Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Level on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics in Flag Leaf of Super Hybrid Rice at Late Growth Stage

To compare the effects of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer at six different levels on the flag leaf chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of super hybrid rice,a field fertilization experiment was conducted with super hybrid rice Y Liangyou 1 as a test material.The photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR),effective quantum yield (EQY),photochemical quenching coefficient (q P),and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) of flag leaves were measured at the initial heading,full heading,10 d after full heading and 20 d after full heading stages.Results showed that the values of ETR,EQY and q P increased with rice development from initial heading to 20 d after full heading,whereas the NPQ decreased.During the measured stages,ETR,EQY and q P increased initially and then decreased as nitrogen application amount increased,but they peaked at different nitrogen fertilizer levels.The maximum ETR and EQY values appeared at the treatment of 135 kg/hm 2 N.In conclusion,the optimum nitrogen amount for chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of super hybrid rice was 135 180 kg/hm 2.     

不同播栽方式下杂交籼稻茎秆生长和穗粒形成特点及与气象因子的关系

为探明不同播栽方式下杂交籼稻幼穗分化期茎秆和幼穗生长的规律及差异以进一步明确不同播栽方式穗粒形成特点,于2014年采用两因素裂区试验设计,研究了机直播、机插和手插3种播栽方式下2个不同穗粒型杂交籼稻组合[宜香优2115(中穗型)和F优498(大穗型)]的穗分化期茎秆和幼穗生长规律和穗粒形成特点,并分析了幼穗分化期气象因素与幼穗和茎秆生长的关系。结果表明:1)基部向上第1至第3伸长节间长度分别在抽穗前20d、16d、12d后趋于稳定,故基部第1、2节间的降长增粗应在抽穗前16d之前;穗干质量和穗茎比在抽穗前12d后迅速增加。2)从抽穗前16d开始至抽穗期,穗茎干重比与多数枝梗和颖花性状呈显著或极显著正相关,穗与茎秆竞争同化物的能力直接影响到穗粒形成。3)机插穗分化中后期穗茎干质量比较高,且抽穗期穗干质量显著高于手插和机直播,有利于提高其每穗粒数,且机插拔节后群体生长率及单茎和群体干物质积累量较高,抽穗期叶面积指数较高,粒叶比高于机直播,较机直播更利于粒重的提高和穗长及着粒数的增加;大穗型品种F优498抽穗期穗干质量显著高于中穗型品种宜香优2115,且穗分化后期穗茎干质量比高于宜香优2115,是其每穗粒数高的重要原因;F优498穗部着粒较密,较大的叶面积指数及粒叶比利于大穗的形成。4)机插全生育期最长,机直播最短,且机插穗分化期历时较长,穗分化期积温和日照时数较高,为穗粒形成提供了较好的温光条件;茎秆长度和干质量及穗长受气象因子影响较大,孕穗前适宜的温度和一定的积温有利于茎秆和幼穗伸长及茎秆的物质充实。生产上应针对不同播栽方式及品种的生育进程差异,适时采取措施调节茎秆和幼穗生长及物质分配,在培育壮秆的基础上提高穗分化期穗茎比以达到增粒增产的目的。     

Putative Phosphatase UvPsr1 Is Required for Mycelial Growth,Conidiation, Stress Response and Pathogenicity in Ustilaginonidea virens

Ustilaginoidea virens is the causal agent of rice false smut, which can be a highly destructive disease of rice. The plasma membrane phosphatase Psr1 proteins, which act as a regulator of the salinity stress response in yeast, are widely distributed across fungi, but their functional characterization is sketchy. In this study, we characterized the functions of Psr1 protein, UvPsr1, in U. virens. Analyses of the ΔUvpsr1 and its complementation strain showed that UvPsr1 is required for normal mycelial growth, conidiation and tolerance to oxidative, osmotic and cell wall stresses. When rice panicles were inoculated with the ΔUvpsr1 strains, no symptoms of false smut disease developed, showing that UvPSR1 also contributes to the pathogenicity of the fungus. The deletion mutant of UvPSR1 also appeared to produce a smaller titer of toxic compounds able to inhibit elongation of the germinated seeds. In conclusion, our results indicated that UvPsr1 is a new pathogenic factor of U. virens.     

稻曲病大发生关键因子及药剂防治研究

针对稻曲病在水稻生产上危害日趋加重的现状，2002-2005年对引起该病大发生的关键因子及药剂防治技术进行了连续4年的研究。结果表明：感病品种（组合）和水稻孕穗至抽穗期间5d以上降水天气是引起稻曲病大发生的二个关键因子‘同时，稻曲病为害程度还与水稻栽培方式、种植密度、肥水管理及施药水平等因素有关。稻曲病药剂防治技术关键：一是选用有效药剂。二是抓住施药适期施药。筛选出防治稻曲病的有效药剂有30％爱苗EC，43％好力克SC和62．25N仙生WP。稻曲病施药适期是水稻分蘖末期、破口前3～7d、始穗期3个时期。     

遮荫对不同杂交稻组合叶片渗透调节物质含量及保护酶活性的影响

 以Ⅱ优498、冈优188、德香4103、冈优527和川香9838为材料,研究了开花及灌浆结实期遮荫对不同杂交稻组合叶片渗透调节物质含量及保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,遮荫使冈优188丙二醛含量显著增加,Ⅱ优498、德香4103、冈优527和川香9838丙二醛含量遮荫处理与对照的差异不显著;遮荫使冈优188、德香4103和川香9838可溶性糖含量显著或极显著降低,冈优527可溶性糖含量增加,但差异没有达到显著水平;遮荫处理使不同杂交稻组合可溶性蛋白含量均降低;遮荫对不同杂交稻组合叶片保护酶活性影响存在差异。综合渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性,冈优188和冈优527对弱光具有较强的适应和调节能力。讨论了遮荫对不同基因型杂交稻叶片伤害机理。     

水稻重穗型恢复系宜恢1577的选育与应用

水稻重穗型恢复系宜恢1577是用云南地方偏粳型紫稻与抗病恢复株系R16杂交选育而成,具有株型好、恢复力强、配合力高、穗大粒多、开花习性好、花粉量足、制种产量高等特点.用宜恢1577组配的冈优1577、Ⅱ优1577、宜香优1577和N优1577等高产、优质型杂交水稻组合,已通过四川省审定,其中冈优1577、宜香优1577还通过了国家审定.     

生产上主要杀菌剂对稻瘟病的防效及施药时期研究

稻瘟病是最主要的世界性水稻病害,化学防治是目前最为有效的防控措施。通过室内生测和田间试验相结合的方法,测试了多个特效药剂和广谱药剂对稻瘟病的防治效果,探讨了稻瘟病的最优防治适期和穗颈瘟、稻曲病兼防的可能性。结果表明,三环唑仍然是预防穗颈瘟的特效杀菌剂,而嘧菌酯、肟菌酯·戊唑醇和嘧菌酯·苯醚甲环唑等广谱杀菌剂对叶瘟表现出更好的防控效果。始穗期是防治穗颈瘟的关键时期,在发病严重的情况下在齐穗期再施1次药是必要的。如果选用合适的药剂,破口前施药对穗颈瘟也有一定的防控作用。由于防治稻曲病的最佳施药时期是破口前,因此,一次施药兼防穗颈瘟和稻曲病是可行的。     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Level on Rice Nutrient Uptake and Ammonia Volatilization

The effects of different nitrogen application levels on nutrient uptake and ammonia volatilization were studied with the rice cultivar Zheyou 12 as a material.The accumulative amounts of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in rice plants across all growth stages showed a trend to increase with increasing nitrogen application levels from 0 to 270 kg/hm 2,but decreased at nitrogen application levels exceeding 270 kg/hm 2.Moreover,the accumulative uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium by the rice plants was increased by application of organic manure in combination with 150 kg/hm 2 nitrogen.The nitrogen uptake was high during the jointing to heading stages.Correlation analysis showed that rice yield was positively correlated with the accumulative uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium by the rice plants.The highest correlation coefficient observed was between the amount of nitrogen uptake and rice yield.The rate and accumulative amounts of ammonia volatilization increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application level.Compared with other stages,the rate and accumulative amount of ammonia volatilization were higher after base fertilizer application.The ammonia volatilization rates in response to the nitrogen application levels of 270 kg/hm 2 and 330 kg/hm 2 were much higher than those in the other treatments.The loss of nitrogen through ammonia volatilization accounted for 23.9% of the total applied nitrogen at the nitrogen application level of 330 kg/hm 2.     

Influence of Crop Nutrition on Grain Yield, Seed Quality and Water Productivity under Two Rice Cultivation Systems

The system of rice intensification (SRI) is reported to have advantages like lower seed requirement,less pest attack,shorter crop duration,higher water use efficiency and the ability to withstand higher degree of moisture stress than traditional method of rice cultivation.With this background,SRI was compared with traditional transplanting technique at Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi,India during two wet seasons (2009-2011).In the experiment laid out in a factorial randomized block design,two methods of rice cultivation [conventional transplanting (CT) and SRI] and two rice varieties (Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa 44) were used under seven crop nutrition treatments,viz.T 1,120 kg/hm2 N,26.2 kg/hm2 P and 33 kg/hm2 K;T 2,20 t/hm2 farmyard manure (FYM);T 3,10 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N;T 4,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 90 kg/hm2 N;T 5,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N+ 1.5 kg/hm2 blue green algae (BGA);T 6,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N+ 1.0 t/hm2 Azolla,and T 7,N 0 P 0 K 0 (control,no NPK application) to study the effect on seed quality,yield and water use.In SRI,soil was kept at saturated moisture condition throughout vegetative phase and thin layer of water (2-3 cm) was maintained during the reproductive phase of rice,however,in CT,standing water was maintained in crop growing season.Results revealed that CT and SRI gave statistically at par grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in CT as compared to SRI.Seed quality was superior in SRI as compared to CT.Integrated nutrient management (INM) resulted in higher plant height with longer leaves than chemical fertilizer alone in both the rice varieties.Grain yield attributes such as number of effective tillers per hill,panicle length and panicle weight of rice in both the varieties were significantly higher in INM as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.Grain yields of both the varieties were the highest in INM followed by the recommended doses of chemical fertilizer.The grain yield and its attributes of Pusa 44 were significantly higher than those of Pusa Basmati 1.The seed quality parameters like germination rate and vigor index as well as N uptake and soil organic carbon content were higher in INM than those in chemical fertilizer alone.CT rice used higher amount of water than SRI,with water saving of 37.6% to 34.5% in SRI.Significantly higher water productivity was recorded in SRI as compared to CT rice.     

两优培九稻曲病的发生及其与抽穗后温湿度的关系

分析了两优培九稻曲病的发病程度及其与抽穗后0～15d的平均气温和相对湿度的关系。结果表明，两优培九易感稻曲病。其发病率与抽穗后0～15d的平均气温呈显著正相关，温度是影响其稻曲病发生的主要气象因素，相对湿度起协同作用。提出了发病率为2％和5％时的温湿度指标。根据我国南方一季稻区18个城市42a(1951—1992)8—10月的气象资料，分析了稻曲病的易发区域和适宜抽穗期，为两优培九稻曲病的预防提供依据。     

利用杂交中稻齐穗期剑叶叶绿素计读数（SPAD值）预测再生稻促芽肥高效施用量

 2005-2006年以杂交中稻组合Ⅱ优602、Ⅱ优7号、冈优725为材料,通过头季稻不同施氮量使施促芽肥时植株营养状况存在差异,在此基础上分别设促芽肥施用量处理,探究再生稻促芽肥高效施用量与头季稻齐穗期库源结构关系。头季稻基肥和分蘖肥施氮的农学利用率是促芽肥的1.31～3.35倍;头季稻齐穗期剑叶SPAD值与库源结构关系密切;头季稻齐穗期剑叶SPAD值、叶片含氮量和群体单位面积的总颖花量3个因子可以用来预测再生稻高产的促芽肥经济施用量。建立了根据头季稻齐穗期剑叶SPAD值（x）预测再生稻促芽肥的高效施氮量（y)的回归方程(y=-25.733x+1212.4,r=-0.9534*)。     

冬水田播期对不同熟期杂交稻产量及光能利用率的影响

为探明冬水田区播期对不同熟期直播杂交稻产量和光能利用率的影响,以早熟杂交稻川作优8727、中熟杂交稻辐优838、迟熟杂交稻内6优107为材料,于2019年进行不同播种期(5个播种期分别为3月15日、3月20日、3月25日、3月30日、4月4日)大田试验,研究播种期对不同熟期直播稻产量、产量构成、干物质量、光能利用率的影...     

不同药剂防治水稻稻曲病田间药效试验

为筛选防治水稻稻曲病的高效药剂,同时验证在孕穗末期—破口初期施药对稻曲病的防效,2019—2020年连续2年开展了不同药剂防治水稻稻曲病田间试验。结果表明:19%啶氧·丙环唑SC 70 mL/667 m²、125 g/L氟环唑SC 50 mL/667 m²、40%咪铜·氟环唑SC 30 mL/667 m²、25%噻呋·嘧菌酯SC 40 mL/667 m²平均病指防效分别为89.95%、89.85%、87.05%、85.60%,体现了较高防效;75%肟菌·戊唑醇WG 15 g/667 m²,平均病指防效为81.30%,也有较高防效;而36%丙环·咪鲜胺SC 50 mL/667 m²平均病指防效仅为78.20%,防效稍差。前5种药剂可结合稻瘟病防治,在水稻孕穗末期—破口初期使用,能有效控制水稻稻曲病为害。     

Biomasses in Different Organs of Rice Cultivars Developed During Recent Forty-Seven Years in Jilin Province, China

To understand the changes in yield, harvest index (HI) and biomass of aboveground parts of rice, 33 japonica rice cultivars released from 1958 to 2005 were planted. During the 47 years, the grain yield increased from 9 118.36 to 15 060.1 kg/hm² and HI from 0.46 to 0.55. In the genetic improvement, the total number of tillers per plant decreased, and the biomass per unit area slightly increased at the harvest stage. The increases of yield and HI resulted from the increased biomasses of effective tillers and single stem, and the increase of biomass per stem was related to the increased biomasses of different organs along with the genetic improvement. The stem and sheath biomass at heading and the leaf biomass at 30 days after heading showed the highest increase, up by 75.17% and 49.94%, respectively. The biomasses of leaf and stem-sheath at 10 days after heading, and biomass per stem at 30 days after heading were obviously correlated with the yield. The results indicate that the genetic improvement has resulted in the increase of yield and HI. This increase is correlated with the decrease of total tiller number per plant, and increase of biomasses of effective tillers and single stem. The leaf biomass after heading and the stem and sheath biomass at 10 days after heading can be used as selection criteria for breeding high yielding rice cultivars.     

施氮量对超级杂交中稻生育后期剑叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以缓释氮肥为材料,采用快速光曲线分析方法,比较研究了大田条件下6种施氮水平对超级杂交稻Y两优1号抽穗到蜡熟期剑叶叶1绿素荧光动力参数的影响.结果表明,抽穗到齐穗后20 d,剑叶光合电子传递速率(ETR)、有效量子产量(EQY)和光化学猝系数(qp)均随时问推进而提高,非光化学碎灭系数(NPQ)则呈下降趋势;同一时期,E...     

结实期土壤水分和氮素营养对水稻产量与品质的交互影响

杂交籼稻汕优63和粳稻武育粳3号种植于土培池,于始穗期进行0N（0 g/m2）、NN（中氮,4.5 g/m2 ）和HN（高氮,9.0 g/m2）3种施氮量处理,于抽穗后7 d至成熟期设置了WW（保持浅水层）、MD（轻度落干,土壤水势保持-25 kPa）和SD（重度落干,土壤水势保持-50 kPa）3种土壤水分处理,研究了结实期土壤水分和氮素营养对水稻产量与品质的交互影响。在各施氮水平下,产量、糙米率、精米率和整精米率均以MD处理最高,垩白粒率和垩白度均以MD处理最低。在0N下,SD处理降低了产量、碾磨品质、外观品质和食味品质;在MN或HN下,SD处理的产量、碾磨品质、外观品质和食味品质与WW的差异不显著或显著优于WW。说明土壤水分和氮素营养对水稻产量和品质的影响存在着明显的互作效应,结实期土壤水势为-25 kPa、粒肥的施氮量为45 kg/hm2,稻米的品质较优、产量最高。     

机械化播栽对杂交籼稻根系性状的影响

以杂交籼稻宜香优2115和F优498为材料,手栽为对照,采用二因素裂区设计,使用新设计加工的取样工具,研究机直播和机插对杂交籼稻根系性状的影响。结果表明:1) 创新设计的水稻根系取土器能够便捷而准确地进行根系取样甚至根系的分层取样;2)移栽前及返青后总根长、根体积、根尖数均表现为直播>手栽>机插,返青期间,机插和手栽秧苗的根系生长快速,根冠比呈增大趋势,同期的直播稻地上部的生长快于根系,根冠比减小。3)直播稻根系早期生长迅速,抽穗期根多而细,根尖数大于机插和手栽,根冠比最大;机插根系具有后发优势,分蘖盛期后快速生长,抽穗期总根长、根体积最大;手栽根系少而粗,根冠比最小。4)与手插相比,抽穗期直播和机插根系分布浅,0~10 cm土层直播、机插、手栽根干质量分别占植株根系总干质量的76.9%、76.5%、67.9%,10~20 cm及20 cm以上土层直播和机插根干质量所占比例均低于手栽;横向分布上,直播在植株正下方0~12 cm直径范围内根干质量所占比例较机插和手栽分别高3.5%和3.3%,根系更加集中分布在植株正下方。5)移栽前,根活性表现为直播>机插>手栽,差异极显著;移栽后,机插和手栽根活性快速提高,返青后无显著差异;至抽穗后35 d,直播、机插和手栽方式下,宜香优2115根系伤流强度较抽穗0d分别降低84.7%、75.4%和74.3%,F优498分别降低79.3%、75.9%和74.3%,直播的根系衰老快于机插和手栽。总的来看,机械化播栽对杂交籼稻根系性状有显著影响,抽穗期机插根系分布浅,根粗而多;直播根系分布浅,根直径最小,根尖数最多,抽穗后衰老快;手栽根系分布深,根粗而少。     

优质高产杂交中籼新组合内6优138的选育与应用

内6优138是用抗稻瘟病三系不育系内香6A与优质恢复系绵恢138配组而成的优质杂交中籼新组合。该组合具有产量高、米质优、抗病、制种产量高等特点,于2016年7月通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。本文介绍了其选育经过、品种表现、栽培技术及制种技术要点。     

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaves in Rice White Stripe Mutant 6001 During Senescence Process

Physiological, biochemical and electron microscopy analyses were used to investigate the photosynthetic performance of flag leaves in rice white stripe mutant 6001 during the senescence process. Results showed that the chlorophyll content at the heading and milk-ripe stages in rice mutant 6001 were about 34.78% and 3.00% less than those in wild type 6028, respectively. However, the chlorophyll content at the fully-ripe stage in rice mutant 6001 was higher than that in wild type 6028. At the heading stage, the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） in rice mutant 6001 was lower than that in wild type 6028. Rice mutant 6001 also exhibited a significantly slower decrease rate of Pn than wild type 6028 during the senescence progress, especially at the later stage. Furthermore, Ca2~-ATPase, Mg~~-ATPase and photophosphorylation activities exhibited the similar trends as the Po. During the senescence process, the 68 kDa polypeptide concentrations in the thylakoid membrane proteins exhibited a significant change, which was one of the critical factors that contributed to the observed change in photosynthesis. We also observed that the chloroplasts of rice mutant 6001 exhibited higher integrity than those of wild type 6028, and the chloroplast membrane of rice mutant 6001 disintegrated more slow during the senescence process. In general, rice mutant 6001 had a relatively slower senescence rate than wild type 6028, and exhibited anti-senescence properties.     

不同生育时期干旱胁迫对水稻产量与碾米品质的影响

以粳稻品种农大3号为材料,利用盆栽的方式人工控制土壤水分(水势),研究了不同生育时期干旱胁迫对水稻产量及碾米品质的影响。各时期干旱均导致产量下降,其敏感程度依次为：孕穗中期（抽穗前11~20 d）>孕穗后期（抽穗前1~10 d）>分蘖中期（移栽后11~20 d）>孕穗前期（抽穗前21~30 d）>分蘖初期（移栽后1~10 d）>分蘖后期（移栽后21~30 d）>乳熟期（抽穗后31~40 d）>抽穗开花期（抽穗后1~10 d）>灌浆期（抽穗后21~30 d）>蜡熟期（抽穗后41~50 d）。抽穗前干旱胁迫的敏感时期主要是孕穗中期、孕穗后期和分蘖中期。抽穗后,抽穗到乳熟期均较蜡熟期对干旱敏感,但对土壤水分变化较抽穗前迟钝。抽穗前干旱胁迫对糙米率和精米率影响最大的时期为孕穗中期,其次为孕穗后期。灌浆期到蜡熟期干旱胁迫,糙米率和精米率明显下降,抽穗后11~40 d干旱胁迫对整精米率的影响最大,其次为抽穗前1~20 d,其他时期干旱虽对整精米率有一定影响,但影响较小。