中国胯姬小蜂属(膜翅目:姬小蜂科)——新记录种

海南桉树林地受桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa FisherLa Salle)为害较重,为了有效防治桉树枝瘿姬小蜂,于2014年12月~2015年7月在海南三亚、东方、儋州、临高等地开展了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂寄生性天敌资源的调查。在为期8个月的调查期间,收集到了大量桉树枝瘿姬小蜂及其寄生蜂,并对其生物学进行了观察。其中一种寄生蜂,孟氏胯姬小蜂(Quadrastichus mendeli KimLa Salle),为国内首次报道,确定为中国新纪录种。本研究对孟氏胯姬小蜂进行了描述,同时对其生物学进行了补充。     

海南草地贪夜蛾寄生蜂调查与基础生物学观察

海南省是我国草地贪夜蛾入侵地之一,为了掌握草地贪夜蛾在海南的发生与防控情况,2019年4—7月,中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所专家对海南省18个市县主要玉米种植区的草地贪夜蛾天敌开展了实地调查。本研究将调查区采集到的被寄生卵块、幼虫和蛹置于实验室条件下饲养观察,共发现5种寄生蜂天敌,其中卵寄生蜂为夜蛾黑卵蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂,幼虫寄生蜂为淡足侧沟茧蜂,蛹寄生蜂为霍氏啮小蜂,卵-幼虫寄生蜂为台湾甲腹茧蜂,并报道了这5种寄生蜂的主要鉴别特征和基本生物学特性。掌握海南本地草地贪夜蛾寄生蜂天敌的种类,初步探究了其对这种外来入侵害虫的自然控制作用,为筛选防治草地贪夜蛾的优势天敌提供参考。     

海南岛黄瓜病毒病种类鉴定及其发生分布研究

2018年11月—2019年3月,在海南省三亚、乐东、东方、儋州、澄迈、海口、万宁和五指山共8个市县,采集疑似病毒病的叶片样本302份,采用小RNA深度测序和RT-PCR检测发现,黄瓜样品中存在黄瓜花叶病毒（Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV）、甜瓜黄斑病毒（Melon yellow spot virus, MYSV）、黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒（Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, CGMMV）、烟草花叶病毒（Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)和瓜类褪绿黄化病毒（Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus, CCYV）共5种病毒,检出率分别为32.79%、31.46%、23.18%、9.61%和2.65%。病毒的复合侵染率为11.28%,有8种复合侵染类型,以其中2种病毒复合侵染为主。明确了海南岛黄瓜病毒病主要种类及发生分布情况。     

海南省美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂种类及其控制作用评价

调查发现,海南省豆类、瓜类和茄类蔬菜上的美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂常见种类有：姬小蜂科Eulophidae的底比斯釉姬小蜂Chrysocharis penthus（Walker）、异角亨姬小蜂Hemiptarsenus varicornis（Girault）、点腹青背姬小蜂Chrysonotomyia punctiventris（Crawford）、美丽青背姬小蜂Chrysonotomyia formosa（Westwood）和黄潜蝇釉姬小蜂Chrysocharis oscinidis Ashmead,以及茧蜂科Braconidae的甘蓝斑潜蝇茧蜂Opius dimidiatus（Ashmead）.其中,底比斯釉姬小蜂是优势种.这些寄生蜂对豆类、瓜类和茄类蔬菜上的美洲斑潜蝇的寄生率分别为29.1%,33.0%和18.0%,平均寄生率为27.1%.应用生命表排除作用控制指数（EIPC）分析法进行寄生蜂对美洲斑潜蝇自然种群控制作用研究,结果表明：美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂的EIPC值为3.1817,寄生蜂的作用是抑制美洲斑潜蝇种群数量发展的重要因子.     

福建省烟粉虱寄生蜂的调查与常见种类鉴别

对福建省大田作物的烟粉虱寄生蜂种类进行调查,采获和鉴定寄生蜂6种,即:蚜小蜂科(Aphelinidae)的双斑恩蚜小蜂(Encarsia bimaculata)、日本恩蚜小蜂(Encarsia japonica)、索非亚恩蚜小蜂(Encarsia sophia)、蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂(Eretmocerus mundus)、瑞加桨角蚜小蜂(Eretmocerus rajasthanicus)和广腹细蜂科(Platygasteridae)的1种埃密细蜂(Amitus sp.),简述它们的形态鉴别特征。同时,从其他粉虱寄主或扫网等的调查中,还采获另外10种恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂,根据国内外文献报道也可寄生烟粉虱,在此本研究一并进行了讨论。     

中国烟粉虱寄生蜂资源及其区系分布

对中国寄生烟粉虱的寄生蜂种类、寄主类别和分布地区进行了系统论述。根据采集调查和文献记录,目前中国烟粉虱寄生蜂约有27种,占世界记录总数的54%,主要隶属膜翅目(Hymenoptera)蚜小蜂科(Aphelin-idae),其中,恩蚜小蜂属(Encarsia)的21种,桨角蚜小蜂属(Eretmocerus)的6种。主要分布于长江流域以南的福建、广东、广西、台湾和香港等地,台湾种类分布最多。同时,对中国烟粉虱寄生蜂的地理区系分布进行了分析和讨论。     

Comparison of Yellow and Blue Sticky Cards for Detection and Monitoring Parasitoid Wasps of the Invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) is a significant agricultural and urban nuisance pest in many parts of the world. In North America, biological control of H. halys by parasitoid wasps in the families Scelionidae and Eupelmidae has shown promise. An effective technique for detection and monitoring native and exotic parasitoids is the deployment of yellow sticky cards; however, yellow cards also attract nontarget arthropods, reducing efficiency and accuracy of parasitoid screening. This study sought to identify an alternative yet effective trapping technique by comparing the number of target parasitoid wasps [Anastatus spp. Motschulsky (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), Telenomus spp. Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), and Trissolcus spp. Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)] and arthropod bycatch on yellow and blue sticky cards deployed in urban, orchard, and vegetable landscapes in northern Utah from late May to early October in 2019 and 2020. Yellow sticky cards captured 54–72% more target parasitoids than blue cards from June through August in all three landscape types in both years; however, a positive correlation in parasitoid capture indicated blue cards detect target parasitoids, just in fewer numbers. Both card colors detected adventive Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in initial findings of 2019, and in expanded locations of 2020. Furthermore, blue cards captured 31–48% less Diptera and nontarget Hymenoptera than yellow cards in both years across all three landscapes, translating to reduced card processing time and impacts to beneficial insect populations. Our results suggest that blue vs yellow sticky cards offer an alternative monitoring technique to survey for H. halys parasitoids.     

Identifying an Optimal Screen Mesh to Enable Augmentorium-Based Enhanced Biological Control of the Olive Fruit Fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The augmentorium is a cost-effective screened enclosure designed to receive fruits infested with insect pests, retain the pests inside but let their natural enemies escape to enhance biological control of pest populations. Screen selection is critical to ensure that an augmentorium is effective for a particular system. Here we tested five types of screens with a mini-augmentorium design and measured the escape of four insect species under laboratory conditions: the pests olive fruit fly Bactocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and the parasitoids Psyttalia lounsburyi (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Psyttalia ponerophaga (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The sex ratio of insects that escaped the screens was compared to the sex ratio of insects that could not escape. Results showed that one screen type (‘crystal mesh’) was the best for the purpose of designing a functional augmentorium: it retained 90% of B. oleae adults and 100% of C. capitata adults while letting 72% of Psyttalia lounsburyi adults and 94% of P. ponerophaga adults escape. The other screen types tested were suboptimal, either because they let too many flies freely escape or because they retained too many parasitoids. Sex ratio was almost always similar for insects that managed to escape the screens and insects that were retained, except for P. ponerophaga and the screen type ‘light mesh’. These results are promising for the development of a functional augmentorium against the olive fruit fly and further implementation against Mediterranean fruit fly.     

New sources of resistance to Phytophthora megakarya identified in wild cocoa tree populations of French Guiana

Cocoa black pod rot, a disease caused by oomycetes of the genus Phytophthora, causes substantial yield losses throughout the world, particularly in Africa with the very aggressive species Phytophthora megakarya. In order to reduce the impact of that pathogen, priority is given to genetic control through more resistant cultivars, and breeders are seeking sources of resistance in wild cocoa trees. Wild cocoa trees were surveyed in French Guiana between 1985 and 1995, leading to the collection of abundant plant material from more than 200 mother trees originating from five river basins. We present here the results of tests to assess resistance to the species P. megakarya (a species only existing in Africa), conducted at CIRAD in Montpellier, France, on circa 40 genotypes collected in the Camopi river basin, along with approximately 20 genotypes from other populations (Kérindioutou, Borne 7, Euleupousing, Pina and Oyapok). The strain used for artificial inoculation was NS269, isolated in Cameroon. Seven cacao clones were classified as “highly resistant” and 29 as “resistant”, some of which displayed greater resistance to P. megakarya than the reference resistant clone IMC 47. This study suggests that the wild material from French Guiana could play a significant role in controlling P. megakarya in Africa and also Phytophthora palmivora in all cocoa-producing zones.     

Donors for Resistance to Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) from Wild Rice Species

Out of 1 989 wild accessions sown in seed boxes for screening, only 1 003 wild accessions with good germination were screened against brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) under greenhouse conditions. The collection comprised of accessions from 11 wild species and African cultivated rice. The germplasm was screened for BPH following standard seed box screening technique in the greenhouse. As many as 159 accessions were identified as resistant during the year 2012 based on one year screening. A selected set of BPH resistant accessions were screened again during 2013. Based on the two years screening, seven accessions of O. nivara (AA), one accession of O. officinalis (CC), seven accessions of O. australiensis (EE), five accessions of O. punctata (BB and BBCC) and nine accessions of O. latifolia (CCDD) were confirmed to be resistant to BPH. So far no BPH resistance genes have been identified and designated from O. nivara and O. punctata, hence these may act as new sources of resistance.     

Global status of nematode problems of groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea, sorghum and pearl millet, and suggestions for future work

Analysis of responses received from 40 cooperators in 20 countries to a questionnaire on nematode problems of groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea, sorghum and pearl millet suggested that Meloidogyne spp. are internationally important nematode pests of groundnut, chickpea and pigeonpea. Pratylenchus spp. are important on all the five crops. In India, Heterodera cajani and Rotylenchulus reniformis are important pathogens of pigeonpea. Over the last 10–15 years, extensive nematode disease surveys have been undertaken for these crops in Australia, Egypt, India, Jamaica, Senegal, Sudan, Thailand and Zimbabwe; however, < 10% of the total crop areas were covered by these surveys. Except for Brazil, Egypt, USA and Zimbabwe, growers do not use nematicides to control the nematodes. Cultural practices, especially crop rotations, are the most commonly used control measures. Species of Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus and Rotylenchulus on the legumes, and species of Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Quinisulcius and Xiphinema on the cereals, are strongly suspected of increasing the severity of fungal diseases. Work aimed at finding host resistance is being done in Brazil, Fiji, India and the USA, and some sources of resistance have been identified against Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and R. reniformis. Facilities for resistance screening work now exist in many countries. Information on damage thresholds of important pest species are available only from Brazil, Fiji, India and the USA.     

滇水金凤LWD基因的克隆及表达分析

WD40是转录因子大家族,具有调节花青素苷生物合成、植物生长发育及非生物胁迫响应等功能,LWD（LIGHT-REGULATED WD）基因是该家族中已知的生物钟调节因子,但目前有关植物LWD基因的报道较少,其功能还有待深入研究。为探究LWD基因对滇水金凤花色的影响,本研究以滇水金凤花器官为材料,采用RT-PCR等技术克隆得到2个滇水金凤LWD基因,分别命名为IuLWD1和IuLWD2,其cDNA全长分别为1041 bp和1032 bp,分别编码347个和344个氨基酸。基本理化性质分析显示,IuLWD1和IuLWD2的GC含量分别为46%和50%,相对分子量分别为38 838.47 kDa和39 029.65 kDa,理论等电点分别为4.71和4.70。IuLWD1和IuLWD2的不稳定指数分别为53.60和52.58,均属于不稳定蛋白;其总平均亲水指数分别为-0.388和-0.366,均为亲水性蛋白。结构域分析显示,IuLWD1和IuLWD2均含有6个典型的WD40-repeat保守结构域,属于WD40超家族。多序列比对发现,IuLWD1和IuLWD2氨基酸序列与牡丹、葡萄及杨梅等氨基酸序列相似度较高。系统发育分析表明,IuLWD1与葡萄和牡丹聚为一支,同源性达85%;IuLWD2与杨梅聚为一支,同源性达90%,然后共同聚类在一支,推测2个基因为旁系亲缘关系。qRT-PCR分析表明,IuLWD1和IuLWD2基因在4种不同花色滇水金凤及其4个不同发育阶段均有表达,均以深红色表达量最高,白色表达量最低,2个基因的表达量均与花色呈正相关,且IuLWD1基因的表达量高于IuLWD2基因的表达量,表明IuLWD1和IuLWD2基因均在滇水金凤花色素苷的生物合成中发挥了作用,且IuLWD1基因对滇水金凤花色形成的调控作用更强。该研究结果为进一步探究滇水金凤花色形成及变异机理、凤仙花花色改良及新品种培育奠定基础。     

Economic impact of classical biological control of papaya mealybug in India

Farmers in Tamil Nadu, India began to report that a new pest was affecting papaya (Carica papaya L.) in 2006. Numerous applications of insecticide were made, but papaya losses were severe and the pest spread to several other crops. The pest was identified in 2008 as the papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and a classical biological control program was initiated. Three parasitoids, Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff, Pseudleptomastix mexicana Noyes and Schauff, and Anagyrus loecki Noyes and Menezes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), were imported from Puerto Rico in July 2010, and A. papayae was multiplied and released. Excellent control of the papaya mealybug was obtained within five months, pesticide usage was reduced, and production and income were increased. The purpose of this article is to quantify the economic benefits of this classical biological control program. The annual economic benefits for the five most important crops affected by the biocontrol program range from $121 million to $309 million, and the net present value of benefits over five years total $524 million to $1.34 billion. Implications are drawn for biological control programs in other countries.     

Natural enemies of the bagworm, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) and their impact on host population regulation

The bagworm, Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is an important pest of oil palm, capable of being present as outbreak, which could cause a crop loss of up to 44%. Circumstantial evidence has long indicated that natural enemies play an important role in the population regulation of this pest. However, direct field data on the enemies themselves has been lacking.

A field study on a population of M. plana was made at PORIM Kluang, Johor, Malaysia from September 1988 to December 1992. The population of bagworm was initially high (late 1988, up to 38 larvae/frond, and in early 1990, up to 30 larvae/frond) but remained extremely low in the subsequent period (< 10 larvae/frond).

The population of M. plana was affected by both primary and secondary parasitoids and predators. Among the primary parasitoids, Dolichogenidea metesae was the most pronounced larval parasitoid of M. plana. This parasitoid was commonly attacked by hyperparasitoids, particularly Pediobius anomalus and Pediobius imbreus. A hypothetical life table constructed from the mortality figures of the declining part of the population during late 1988 confirmed that the natural enemies played a key role in suppressing the bagworm population.

The present study confirmed that overlapping generations were vital for the persistence of parasitoids of M. plana. The paper also suggested a possible need of alternative hosts. An active predator, Callimerus arcufer was also commonly encountered.     

The role of parasitic Hymenoptera in integrated pest management in fruit orchards

Parasitic Hymenoptera are some of the most abundant natural enemies of all fruit pests. Their role is rather variable in relation to the type of agroecosystem. Several approaches (introduction of exotic species, inoculative and inundative releases, measures for conservation of the existing species, etc.) can be implemented to increase the role of the parasitoids in controlling pest species. Classical biological, when applicable, as against several citrus pests, is still the most ecologically and economically sound method. The role parasitoids play in the regulation of pest populations remains uncertain, but much evidence for its importance as a regulatory factor comes from biological control programs.     

5种常用杀虫剂对台湾甲腹茧蜂的影响

本研究测定了防治草地贪夜蛾（Spodoptera frugiperda）的常用药剂对台湾甲腹茧蜂（Chelonus formosanus）成虫的室内杀虫活性、蛹的羽化率、处理蛹后羽化成虫寿命和寄生率的影响,为草地贪夜蛾的化学与生物协同防治中药剂的选择提供依据。在室内条件下用药膜法和喷雾法测定200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺SC、30%茚虫威EC、5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME、10%虫螨腈SC和5.7%氯氟氰菊酯EW 5种常用杀虫剂对台湾甲腹茧蜂成蜂的LR₅₀,及其推荐浓度对台湾甲腹茧蜂寄生率、蛹的羽化率及羽化后寿命的影响。结果表明,5种杀虫剂药膜法处理台湾甲腹茧蜂成蜂后,LR₅₀由高到低为氯虫苯甲酰胺>茚虫威>氯氟氰菊酯>虫螨腈>甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐;氯虫苯甲酰胺对台湾甲腹茧蜂成蜂风险系数HQ=1.55,有较高风险,其余药剂风险系数均<1,风险较低。喷雾处理蜂蛹后,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐80 mg/L处理对羽化率无显著影响;虫螨腈1000 mg/L处理的羽化率最低（63.33%）;氯虫苯甲酰胺60 mg/L处理显著降低蜂蛹羽化后成虫寿命,茚虫威180 mg/L、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐80、90 mg/L处理无显著影响。茚虫威180 mg/L和虫螨腈1000 mg/L处理下成蜂的寄生率分别下降5.50%和4.98%,影响较小。综上所述,5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME在配合台湾甲腹茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾进行综合防治具有应用潜力,30%茚虫威EC及10%虫螨腈SC在适当的剂量下仍需完善应用规范,避免过量使用。     

利用小RNA测序技术检测贵州西番莲病毒

病毒病害是西番莲重要病害之一,明确病毒种类可为病害防治提供理论依据。本研究应用小RNA测序技术对6份疑似病毒侵染的西番莲叶片样本进行病毒种类鉴定,发现混合样本中含有黄瓜花叶病毒（Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV）和夜来香花叶病毒（Telosma mosaic virus, TeMV）。应用RT-PCR分别扩增6份样本中2种病毒的外壳蛋白（coat protein, CP）基因序列,进一步证实6份样本中均含有CMV和TeMV。CMV的CP基因开放阅读框大小为657 bp,与已报道的其他分离物的一致性为82.3%~95.9%;TeMV的CP基因开放阅读框为816 bp,与其他分离物的一致性分别为87.8%~99.3%和87.8%~98.3%。上述结果表明,贵州西番莲中的病毒是CMV和TeMV的分离物,分别命名为CMV-GZ（CP基因登录号为MH623077）、TeMV-GZ1（MH623078）和TeMV-GZ2（MH623079）。     

Propagation and release of natural enemies for control of cotton insect and mite pests in the United States

The state of the art for controlling four primary pests or pest complexes by augmentative releases of predators and parasitoids in the United States is reviewed. The pests are (1) the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), (2)_the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman), (3) the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) and (4) plant bugs, specifically Lygus spp. Rearing of the predators and parasitoids and identification and the use of behaviour-modifying chemicals are described and discussed.     

海南桑螟寄生蜂种类及优势种的寄生特性研究

为明确桑树主要害虫桑螟的天敌寄生蜂资源及其寄生特性并利用生物防治措施有效控制桑螟的危害,对海南主要桑园桑螟寄生蜂进行了系统调查和研究。结果表明,海南桑螟天敌寄生蜂主要有5种,分别为桑螟绒茧蜂Apanteles heterusiae Wilkinson、食心虫白茧蜂Phanerotoma planifrons Nees、红铃虫甲腹茧蜂Chelonus pectinophorae Cushman、菲岛长距茧蜂Macrocentrus philippinensis Ashmead和广大腿小蜂Brachymeria lasus Walker。其中,桑螟绒茧蜂为优势种,田间寄生率高达63.24%,1头桑螟幼虫可出蜂3~16头;其他4种寄生蜂均为单寄生,田间平均寄生率依次为9.15%、6.21%、5.62%和5.24%。室内寄生特性研究发现,桑螟绒茧蜂对桑螟龄期和密度具有选择性,主要寄生1龄和2龄桑螟幼虫,偶尔寄生3龄幼虫,仅在1龄桑螟幼虫密度为9和2龄密度为8头时寄生率最高,且出蜂量最大。待被寄生桑螟幼虫发育至5龄时从桑螟体内啮出,并在5~7 h内结茧化蛹,啮出幼虫可全部化蛹,4~5 d后羽化,羽化率为33.33%~ 100%,性比为0~87.50%,成蜂寿命为1~3 d,多为2 d,雄蜂寿命略短于雌蜂。未观察到桑螟绒茧蜂寄生家蚕。研究为桑螟绒茧蜂的规模化繁育和利用提供前提。