健跳港上游湾区牡蛎潮间带分带格局和资源补充研究

为了解牡蛎在潮间带的生态特性及资源分布情况,调查了浙江三门健跳港上游湾区牡蛎潮间带分带格局,并检验附苗器类型和地点对牡蛎资源补充的影响.结果显示:潮间带定量调查共记录到3种牡蛎,即熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)、近江牡蛎(C.ariakensis)和香港牡蛎(C.hongkongensis),首次在...     

浙江省健跳港蛎江滩牡蛎多样性和资源量的时空变化

调查了浙江省三门县健跳港蛎江滩牡蛎礁中牡蛎的种类、资源量和幼体补充量,并分析了牡蛎的遗传多样性及资源量和幼体补充量的时空变化特征。结果显示,蛎江滩牡蛎礁中分布有6种牡蛎,即近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)、熊本牡蛎(C.sikamea)、福建牡蛎(C.angulata)、香港牡蛎(C.hongkongensis)、猫爪牡蛎(Talonostrea talonata)和长牡蛎(C.gigas)。在牡蛎群落组成中,熊本牡蛎、香港牡蛎和近江牡蛎的占比分别为92.92%、5.00%和2.08%,其他3种牡蛎仅在定性调查中发现。夏初和秋季牡蛎平均密度分别为(97±40)个·m^-2和(1 770±467)个·m^-2;随着潮间带高程的降低,熊本牡蛎密度逐渐降低,而近江牡蛎和香港牡蛎的密度逐步升高。牡蛎幼体附着与补充开始于6月初、结束于10月初左右,补充量呈现显著的时空变化特征;熊本牡蛎在整个礁区均有较高的补充量,近江牡蛎和香港牡蛎则在中、低礁区补充量较高。结果表明,蛎江滩牡蛎礁中的牡蛎群落具有较高的物种多样性。未来需进一步研究泥沙淤...     

底物颜色和附着物对牡蛎和藤壶自然补充量影响

为检验底物物理特性对牡蛎幼体附着的影响,通过野外实验分别检验了底物颜色(实验I:黑板和白板)、附着物(实验II:近江牡蛎Crassostrea ariakensis、熊本牡蛎C.sikamea、牡蛎壳、藤壶Balanus albicostatus)对熊本牡蛎和藤壶自然补充量的影响。实验I结果显示,底物颜色显著影响牡蛎自然补充量,在实验开始后15 d和30 d时,白板上牡蛎自然补充量显著高于黑板(P<0.05),45 d时白板和黑板间牡蛎自然补充量没有显著差异(P>0.05);底物颜色没有显著影响藤壶自然补充量(P>0.05)。实验II结果显示,活牡蛎(熊本牡蛎或近江牡蛎)或牡蛎壳的存在在第1次实验时(8月15日)显著降低了牡蛎自然补充量(P<0.05),而在第2次实验时(8月22日)没有显著影响牡蛎自然补充量(P>0.05);藤壶的存在显著降低了牡蛎自然补充量(P<0.05)。活体牡蛎、牡蛎壳和藤壶的存在均未显著影响藤壶自然补充量(P>0.05)。研究结果表明,在潮间带牡蛎礁生态修复时,应选择颜色浅且表面干净(没有污损)的底物,且礁体建造须避开...     

不同盐度和饵料藻对牡蛎体内重金属排出率影响的研究

贝类是水产品的主要品种之一,具有营养丰富、风味独特的特点。但研究表明,目前我国已有约20万km^2的近海海域受到污染,海水水质达不到国家一类海水水质标准,重金属对底栖滤食性贝类的污染愈来愈严重,尤其是Cd和Pb超标现象严重,许永安Ⅲ等研究UV法对文蛤、花蛤、缢蛏的净化效果,指出大量降低贝类的重金属含量似乎不可能。陆超华等研究盐度对近江牡蛎体内Pb、cd排出的影响,指出水体盐度的升高有利于近江牡蛎体内残留Pb的排出,而有碍于残留Cd的排出。     

近江牡蛎围垦区高效养成及育肥技术研究

近江牡蛎（Crossostrea ariakensis Gould）俗称蚝，属低盐度河口滤食性贝类，营固着生活，以左壳固着于外物上，具有群聚习性，我国主要分布于广东和福建沿海。近江牡蛎是高蛋白低脂肪的优质海产品．素有“海底牛奶”之美称，其干品中蛋白质含量45％-57％．脂肪7％-11％．肝糖19％-38％，含碘量比牛奶和蛋黄高200倍：此外还含有丰富的维生素A1、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素D和维生素E以及微量元素。     

浙江三门湾冬夏季蟹类数量分布和优势种的变化

利用2007年12月和2008年6月三门湾海域渔业资源调查资料,研究三门湾蟹类密度的时空分布,分析优势种、地形地貌和水文等因素对蟹类分布的影响。结果表明,12月和6月蟹类重量密度分别为38.44 kg/km2和75.20 kg/km2,尾数密度为1.99×103ind/km2和3.66×103ind/km2。蟹类重量密度分布呈三门湾西北部水域高于东南部水域趋势,尾数密度分布则呈三门湾西北部水域低于东南部水域趋势。依据相对重要性指数分析的结果,日本蟳是本海域蟹类第一优势种,其次为经济品种三疣梭子蟹。两季蟹类大部分为幼体,夏季比冬季种类数有增加。上述优势种对三门湾蟹类数量的变化有较明显的回归贡献。     

Comparative studies of the growth,survival, and reproduction of diploid and triploid Kumamoto oyster,Crassostrea sikamea

Triploid oysters have been used for farming to improve growth but have not been created in the Kumamoto oyster, Crassostrea sikamea, which is one of the crucial aquaculture species on the southern coast of China. In the present study, triploids were created using cytochalasin B to inhibit polar body II release in C. sikamea, with the untreated oysters as controls. Triploidy rates of 87 and 57.67%, on average, were obtained in larvae and adults, respectively. Larval growth and survival of the triploid were significantly lower than that of the controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, the triploid postlarvae and adults had a significant growth advantage over the controls (p < 0.05) during the period of 180 (December) to 450 days (September of the next year). Moreover, the triploids clearly exhibited significant sterility in the reproductive season. The glycogen and triglyceride contents in the gonad, adductor muscle, mantle, and gill were higher in triploids than in controls from 180 to 450 days. As a result, high physiological energy supply was strongly correlated with superior growth and reduced reproduction in triploid C. sikamea. The triploid C. sikamea is an excellent oyster species and can be used to improve growth for C. sikamea farming.     

A modelling study of the role of marine protected areas in metapopulation genetic connectivity in Delaware Bay oysters

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Diversity,conservation status and threats to native oysters (Ostreidae) around the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts of South America

• 1. Despite the extensive literature on the ecology, systematics and culture of oysters worldwide, an assessment of their diversity, distribution and conservation status for the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts (i.e. depth <50 m) of South America is lacking. Such information is crucial because of the increasing coastal development that threatens most nearshore habitats throughout the region.
• 2. The available information on oysters on Atlantic and Caribbean coasts is reviewed with a focus on identifying regional conservation priorities based on ecological and socio‐economic importance, as well as the magnitude of current or potential threats faced by oyster populations. The current status of α‐ taxonomy within the Ostreidae was also examined.
• 3. Ten species of native Ostreidae (plus three introduced species) inhabit the coastal waters of the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts of South America.
• 4. Oyster species were ranked according to their biological/ecological and socio‐economic value and conservation status within 10 distinct ecoregions. Crassostrea gasar in the Eastern Brazil ecoregion, C. rhizophorae in the Central Caribbean ecoregion and Ostrea puelchana in the North Patagonian Gulfs ecoregion should receive the highest priority for immediate conservation action due to extensive loss of mangrove habitat in the two former regions and evidence of decline of one of the most important populations for the latter. The need for a standardized methodology to assess the status of oyster populations throughout the ecoregions is identified.
• 5. On a local scale, the allocation of territorial use rights for fisheries under a collaborative/voluntary community framework is strongly advocated to fulfil management, conservation and poverty alleviation goals in these developing countries.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Contribution of donor and host oysters to the cultured pearl colour in Pinctada martensii

Cultured free round pearls are produced by implanting a spherical nucleus with a small piece of nacre‐secreting mantle graft from a donor oyster into the gonad of a recipient oyster (host). To examine the possible contribution of host and donor oysters to the colouration of the harvested pearls, the CSE‐1 Imaging and Color‐Measuring System were used to quantitatively measure the L*a*b* values of donor and host shells and the produced pearls in Pinctada martensii. Results showed that the colour of pearls had significant positive correlation (r = 0.1–0.22, P = 0.00) with that of donors, but had no correlation with that of host oysters, thus convincingly confirmed the contribution of nacre colour of donor to the realization of pearl quality of colour. To further clarify the relationship between the donor and the pearl colour, the donors from pearls of good and poor colour quality were further compared and the results demonstrated the significant difference in L* values (P < 0.05) and insignificant difference in a* and b* values, suggesting the necessity of selecting donors with bright and lustrous nacre in pearl production.     

Preliminary study of community development and scleractinian recruitment on fibreglass artificial reef units in the sedimented waters of Singapore

• 1. Fibreglass was used to make specially designed reef enhancement units (REUs) for three reef sites in Singapore. Units were established in areas measuring approximately 20 × 50 m.
• 2. The units are compact and light enough to be deployed from small boats by scuba divers, and are suitable for shallow reefs with limited visibility.
• 3. The design of the REUs precludes excessive sediment build‐up on the settlement surfaces, while allowing water currents to flow through the system.
• 4. The REUs were monitored monthly over two years to observe community development and scleractinian coral recruitment on the exterior surfaces. Recruitment was compared between REUs and rubble quadrats at one study site.
• 5. The REUs were colonized by turf algae within the first month, followed by crustose coralline algae, macroalgae, ascidians and hydroids. At the end of two years, the percentage cover of crustose coralline algae at all three sites was more than 50%.
• 6. The first incidence of coral recruitment was six months post deployment, and recruitment rates at the end of the monitoring period ranged from 0.10 to 4.75 recruits per square metre for the three sites. Recruits show better survival and growth on REUs compared to rubble areas.
• 7. The most abundant recruit was Pocillopora damicornis, followed by favids, acroporids and poritids.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Growth performance and biochemical composition of the oysters Crassostrea sikamea,Crassostrea angulata and their hybrids in southern China

The Kumamoto oyster (Crassostrea sikamea) and the Portuguese oyster (C. angulata) are important aquaculture species which naturally coexist along the southern coast of China. To understand the potential feasibility of hybridization between the two species, we conducted two‐by‐two factorial cross‐experiments in Beihai (Guangxi province), and also compared the survival and growth of the hybrids to that of the two parental progenies during the grow‐out period from July 2014 to July 2015. Genetic analysis confirmed that the hybrid spats were true hybrids. Additionally, the biochemical composition of the 1‐year‐old oyster progenies was determined. In July 2015, the mean shell height of the hybrids was 42.98 ± 6.29 mm, which was higher than that of the Kumamoto oyster progeny. The cumulative survival rate of the hybrids was 26.37 ± 1.32%, which was higher than that of the progeny of the Portuguese oyster. Mean lipid content of the hybrids was 13.65 ± 1.63% of dry weight, which showed obvious heterosis compared to those of the two parental progenies. Observation of gonads revealed that all hybrids were completely fertile. Furthermore, relative expression of the lipid homeostasis genes, SREBP (sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins), PPARα (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor) and INSIG (insulin‐induced gene) were found to vary between parental progenies and the hybrids, thus providing a possible reason for difference in the lipid contents of these experimental groups. Overall, the hybrids were viable, rich in lipid and completely fertile and thus could serve as a promising aquaculture stock for oyster breeding in southern China.     

Climate,oceanography, and recruitment: the case of the Bay of Biscay anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)

The Bay of Biscay anchovy has experienced, since 2001, a succession of low recruitments, resulting in the collapse of the stock in 2005; this has led to successive closures of the fishery. This study investigates the possible impact of different controlling factors [North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic (EA) pattern, turbulence, upwelling, and river flow] upon anchovy recruitment and fishery catches. Fifty‐five percent of the recruitment variability of this fishery can be explained by upwelling over the spawning area; this is related, in turn, to the EA pattern. The conceptual understanding of the system proposed for the Bay of Biscay anchovy suggests that negative EA periods are associated with northeasterly wind circulation, which produces weak upwelling over the continental shelf. This pattern results in hydrodynamic stability over the area, leading, probably, to adequate food availability. A positive EA (which extends onwards, from 1998) is associated with southwesterly winds and downwelling over the continental shelf; this leads, probably, to the dispersion of anchovy food and larvae, together with increasing mortality.