Isolation of single-copy human genes from a library of yeast artificial chromosome clones

A recently developed cloning system based on the propagation of large DNA molecules as linear, artificial chromosomes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides a potential method of cloning the entire human genome in segments of several hundred kilobase pairs. Most application of this system will require the ability to recover specific sequences from libraries of yeast artificial chromosome clones and to propagate these sequences in yeast without alterations. Two single-copy genes have now been cloned from a library of yeast artificial chromosome clones that was prepared from total human DNA. Multiple, independent isolates were obtained of the genes encoding factor IX and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2. The clones, which ranged in size from 60 to 650 kilobases, were stable on prolonged propagation in yeast and appear to contain faithful replicas of human DNA.     

DNAs of the two mating-type alleles of Neurospora crassa are highly dissimilar

The mating-type alleles A and a of Neurospora crassa control mating in the sexual cycle and function in establishing heterokaryon incompatibility in the vegetative cycle. The A and a alleles were cloned, and they were shown to encode both the sexual functions and vegetative incompatibility. The mating-type clones contain nonhomologous DNA segments that are flanked by common DNA sequences. Neurospora crassa and all heterothallic and pseudohomothallic Neurospora species contain a single copy of one mating-type sequence or the other within each haploid genome. The six known self-fertile homothallic isolates contain an A homolog, but only one species also contains a homologous sequences. Homothallism in these species is not due to mating-type switching, as it is in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

杨树造纸材优良无性系筛选

为了筛选适用于造纸的杨树优良无性系,对莒县洛河林场和高密市林业局苗圃的30个杨树品系,使用不同的切片法和Jeffery离析法对木材分子进行分析,研究结果表明:山东引种杨树由于样品间的差异以及所处地区的不同,杨树木材的纤维含量、纤维长度、长宽比、导管含量及材积在不同的立地条件下存在差异;两个地区当中,莒县试验林的杨树木材生长量较高,高密市的较低。木材分子的纤维和导管发育具有协同性,在春季生长旺盛;木材分子中纤维所占的比例极高,为50％-60％;在所用的样品当中,135、窄47号、L323在两地表现较好,而黑林3号、中绥12、抗虫杨表现较差。     

Sequence-specific molecular lithography on single DNA molecules

Recent advances in the realization of individual molecular-scale electronic devices emphasize the need for novel tools and concepts capable of assembling such devices into large-scale functional circuits. We demonstrated sequence-specific molecular lithography on substrate DNA molecules by harnessing homologous recombination by RecA protein. In a sequence-specific manner, we patterned the coating of DNA with metal, localized labeled molecular objects and grew metal islands on specific sites along the DNA substrate, and generated molecularly accurate stable DNA junctions for patterning the DNA substrate connectivity. In our molecular lithography, the information encoded in the DNA molecules replaces the masks used in conventional microelectronics, and the RecA protein serves as the resist. The molecular lithography works with high resolution over a broad range of length scales from nanometers to many micrometers.     

斑石鲷卵鞭虫病病原的分子鉴定与系统发育分析

[目的]对严重危害斑石鲷鱼苗的卵鞭虫病病原——渤海分离株(Bohai-1407 isolate)进行分子生物学鉴定和系统发育分析。[方法]设计4对特异性引物,应用PCR方法克隆并测定渤海分离株的核糖体DNA(rDNA)序列;应用Blast比对分析渤海分离株rDNA的结构;依据rDNA序列,分别构建10种胚沟科鞭毛虫和19株眼点淀粉卵涡鞭虫分离株/克隆的系统发育树,分析渤海分离株的系统分类地位。[结果]扩增出了渤海分离株的4个DNA片段,拼接出长度为6 530 bp的r DNA操纵子序列;该操纵子由74 bp的部分外转录间隔区(ETS)、1 813 bp的小亚基(SSU)、352 bp的内转录间隔区1(ITS1)、159 bp的5.8S、698 bp的内转录间隔区2(ITS2)和3 388 bp的大亚基(LSU)串联而成,3'端还有46 bp的部分非转录间隔区(NTS);渤海分离株与眼点淀粉卵涡鞭虫宁德株(Ningde1412)的rDNA序列相似性高达99.5%;依据SSU序列建立了包含10种胚沟科鞭毛虫的系统发育树,渤海分离株与世界各地分离到的眼点淀粉卵涡鞭虫聚类在一起,将其鉴定为眼点淀粉卵涡鞭虫;依据ITS1和ITS2序列建立了包含19株眼点淀粉卵涡鞭虫的2个系统发育树,渤海分离株与从美国弗罗里达盐水池塘中分离到的墨西哥湾分离株FL_21(DQ490260.1)总是聚类在一起。[结论]斑石鲷卵鞭虫病的病原——渤海分离株可以鉴定为眼点淀粉卵涡鞭虫,该分离株与墨西哥湾分离株FL_21的亲缘关系最近。     

Cloning of large segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors

Fragments of exogenous DNA that range in size up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast by ligating them to vector sequences that allow their propagation as linear artificial chromosomes. Individual clones of yeast and human DNA that have been analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis appear to represent faithful replicas of the source DNA. The efficiency with which clones can be generated is high enough to allow the construction of comprehensive libraries from the genomes of higher organisms. By offering a tenfold increase in the size of the DNA molecules that can be cloned into a microbial host, this system addresses a major gap in existing experimental methods for analyzing complex DNA sources.     

杉木发育生理研究

对杉木种子园几类无性系的株型，光合特性和呼吸酶类（过氧化物酶，过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶）活性作了观察；对花芽形成，开花结实与胚胎发育过程中的物质代谢，包括碳氮比，大分子物质（ＤＮＡ，ＲＮＡ，蛋白质和脂类）和呼吸代谢中间产物（氨基酸，有机酸和糖类）的变化进行了研究，提示出杉木有性过程的生理活性活动与某些遗传性的相关性。     

Xotch, the Xenopus homolog of Drosophila notch

During the development of a vertebrate embryo, cell fate is determined by inductive signals passing between neighboring tissues. Such determinative interactions have been difficult to characterize fully without knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved. Mutations of Drosophila and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have been isolated that define a family of related gene products involved in similar types of cellular inductions. One of these genes, the Notch gene from Drosophila, is involved with cell fate choices in the neurogenic region of the blastoderm, in the developing nervous system, and in the eye-antennal imaginal disc. Complementary DNA clones were isolated from Xenopus embryos with Notch DNA in order to investigate whether cell-cell interactions in vertebrate embryos also depend on Notch-like molecules. This approach identified a Xenopus molecule, Xotch, which is remarkably similar to Drosophila Notch in both structure and developmental expression.     

琯溪蜜柚BAC文库的构建和汁胞粒化相关基因的筛选

【目的】构建琯溪蜜柚BAC文库,利用该文库筛选与汁胞粒化相关的基因。【方法】用温和的物理方法获得高分子量DNA,部分酶切后进行回收、连接、转化,超低温保存阳性克隆。构建DNA样品混合样,PCR法筛选文库,生物信息学分析DNA序列。【结果】改进了适合琯溪蜜柚BAC文库构建的方法;构建的琯溪蜜柚BAC文库含有26112个单克隆,空载率小于1%,叶绿体DNA的污染率不超过1%,插入片段平均大小大约120kb,覆盖8倍的琯溪蜜柚基因组。利用与琯溪蜜柚汁胞粒化相关的EST序列设计PCR引物筛选文库,得到一段大小为1088 bp的DNA序列,该序列含有两段大小分别为122bp和172bp的内含子,经同源比对发现,该序列中部分序列与蓖麻(Ricinus communis)、杨树(Populus trichocarpa)多铜氧化酶(multicopper oxidase)cDNA序列分别有85%和71%的同源性;与毛叶番荔枝(Annona cherimola)和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)果胶酯酶(pectinesterase)cDNA序列分别有76%和73%的同源性。【结论】本研究构建的BAC文库适用于琯溪蜜柚功能基因组的研究,从BAC文库筛选获得的DNA序列与汁胞粒化相关的基因有高度同源性。     

葛拟锈病菌rDNA-ITS的序列分析

分别从罹拟锈病的野葛Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi、粉葛P.thomsonii Benth.和山葛P.montana(Lour.)Merr.获得病原物拟锈病菌(集壶菌)Synchytrium sp.的孢子囊堆,用其作材料进行了不同DNA提取方法的效果比较,同时对来自以上3种不同植物菌株的核糖体DNA(rDNA)-ITS进行了克隆和序列分析.结果表明:改良的氯化苄法提取基因组DNA的效率最高,但单孢子囊直接进行PCR扩增也可以满足ITS的克隆和分析;来源于野葛和粉葛菌株的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2分别为856 bp和907 bp,两者同源性为92%;而山葛菌株的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2为1 148 bp,与野葛和粉葛菌株的同源性分别为54%和55%.由此推断,粉葛与野葛上的菌株可能为相同种的不同变种,而山葛上的菌株为另一个种;或者3种植物上的菌株分别为3个不同的集壶菌种.     

中国不同地区烟草寄生疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae)菌株的随即多态性DNA扩增分析

来自中国云南、辽宁、山东3省的烟草寄生疫霉（Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae)菌株的致病性已被划分为3种致病类型组，即强致病性组、中致病性组和弱致性组。上述省是中国的烟草主产区，选自云南省的15个烟草寄生疫霉菌株、山东省的13个烟草寄生霉菌株和辽宁省的20个烟草寄生疫霉菌株，选择3个烟草栽培品种在温室内进行接种试验测定不同菌株的致病性分化。提取受试菌株的DNA，利用PCR技术对受试苗菌株的模板DNA进行随机多态性扩增分析，对扩增DNA片段谱带借助于UPGMA分析法构建遗传树，结果表明，受试菌株被划分为4个遗传聚类组，每个遗传聚类组内包括不同的烟草寄生疫霉致病性菌株，而且来自于不同烟区相同的致病性菌株和每种致病性的不同菌株皆不属于同一个遗传聚类组内。结果表明RAPD－PCR的遗传标记分析结果与不同致病性组的划分未有明显的区别。因此，随机多态性DNA图谱的相同与不同不能当作区分来自不同烟区的烟草寄生疫霉的致病性分化的分子检测的工具。     

柑橘黄化花叶病毒侵染性克隆构建及应用

【目的】构建柑橘黄化花叶病毒（citrus yellow mosaic virus,CYMV）侵染性克隆,为深入研究其分子特性及致病机理打下基础。【方法】利用In-Fusion同源重组技术将分段扩增的CYMV基因组序列与三元表达载体pCY重组连接,构建该病毒1.4倍基因组全长DNA克隆并开展序列分析。将所获克隆通过农杆菌介导接种尤力克柠檬实生苗,通过分子检测、症状和病毒粒子观察及再嫁接实验鉴定其侵染性。利用所获侵染性克隆接种不同的柑橘品种及草本植物,通过RT-PCR检测确定侵染率,观察不同柑橘品种受侵染后的症状差异。基于侵染性克隆构建ORFⅠ和ORFⅡ分别替换为绿色荧光蛋白基因（green fluorescent protein,gfp）的突变体,分析突变对病毒侵染性的影响。【结果】利用In-Fusion同源重组技术获得CYMV 1.4倍基因组全长DNA克隆7个。其中,CYMV-3与已登录GenBank的9个CYMV分离株基因组相应核苷酸序列一致性为90%—100%,与分离株CYMV-SO(AF347695)同源性最高并在遗传进化树上聚为一簇。侵染性鉴定结果表明,CYMV-3接种的14...     

黄连木五倍子蚜虫无性系的DNA多态性分析

建立了黄连木五倍子致倍蚜基因组DNA提取和RAPD-PCR的技术体系,并对13个黄连木五倍子蚜虫无性系的DNA多态性进行了分析,结果表明:黄连木五倍子形态多样,不同形状倍子的致倍蚜尽管形态特征非常相似,但在DNA分子水平上仍然存在差异,9个引物共扩增出32条带,多态性带百分率达65.6%,任意2个无性系间的RAPD谱带均不相同。无性系间的遗传相似性指数SI变化范围为0.222~0.968。第9号无性系与其它各无性系的亲缘关系较远,SI值为0.222~0.400;其它12个无性系两两间的遗传相似性指数均大于0.58。致倍蚜的分子遗传聚类结果与倍子形态分类存在差异。     

四川部分稻瘟病菌的DNA指纹分析

应用rep PCR(repetitiveelement basedpolymerasechainreaction)分子指纹技术,对28个四川稻瘟病菌菌株进行了DNA指纹特征分析和相似百分率比较。结果表明,供试菌株基因组用Pot2-1和Pot2-2引物共扩增出26条DNA谱带,其中11条为多态性DNA带,各菌株分别扩增出10条左右不等的带谱;供试菌株传统的小种划分与DNA指纹特征的相似百分率比较没有明显的相关性。     

油茶优良无性系的RAPD分子鉴别

油茶优良无性系是当前生产上的主要良种．通过采用RAPD分子标记方法。从180多个引物中筛选出22个具有多态性的随机引物进行扩增。得到141个位点。其中有91个是多态位点。以此为基础建立油茶优良无性系的RAPD分子鉴别体系．同时还探索出油茶叶片总DNA的分离技术和建立了RAPD反应体系，为油茶分子技术育种积累了相关的知识并奠定了DNA技术基础．     

鸭源致病性大肠杆菌Ⅰ型菌毛pilA基因序列测定及生物信息学分析

据GenBank中人源大肠杆菌pilA基因序列,由Oligo 6.0设计一对引物,以提取的鸭源致病性大肠杆菌基因组为模板,进行PCR扩增,获得了5株鸭源致病性大肠杆菌的pilA基因,序列测定和生物信息学分析表明:鸭源致病性大肠杆菌pilA基因核苷酸序列长度为549 bp,编码182aa,与人源、鸡源及猪源大肠杆菌pilA基因之间核苷酸同源性为87.3%~100.0%,氨基酸同源性为87.5%~100.0%。对不同宿主来源大肠杆菌pilA基因所编码蛋白的二级结构、亲水性、抗原性、抗原表位进行预测分析比较,结果显示Ⅰ型菌毛间具有一定的结构相似性,并存在一定的共同抗原位点;系统进化分析表明,各菌株之间的pilA基因遗传相关性与其宿主来源及血清型之间没有严格的相关性。     

Size of the Chloroplast Genome in Codium fragile

Chloroplasts isolated from the siphonous green alga Codium fragile yield circular DNA molecules averaging 27.3 micrometers in length and 56 x 10(6) daltons in molecular size. This chloroplast genome is 25 to 30 percent smaller than any reported. The small size of the Codium chloroplast genome may represent a primitive evolutionary condition in green plants.     

家蚕丝蛋白基因分子标记的建立

利用已知丝素基因和丝胶基因的克隆片段（ｐＦｂ１００，ｐＳｒ１００）为探针和１２ 个限制内切酶，对家蚕基因组ＤＮＡ进行了限制性片段长度多态性分析，结果表明，其ＤＮＡ多态性可用作家蚕基因图谱的分子标记。     

Epitopes recognized by human T cells map within the conserved part of the GP190 of P. falciparum

In a study aimed at developing a vaccine against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum, two T cell epitopes were identified within a nonpolymorphic region of gp190 of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. The two epitopes, which were revealed by deletion analysis, stimulated human T cell clones. Peptides containing sequences of the epitopes stimulated the cloned T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from malaria-infected individuals. Moreover, the T cell clones responded to 11 different Plasmodium falciparum isolates in culture, showing that the epitopes are recognized in native parasites.     

DNA structure: evidence from electron microscopy

The contour lengths of phiX174 DNA duplex and RNA-DNA hybrid molecules were measured by several commonly used electron microscopic techniques. The countour length of the hybrid molecules corresponds to a rise of 2.5 to 2.6 angstroms per base pair, as expected for the A conformation, while the length of phiX174 duplex DNA similarly measured corresponds to a 2.9-angstrom rise, very different from 3.4 angstroms of the classic B form. Thus any chromatin structure parameter based on electron microscopy and a rise of 3.4 angstroms must be reappraised. The possibility that DNA in dilute solution also has a rise of 2.9 angstroms and a screw of 10.5 base pairs per turn is discussed.