长全期的平均日采食量和料肉比显著高于菜籽油饲粮组(P<0.05),不同油脂饲粮组肉仔鸡的平均日增重无显著差异(P>0.05)。菜籽油饲粮组生长全期肉仔鸡粗脂肪表现消化率和表观代谢能值均显著高于牛油组(P<0.05)。结果提示,从试验全期来看,在牛油饲粮和菜籽油饲粮中分别添加外源乳化剂,肉仔鸡生产性能及脂肪利用率均有提高,乳化剂对牛油饲粮的改善程度优于菜籽油饲粮,且乳化剂产品之间也有差异。     

Effects of dietary mineral supplementation on the performance and mineral retentions of broilers at high ambient temperatures

1. The relationship between broiler performance and two dietary mineral balance equations was investigated at a high constant ambient temperature (30°C) using a range of 11 salt supplements given to male broiler chicks from 21 to 42 d of age.

2. No relationship was found between broiler performance and either of the two balance equations.

3. Re‐evaluating these equations using retained, rather than dietary, mineral concentrations did not improve the relationship although changes in mineral retentions associated with the supplements indicated that dietary concentrations were not a good indicator of the impact of the diet on the bird's acid‐base homoeostasis.

4. Evidence was found that metabolisable anions supplemented in association with mineral cations may have a significant effect on broiler performance.     

Influence of dietary enzyme complex on the performance of broilers fed on diets with and without antibiotic supplementation

1. The aim of the experiment was to test the possible interactions of an enzyme complex and a food antibiotic on the growth and metabolism, carcase yield, whole body composition and nutrient deposition in broilers. The basal diet contained 400 g/kg barley. The four treatments were as follows: O—without supplements (control), E—enzyme complex Roxazyme® G, 200 mg/kg, A—antibiotic avoparcin, 10 mg/kg, EA—Roxazyme G, 200 mg/kg plus avoparcin, 10 mg/kg.

2. Roxazyme G positively influenced weight gain, food conversion efficiency, energy metabolisability, fat and nitrogen utilisation and the dry matter content of droppings. Fat and energy deposition in the whole body were also increased, whereas protein deposition and carcase yield were not influenced.

3. Avoparcin increased energy metabolisability and fat utilisation, but had no influence on nitrogen utilisation. No significant improvements from avoparcin were seen in growth or in nutrient deposition in the body. The fibre degradability (NDF and ADF fraction) was significantly depressed by antibiotic supplementation.

4. The inclusion of both supplements to the diet did not have a fully additive effect on growth, energy metabolisability, or fat and nitrogen utilisation. The interaction between enzyme and antibiotic for food conversion efficiency during the first experimental period (7 to 21 d) was nearly significant (P= 0.053). Except for fibre degradability (P ≤ 0.01), no other significant interactions between enzyme and antibiotic were found.     

Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella.

A study was carried out to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of oregano essential oil on performance of broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella at 14 days of age. A total of 120 day-old Cobb-500 chicks separated into 4 equal groups with three replicates each, were used in this study. Two groups, one infected with 5 x 10(4) sporulated oocysts of E. tenella and the other not, were given a basal diet and served as controls. The other two groups also infected with E. tenella were administered diets supplemented with oregano essential oil at a level of 300 mg/kg, or with the anticoccidial lasalocid at 75 mg/kg. Following this infection, survival rate, bloody diarrhoea and oocysts excretion as well as lesion score were determined. Throughout the experimental period of 42 days, body weight gain and feed intake were recorded weekly, and feed conversion ratios were calculated. Two weeks after the infection with E. tenella supplementation with dietary oregano oil resulted in body weight gains and feed conversion ratios not differing from the non-infected group, but higher than those of the infected control group and lower than those of the lasalocid group. These parameters correspond with the extent of bloody diarrhoea, survival rate, lesion score and oocyst numbers and indicated that oregano essential oil exerted an anticoccidial effect against E. tenella, which was, however, lower than that exhibited by lasalocid.     

日粮ADF水平对肉兔胃肠道发育、免疫及屠宰性能的影响

选用60只体重相近的2月龄新西兰肉兔,随机分为5组,分别饲喂5种酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)水平(13%、16%、19%、22%和25%)的日粮,旨在探讨我国家兔适宜的ADF需要量。结果表明:随日粮ADF水平升高,胃占活重比重先增加后降低(P<0.05),小肠占活重比重各处理间差异不显著(P>0.05),盲肠占活重比重显著增加(P<0.05)。日粮ADF水平对试兔胸腺指数日粮影响显著(P<0.05),对脾脏指数影响不显著(P>0.05)。随日粮ADF水平提高,试兔心脏和肾脏相对重量先上升后下降(P<0.05),肝脏相对重量逐渐下降(P<0.05);试兔全净膛和半净膛屠宰率呈先上升后下降的趋势(P>0.05)。由此认为,2～3月龄肉兔适宜的ADF水平为16%～19%。     

补饲青绿饲料对不同性别肉仔鸡屠宰品质的影响

试验旨在探讨饲喂全价基础日粮的基础上补饲青绿饲料对不同性别肉仔鸡屠宰品质的影响。选择1日龄健康AA肉鸡360只(公母各半),根据不同性别随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每重复30只。分别设为Ⅰ♂、Ⅱ♂、Ⅰ♀、Ⅱ♀组。Ⅰ♂和Ⅰ♀为对照组,饲喂全价基础日粮,Ⅱ♂和Ⅱ♀为试验组,全期补饲新鲜青绿饲料。分别于第14、28、42日龄(d)时取样进行屠宰品质分析。结果表明:①各试验日龄公鸡的体重高于母鸡(P<0.05或<0.01);42日龄时公鸡的屠宰率和半净膛率高于母鸡(P<0.05),腹脂率低于母鸡(P<0.05)。②补饲青绿饲料能显著提高肉仔鸡胸肌率(P<0.05)和降低腹脂率(P<0.05),42日龄时公鸡和母鸡的胸肌率分别提高了14.9%和16.4%,腹脂率分别降低了20.8%和22.2%。③补饲青绿饲料对肉仔鸡屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率和腿肌率无显著影响。④总体上补饲青绿饲料对母鸡屠宰品质的影响作用更大。     

择食饲喂对肉鸡胴体品质和胃肠道发育的影响

试验研究择食饲喂对肉鸡胴体品质、胃肠道发育的影响。144羽22日龄艾维茵(Avian)肉鸡随机分成3个处理,每个处理4重复,每重复12羽,分别饲喂粉碎玉米+浓缩料、豆粕+平衡料的试验日粮和基础全价对照日粮,每处理均设两个食槽。结果表明:①择食饲喂玉米+浓缩料可显著促进肉鸡胃肠道发育(P<0.05),改善肉鸡的健康状况;②择食饲喂对肉鸡胴体品质的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),但择食饲喂玉米组能蛋比较高,腹脂率偏高。     

中草药对感染球虫病肉鸡生长性能和治疗效果的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加中草药对感染球虫病的1～42 d肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、组织器官相对重量及治疗效果的影响。试验选择体重一致的1日龄Cobb肉仔鸡560只,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复28只鸡。处理1组未感染球虫病,饲喂基础日粮,处理2组未感染球虫病,饲喂基础日粮+1 g/kg中草药,处理3组感染球虫病,饲喂基础日粮,处理4组感染球虫病,饲喂基础日粮+65 mg/kg盐霉素,处理5组感染球虫病,饲喂基础日粮+1 g/kg中草药。试验进行42 d。球虫感染显著降低了1～21 d肉鸡日增重、料肉比和死亡率(P <0.05)。处理3组较处理1组肉鸡的日增重降低了40%(P <0.05)。日粮添加中草药后对球虫感染有缓解效果,处理5组比处理3组1～21 d肉鸡日增重提高了25%(P <0.05),料比降低了19.5%(P <0.05);处理5组较处理3组显著降低了22～42 d肉鸡日增重,提高了料肉比(P <0.05)。球虫感染添加中草药组(处理5)的胴体腹部脂肪含量最低(P <0.05)。处理3组鸡粪球虫卵数量在第5天最高,显著高于其他两个球虫感染组(P <0.05)。处理3组较处理4和5组显著提高了十二指肠的病变评分(P <0.05)。综上所述,1～42 d肉鸡日粮添加1 g/kg复合中草药添加剂混合物能适当缓解雏鸡球虫病感染的负面影响,混合中药添加剂对感染球虫肉鸡生长性能的改善及降低粪中球虫卵数量的作用与盐霉素相当。     

Effect of dietary probiotic,prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation on performance,immune responses,intestinal morphology and bacterial populations in broilers

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotic (Primalac), prebiotic (TechnoMos) and synbiotic (Primalac + TechnoMos) supplementation on performance, immune responses, intestinal morphology and bacterial populations of ileum in broilers. A total of 240 one‐day‐old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups which included 60 birds. Control group did not receive any treatment. The chicks in the second, third and fourth groups were fed probiotic (0.9 g/kg), prebiotic (0.9 g/kg) and probiotic (0.9 g/kg) plus probiotic (0.9 g/kg; synbiotic), respectively, at entire period. Daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were evaluated. The birds were immunized by sheep red blood cell (SRBC) on days 12 and 29 of age and serum antibody titres were measured on days 28, 35 and 42. Newcastle vaccines administered on days 9, 18 and 27 to chicks and blood samples were collected on day 42. Intestinal morphometric assessment and enumeration of intestinal bacterial populations were performed on day 42. The results indicated that consumption of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic had no significant effect on daily feed intake, daily body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits, intestinal morphology and bacterial populations of ileum (p > 0.05). Consumption of prebiotic increased total and IgM anti‐SRBC titres on days 28 and 42 and antibody titre against Newcastle virus disease on day 42 (p < 0.05). Synbiotic increased only total anti‐SRBC on day 28 (p < 0.05). It is concluded that consumption of prebiotic increased humoral immunity in broilers. Therefore, supplementation of diet with prebiotic for improvement of humoral immune responses is superior to synbiotic supplementation.