Observations on the Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus in Italy1

Observations are presented regarding the presence, symptomatology and transmission of the soil-borne wheat mosaic virus in Italy.     

Incidence of Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus in Mixtures of Susceptible and Resistant Wheat Cultivars

The multiplication of Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) was studied in mixtures of two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, one susceptible (Soissons) and the other resistant (Trémie). Two seed mixtures of susceptible and resistant varieties in ratios of 1 : 1 and 1 : 3 and their component pure stands, i.e. each variety grown separately, were grown in a field infected with SBWMV. The presence of the virus was detected using DAS-ELISA from January to May. The resistant cultivar Trémie showed no foliar symptoms nor could the virus be detected in the leaves or roots. In May, about 88% of plants of susceptible cultivar Soissons grown in pure stands were infected. At this time, the disease reduction relative to pure stands was 32.2% in the 1 : 1 mixture and 39.8% in the 1 : 3 mixture. Optical density (OD) values from ELISA of the infected plants in the two mixtures were consistently lower than that of the infected plants in cultivar Soissons in pure stands. The ELISA index (EI) calculated using three scales of OD values was 65.5% in the susceptible cultivar in pure stands. The value for this index was 19.1% in the 1 : 1 mixture and 7.9% in the 1 : 3 mixture. The plants of the resistant cultivar Trémie infected in the same field and transferred in January to a growth cabinet at 15 °C multiplied the virus and produced viruliferous zoospores. These results show that the resistant cultivar Trémie plays a role in disease reduction in the cultivar mixtures in field conditions. Possible reasons for this are discussed.     

The Ecology of Soil-borne Pathogens

The complexity of the interrelations of the varying environmental factors which may affect the host, the pathogen and consequently the host-pathogen inter- action is stressed. The effect of climatic conditions, soil properties, soil biota and human influences is indicated. Two aspects of the ecology of soil-borne pathogens, viz. dispersal and survival are discussed.     

Natural Infection of Wheat by the Type Strain of Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus in a Field in Southern Germany

Molecular analyses revealed that a virus causing a severe disease of wheat in one field in Southern Germany is closely related to the Nebraska type strain of Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) and only distantly related to Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus that is widely distributed in Europe. The latter virus was not found in the SBWMV-containing leaf samples. This is the first report of the occurrence of SBWMV in Germany, and perhaps in all of Europe, which has been confirmed on the molecular level.     

拮抗细菌对土传病原菌的作用机理

本文从抗生、竞争、寄生和诱导抗性四个方面系统介绍了根围拮抗细菌对病原真菌和病原细菌的生防机制，及在生物防治中的应用前景。     

Some Aspects of Chemical Control of Soil-borne Pathogens

The effect of a soil fumigant on soil-borne pests and pathogens depends largely on a sufficient distribution through the top soil and the availability of the fumigant or the biologically active degradation products in the water phase. Nearly all the fumigants are dispersed in the soil mainly in the vapour phase and therefore the amount of air between the soil particles is very important. Consequently on light soils it is relatively easy to obtain an efficient control, but on heavy or wet soils and on soil types with a high humus content it is rather difficult to get reliable results. The concentration of the fumigant in the upper few cm. of the soil is often insufficient to get good control after injection of the material at 15–20 cm. depth. The effect may be improved by using a plastic cover or a «split plot>> application.
The elimination of most of the fumigant, to avoid a phytotoxic effect is a cause for concern on wet soils and on soil types with a high organic content. Factors influencing the decrease of the fumigant residue in the soil are discussed. The soil fumigant application gives rise to important changes in the whole ecosystem in the soil. Information on the influence on non-target organisms is scarce. The application of dichloropropene and of chloropicrin may lead to a noticeable effect on the nitrificating bacteria.
The soil application of fumigants may give rise to residues in plants of the parent chemical or, to a larger extent, to residues of metabolites e.g. Br^- after soil disinfection with Br^- containing fumigants such as methylbromide, EDB¹), etc. The enrichment of the soil with Br^- may cause phytotoxic effects on susceptible crops such as carnations. The fate of the metabolites arising from dichloropropene and related compounds has not been fully clarified.     

Quarantine Aspects of the Epidemiology of Soil-borne Pathogens

For plant quarantine activities, more biological information on diseases in crops and natural vegetation along with more co-operation are needed. Some phenomena, and results of studies on distribution and occurrence of fungi and nematodes are given in order to stress this necessity.     

植物土传病原菌拮抗细菌的筛选与鉴定

从作物根际土壤中分离到1056株细菌，筛选出7个具有较强拮抗活性的菌株。室内测定对水稻纹枯病菌、辣椒疫病菌、瓜果腐霉、油菜菌核病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、茄根腐病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、番茄青枯病菌、甘蓝黑腐病菌等重要土传病原菌有较强拮抗作用；温室盆栽试验对番茄青枯病表现出较好防效，其中以BOH2和OH11效果较为明显，防效分别为90．9％和86．4％。通过形态观察、生理生化试验和16SrDNA序列分析，确定OH11为产酶溶杆菌。BOH3为荧光假单胞菌，其余5个菌株为不同芽孢杆菌。     

Soil-borne Pathogens in Ornamental Bulbs as Related to Quarantine Problems

The introduction of systemic fungicides belonging to the group of benzimidazoles has greatly improved the available methods for the control of several destructive diseases of ornamental bulbs. This is illustrated on the basis of two diseases of tulips that may be soil-borne, viz. Botrytis tulipae (Lib.) Lind and Fusarium oxysporum Schl.
Benomyl in particular appears to be very active against these and certain other pathogens sometimes carried by planting material. With respect to Fusarium , treated tulip bulbs planted in contaminated soil are protected against infection occurring at high soil temperatures (15°C and higher) shortly after planting. Improved methods of chemical soil disinfection (methylbromide and DD under plastic seal) provide almost complete eradication of nematode populations in sandy soils. Application of these methods will further reduce problems given by stem eelworms (D. dipsaci Kühn and D. destructor Thorne) and free-living nematodes that transmit soil-borne viruses ( Trichodorus spp. ).     

Molecular characterization and detection of European isolates of Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus

Sequencing of a recently identified isolate of Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) from the UK confirmed its identity as a European strain of the species and provided further evidence for taxonomic divisions in the group. Two RT–PCR protocols were developed for the detection of all SBWMV strains and for the specific detection of the European SBWMV strain, and were tested successfully on 21 isolates of SBWMV from a range of countries. Both protocols worked well using either purified total RNA in one- or two-step RT-PCR, or immunocapture (IC) RT–PCR. The sensitivity of IC RT-PCR was 100 times greater than ELISA. Neither set of primers produced any PCR product with either Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus or Wheat yellow mosaic virus which are frequently associated with SBWMV, or with the related viruses Indian peanut clump virus , Potato mop-top virus , Beet soil-borne virus and Beet necrotic yellow vein virus . This new diagnostic protocol will improve disease management by enabling correct identification of the causal pathogen and earlier detection than is possible serologically.     

微生物菌剂拌种对花生土传病害的防治效果及产量影响

为探索微生物菌剂拌种防治花生根部病害的防治效果及对产量的影响,以鲁花8号为试验材料,选择3个微生物菌制剂和1个化学药剂,设置1000亿CFU/mL解淀粉芽胞杆菌、200亿CFU/mL多粘类芽胞杆菌、1亿CFU/g真菌生防菌(TB)、1000亿CFU/mL解淀粉芽胞杆菌+1亿CFU/g真菌生防菌(TB)、200亿CFU/...     

黄瓜土传病害拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及生防特性研究

为了有效防治黄瓜的土传病害,本文从黄瓜根际土壤中分离得到256株细菌,利用平板对峙试验筛选到一株拮抗菌ZM-1。通过形态、生理生化和分子生物学方法对菌株进行鉴定,测定菌株产生的抑菌物质。通过正交实验法与单因素法对菌株进行发酵优化,并通过盆栽试验测定菌株防病能力。结果表明,菌株ZM-1为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa,该菌对黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumebrium和黄瓜疫病菌Phytophthora drechsleri的抑制率分别为62.80%和65.58%。该菌株可以产生纤维素酶、铁载体等多种抑菌物质。经过最佳发酵优化,菌株发酵液菌含量可达到1×10¹⁰ cfu/mL以上。最适发酵培养基配方为蔗糖5 g/L、胰蛋白胨10 g/L、K₂HPO₄ 10 g/L,发酵条件温度25℃、pH 7.5、时间48 h、接种量2%。盆栽试验表明,菌株ZM-1对黄瓜枯萎病和黄瓜疫病的防效分别为53.97%和51.11%。本研究表明拮抗菌ZM-1在防治黄瓜土传病害方面具有...     

Soil-borne spores as a source of inoculum for wheat bunt (Tilletia caries)

Wheat bunt ( Tilletia caries ) has previously been controlled in the UK by routine seed treatment with organomercury. Recent examples are presented of unusual levels of infection due to soil-borne inoculum. The recent infections may be due to unusually dry weather, favouring the survival of spores in the soil, or to the presence of a more persistent strain of T. caries.     

Soil-borne Pests and Pathogens Associated with Imported Plants, with Special Reference to Nematodes

The assessment of phytosanitary risks from imported soil entails recovery or assay of soil-borne organisms, determination of pathogenicity and consideration of potential distribution as affected by environmental factors. Results are presented of examinations of soil from imported plants for nematodes and other pests. Nematodes were much more abundant than other pest groups. Plant-parasitic nematodes were more common in natural soils than in potting composts, and non-indigenous species were apparently more frequent from non-European than European sources. The chief nematode hazards for northern European countries may be from new «pathotypes>> of Heterodera species and ectoparasitic dorylaimid genera that include virus vectors. Nematodes and other organisms from tropical areas can become glasshouse pests in cooler climates.     

40%野麦畏乳油防治西藏地区野燕麦的配方改进及田间药效试验

西藏地区因特殊的地理环境及气候条件,致使40%野麦畏乳油防除野燕麦的药效降低,本文通过试验选择了一种挥发性小、溶解性强的溶剂A,配制的40%野麦畏乳油具有良好的乳液稳定性、低温稳定性和热贮稳定性。同时田间药效试验结果表明使用溶剂A配制的40%野麦畏乳油,播前土壤处理对西藏的拉萨、日喀则、昌都三个地区青稞田中的野燕麦具有较好防效,且优于对照药剂40%野麦畏乳油,这说明使用溶剂A配制的40%野麦畏乳油的增效作用显著,适宜在西藏地区推广使用。     

野菊多糖对白术土传病害的防效试验

本文研究了野菊多糖对白术土传病害的防治效果,试验分为温室盆栽试验和大田试验两部分。温室盆栽试验表明,0.2、2和20 mg/mL的野菊多糖药剂在药后10 d对白术土传病害的防控效果分别为6.277%、83.863%和71.839%;田间试验表明,0.4、2和20 mg/mL的野菊多糖药剂在用药后60 d对白术土传病害的防效分别达到57.836%、74.925%和82.470%,其中2和20 mg/mL的野菊多糖药剂对白术病害的防效显著高于常用药剂百菌清。同时野菊多糖对田间白术有较好的促生作用,0.4、2和20 mg/mL的野菊多糖药剂分别比百菌清药剂组单位面积产量增产了17.647%、14.706%和32.353%。