远程控制病菌孢子捕捉仪对小麦气传病害的监测效果

应用最新研发的病菌孢子捕捉仪,在河南、河北4地进行了3年的小麦气传真菌病害孢子捕捉试验,实现了自动显微对焦成像、数字化图像的网络传输和异地诊断等远程控制功能,明确了捕捉病菌的优势种类、捕捉孢子数量消长动态,验证了设备性能稳定性和捕捉效率。试验表明,远程控制病菌孢子捕捉仪可监测到的主要病菌种类(小麦白粉菌、锈菌、叶枯菌)及其数量动态能反映当地病情,从而可为将来小麦气传真菌病害的自动化诊断和科学监测提供手段,提出了进一步完善设备的自动化识别和计数功能的建议。     

新型病菌孢子捕捉仪在设施黄瓜病害预测中的应用

通过在黄瓜设施大棚中应用新型病菌捕捉仪,捕捉气传病害的病菌孢子,明确了秋黄瓜主要生育期内病菌孢子种类,以黄瓜白粉病病菌、霜霉病病菌、炭疽病病菌为主,同时研究了黄瓜霜霉病、白粉病的病菌孢子捕捉动态与田间病害消长的关系。该仪器可作为改进黄瓜病害测报调查方法的有效途径,即从常规的目测病斑提前到调查病菌孢子的释放和数量消长,经2014年试验得出,设施秋黄瓜在病菌孢子始见后7~15 d即为防治适期,从而为真正在病害发生前适时用药、增强对病害的预防效果提供可靠的科学依据。     

一体化智能孢子捕捉系统在黄瓜霜霉病和黄瓜白粉病预测上的应用

为探索国内研制的新型一体化智能孢子捕捉系统在黄瓜霜霉病和黄瓜白粉病预测预报上的应用,在田间自然发病情况下,通过对捕捉孢子的形态进行识别,优化一体化智能孢子捕捉系统主要工作参数如有/无空气切割头、空气采集口高度和空气采集时间;通过病害及孢子的动态监测分析大棚黄瓜霜霉病和黄瓜白粉病病情指数与孢子捕捉量的关系。结果表明,当不加装空气切割头、空气采集口高度为70 cm、孢子捕捉时间在10:00—10:30时段有利于孢子的捕捉。黄瓜霜霉病和黄瓜白粉病病情指数与连续7 d孢子捕捉总量具有强正相关性。连续多日监测到黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子囊且数量快速增加是黄瓜霜霉病发生或快速上升的一个预测指标。黄瓜白粉病发病之前没有监测到黄瓜白粉病菌分生孢子,且在病害盛发期分生孢子捕捉量仍较少。研究表明,一体化智能孢子捕捉系统适用于黄瓜霜霉病的预测,但在黄瓜白粉病的预测上尚存在一定问题。     

作物病害监测预警研究进展

作物侵染性病害是影响作物安全生产的重要生物灾害，具有突发性、暴发性和强流行性等特点，常常造成巨大的损失。近年来，随着病菌孢子捕捉、遥感、地理信息系统、卫星定位系统、大气环流分析、分子生物学、人工智能、大数据和物联网等技术的快速发展与应用，作物病害监测预警技术取得了重要进展，大幅度提高了对病害监测和预测的准确度。该文综述了小麦、水稻、玉米和马铃薯等粮食作物的6种重大病害监测预警工作的研究进展及应用情况，同时，探讨了我国作物病害监测预警工作中存在的主要问题，并提出了未来作物病害监测预警的前景和发展方向。     

植物病害监测预警新技术研究进展

植物病害监测预警对病害防治和管理具有重要的意义,本文综述了"3S"技术、孢子捕捉技术、轨迹分析技术、分子生物学技术等在植物病害监测预警研究中的应用,同时探讨了本研究领域的发展方向。     

小麦白粉病菌分生孢子田间传播的初步研究

2015年度采用定容式孢子捕捉器对田间空气中小麦白粉病菌分生孢子传播的初步研究表明,在病害发生初期病菌分生孢子捕捉量比较低,但随着菌源中心病害的逐渐加重,病菌分生孢子在距菌源中心20 m和40 m远处捕捉量随之增大。线性弧度相关分析结果发现,距菌源中心北向20 m和40 m处的孢子捕捉量与风向存在显著正相关性;距菌源中心不同距离处的孢子捕捉量之间均存在极显著正相关性,且在相同方向上,距菌源中心20 m处孢子捕捉量显著高于40 m处孢子捕捉量。     

BH—8型电动自控启闭式孢子捕捉器

利用空中孢子捕捉器定时捕捉大气中的病菌孢子,是预测病害发生发展的有效手段。从1978年开始,我们在稻瘟病的中期预报中使用BH—8型电动自控启闭式孢子捕捉器(浙江省黄岩县头陀电器厂产品,现已定型),经二年的实际应用,初步认为它性能稳定可靠,灵敏度较高。 这种孢子捕捉器由捕捉装置和自控装置二部分组成。 捕捉装置的特点是载玻台能自动启闭,即在转臂两端各装有一活动载玻台(内可插入载玻片,玻片四周不外露),其下端有个载玻台垫与转臂连在一起;静止时载玻台平伏在台垫上,呈闭合状。工作时载玻台由于     

黄瓜靶斑病、炭疽病和黑斑病的对比识别及防治

生产上黄瓜炭疽病和黑斑病为常见病害。而近年出现的靶斑病病情发展迅速,逐渐上升为重要病害。因3种病害在为害症状上容易混淆,影响农民对病害的正确识别和科学防治。故笔者着重从病害的为害症状、病原菌形态、菌落特征三方面展开了对比识别,并对防治方法进行了阐述,以期更好地指导农业生产。     

植物病原菌监测方法和技术

植物病原菌的监测对病害的预测和管理具有重要的意义,本文系统介绍了植物病原菌监测方法和技术的发展,以及现代分子生物学在病原菌监测中的应用研究。     

飞机草菌绒孢菌生物学性状研究

由飞机草菌绒孢菌引起的紫茎泽兰叶斑病是紫茎泽兰的重要病害。病原菌孢子萌发和病原菌生长的最适温度为25℃、pH为5.0。饱和湿度下孢子萌发率最高。紫外光照射对菌丝生长发育有抑制作用,而日光灯与室内自然光照射菌丝生长最好,连续黑暗最利于孢子产生。紫茎泽兰鲜叶片加入培养基有促进病原菌生殖生长的作用。病原菌能有效地利用各种碳源,以蔗糖最佳,氮源以蛋白胨最好。     

Detection of airborne inoculum of Leptosphaeria maculans and Pyrenopeziza brassicae in oilseed rape crops by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays

The potential use of DNA-based methods for detecting airborne inoculum of Leptosphaeria maculans and Pyrenopeziza brassicae , both damaging pathogens of oilseed rape, was investigated. A method for purifying DNA from spores collected using Hirst-type spore samplers and detecting it using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays is described. For both pathogens, the sensitivities of the DNA assays were similar for spore-trap samples and pure spore suspensions. As few as 10 spores of L. maculans or P. brassicae could be detected by PCR and spores of both species could be detected against a background of spores of six other species. The method successfully detected spores of P. brassicae collected using spore traps in oilseed rape crops that were infected with P. brassicae. Leptosphaeria maculans spores were detected using spore traps on open ground close to L. maculans -infected oilseed rape stems. The potential use of PCR detection of airborne inoculum in forecasting the diseases caused by these pathogens is discussed.     

Short-distance wind dispersal of the fungal pathogens causing Sigatoka diseases in banana and plantain

Airborne spores of the fungal pathogens causing Sigatoka diseases in banana and plantain were monitored using rotorod spore traps, sited at various heights within an infected plantation in Costa Rica from December 1993 to February 1994. Different capture patterns of ascospores and conidia were found and the relationship between wind behaviour and spore catches was investigated. This information has enabled an assessment to be made of the reliability of point measurements of airborne spores for monitoring spore movements on the plantation scale. The use of such information in forecasting the airborne movement of these spores and the likely role of the wind in the spread of this disease to uninfected areas is discussed.     

Spore traps need improvement to fulfil plant biosecurity requirements

Spore traps are widely used in plant pathology, but less so in plant biosecurity. Potentially they can be used to determine the geographical extent of a plant pathogen incursion, to track the active spread of an incursion, and to declare area freedom following an eradication program. This review discusses the abilities and constraints of spore traps in the context of plant biosecurity, and highlights the problems that need to be overcome before spore traps can be routinely used for detection and eradication of plant pathogen incursions. To meet biosecurity requirements, spore traps must be efficient, mechanically reliable and any spores captured must be rapidly identified and quantified. At present, there is significant variation in types of spore traps, and in the methods used to capture and identify spores. Standard spore traps are generally inefficient for surveillance because they do not sample large volumes of air or capture samples that are representative of entire crop growing regions. If spore traps are to become routinely used for plant biosecurity purposes, improved designs, novel applications and standard operating protocols must be developed. A better understanding of background atmospheric data and the spatial and temporal characteristics of pathogen spores will be required to design trapping systems and protocols so that incursions can be readily detected, and presence/absence data can be confidently reported.     

Dynamics of cercospora leaf spot disease determined by aerial spore dispersal in artificially inoculated sugar beet fields

Cercospora beticola is one of the most important fungal pathogens of sugar beet, causing cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease. Due to the decreasing efficacy of various fungicides caused by resistance traits, the development of a sustainable disease management strategy has become more important. Therefore, detailed knowledge about the epidemiology of the pathogen is crucial. Until now, little was known about the spatiotemporal dispersal of C. beticola spores from the primary inoculum source. Rapid detection of C. beticola spores could facilitate a more precise and targeted disease control. Therefore, a TaqMan real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of C. beticola spores caught with Rotorod spore traps was established. In 2016 and 2017, field trials were conducted to monitor C. beticola aerial spore dispersal and disease development within an inoculated field and in the adjacent noninoculated area. With the established detection method, C. beticola spores were successfully quantified and used as a measure for aerial spore dispersal intensity. The analysis of the spatiotemporal spread of C. beticola spores revealed a delay and decrease of aerial spore dispersal with increasing distance from the inoculated area. Consequently, disease incidence and severity were reduced in a similar manner. These results imply that spore dispersal occurs mainly on a small scale within a field, although long distances can be overcome by C. beticola spores. Moreover, secondary aerial spore dispersal from sporulating leaf spots seems to be the main driver for CLS disease development. These results provide an important basis for further improvement of CLS control strategies.     

牛蒡叶内绿原酸抑制植物病原真菌的研究

牛蒡叶内绿原酸经聚酰氨层析法纯化后,对7种植物病原真菌孢子萌发的影响及其对黄瓜枯萎病和辣椒疫病的防效研究表明,绿原酸对7种植物病原真菌孢子的萌发均有一定的抑制作用,抑制效果因病原菌的不同而存在着明显差异。绿原酸对疫霉菌和葫芦刺盘孢孢子萌发的抑制作用最为明显,在较低浓度时即可造成孢子萌发的明显畸变;对葡萄孢菌孢子萌发的影响最小,只能在较高浓度下延长其孢子萌发时间。盆栽防治试验表明,绿原酸对黄瓜枯萎病的相对防效可达50%以上,显著高于对照;大棚防治试验表明,绿原酸对黄瓜枯萎病和辣椒疫病也有良好的防治效果。     

Quantification of airborne spores of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monilinia fructicola</Emphasis> in stone fruit orchards of California using real-time PCR

The fungal pathogen Monilinia fructicola causes blossom blight and fruit brown rot of stone fruits in California. In this study, spore densities in the air were monitored in six orchard/year combinations with Burkard spore traps. A real-time PCR assay was developed to efficiently quantify the dynamics of spore density in these orchards during the growing season. Different patterns of dynamics of spore density were observed in these orchards. A linear relationship between numbers of spores counted with a compound microscope and those determined with the real-time PCR assay was obtained, using the same samples of spore traps. Spore density in five of six orchard/year combinations ranged from 0.0 to 0.05 spores l⁻¹, except for that in orchard 4, which showed much higher values of spore density in the air, as well as higher values and wider range of incidences of blossom infection and fruit rot than those in the other orchards. The results demonstrated a potential method to quantitatively determine spore inoculum potential in orchards by using a real-time PCR assay.     

Contribution of the life-history traits of a plant pathogen to the development of field epidemics

The pathogenicity-related traits of biotrophic plant pathogens are usually measured on the individual host plant, at the scale of a single pathogen life cycle, whereas epidemic development in the field encompasses a succession of cycles. It remains unclear which traits make the greatest contribution to pathogen fitness in the field and to epidemic severity. The objective of this study was to determine the contributions of elementary pathogenicity traits to epidemic development in field conditions. We challenged a set of wheat cultivars with three different leaf rust isolates, under both controlled and field conditions, in 3 consecutive years. Infection efficiency, latent period, lesion size, spore production per lesion and spore production capacity were measured in the greenhouse, whereas disease severity was measured in the field. Most, but not all, of the pathogenicity traits were related to each other. All traits contributed to epidemic development in the field, but to different extents. Surprisingly, lesion size and spore production per lesion were inversely correlated with epidemic severity. Conversely, there was a strong positive correlation between spore production capacity and pathogen fitness in the field, in accordance with the concept of propagule pressure as a strong determinant of invasion success. Severe epidemics were mostly associated with small lesions with a high spore production capacity, high infection efficiency and a short latent period.     

Variation in rates of spore deposition of Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker, over a 12-month-period at two locations in Northern California

Patterns of spore deposition by Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC) of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) and other conifers, were studied between May 2003 and April 2004 at two sites in Northern California using a novel spore trapping method combined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach. At each study site, two plots were sampled by placing spore traps at 100 m intervals along transects 600 m in length. The air was sampled continuously by exchanging the spore traps every 2 weeks. The spore deposition rate (DR), ranged from 0 to 1.3 x 10(5) spores m(2). Spores were detected throughout the year, with higher trapping frequencies (TF) during the rainy season (November to April), than during the dry season (May to October). The detection of spores on traps at distances larger than 200 m from any Monterey pine, suggests at least midrange aerial dispersal. Finally, different inoculum loads were associated with trees displaying different levels of disease symptoms, suggesting infectiousness of the pathogen varies as the disease progresses. This study represents one of the first documenting continuous inoculum pressure values over an entire year for a forest pathogen, and provides important epidemiological information that will be invaluable in the development of disease progression models.