基于SSILP、InDel和SSR标记的杂草稻籼粳分类

 采用40对SSILP、30对InDel和43对SSR标记对来自斯里兰卡的28份杂草稻和14栽培稻,来自国内外的9份籼型栽培稻、7份粳型栽培稻和4份代表性杂草稻进行遗传多样性分析。SSILP、InDel和SSR标记分别检测到84、61和213个等位基因,其平均多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为0.257、0.255和0.543。聚类分析显示供试的42份斯里兰卡杂草稻和栽培稻均为籼型。SSILP与InDel标记的相关性很高（r=0.989）,而它们与SSR标记相关性较低（0.812和0.808）。结果表明,SSILP和InDel标记可高效鉴别各类稻种资源的籼粳属性,而SSR标记更适用于亚种内的分类。     

江淮流域杂草稻叶绿体DNA的籼粳分化

 为了探明江淮流域杂草稻的细胞质来源,根据水稻叶绿体DNA ORF100（Open Reading Frame 100）序列在籼粳间存在69 bp差异的特征,设计了InDel标记cpDNA69。利用该标记对2个分别以籼稻和粳稻为母本的F2群体、22份栽培稻（Oryza sativa L.）、3份普通野生稻（O. rufipogon Griff.）进行了分析验证。PCR结果可以获得缺失和非缺失两种带型,缺失带型与以籼稻为母本的F2群体、10份籼稻材料完全对应;非缺失带型与以粳稻为母本的F2群体、11份粳稻材料完全对应,3份广西普通野生稻为非缺失带型,属粳型,1份以粳稻为母本的籼粳杂交材料为粳型。因此,cpDNA69可以用作叶绿体籼粳鉴定标记。利用该标记对22份杂草稻的叶绿体DNA鉴定的结果表明,7份早年发现的杂草稻,即江苏省连云港穭稻和安徽省怀远、来安、全椒、肥东的塘稻的叶绿体DNA为非缺失带型,属粳型,而近年来在江苏省扬中、高邮、灌云、洪泽、盐都、兴化、如皋等地直播稻田发现的15份红米杂草稻的叶绿体DNA为缺失带型,属籼型。这为进一步研究江淮流域杂草稻的来源提供了依据。     

Allele Types of Rc Gene of Weedy Rice from Jiangsu Province,China

Weedy rice(Oryza sativa f. spontanea), the predominant type of which has a red pericarp, seriously inhibits growth and yield of direct-seeded rice in Jiangsu Province, China. In this study, we randomly selected 10 weedy rice accessions from 10 plots in Jiangsu, and then sequenced the full lengths of their Rc genes(approximately 6.4 kb). In addition, we collected 166 different full-length Rc genes in the Oryza genus from the literature and from GenBank. A collinearity sequence analysis showed that the 10 weedy rice accessions from Jiangsu all had the same wild-type allele of the Rc gene. Single nucleotide polymorphisms indicated that the nucleotide polymorphisms(π = 0.19) and the proportion of segregation sites(θw = 0.28) of the Rc genes in the 10 weedy rice accessions from Jiangsu were higher than those in 56 weedy rice accessions from USA(π = 0.09 and θw = 0.07). Haplotype and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Rc genes of weedy rice accessions from Jiangsu were not revertants of the rc gene found in Asian cultivated rice(O. sativa) varieties with white pericarp. In addition, Rc gene sequences of the rice varieties Lvdao from Lianyungang, Jiangsu and Tangdao from Anhui were more similar to those of cultivated rice than to the weedy rice from Jiangsu. These findings support the continued quarantine of weedy rice and clarify the evolutionary mechanism of the red pericarp found in the weedy rice of Jiangsu.     

温室条件下抗除草剂转基因水稻与杂草稻杂交和回交后代的适合度分析

在温室条件下,将抗除草剂转基因水稻Y0003和99-1与马来西亚杂草稻和国内安徽塘稻人工授粉获得的携带抗性基因的F1、F2与相应杂草稻回交,统计回交结实率和携带抗性基因的比例,并对携带抗性基因的杂交/回交代的适合度进行了测定,综合判断抗性基因漂移的风险。研究表明,在人工授粉的条件下,携带抗性基因的杂交代都能与相应的杂草稻回交并结实,结实率为15%～60%。F1的种子绝大多数都对草丁膦表现出了良好的抗性,F2和回交代分别表现为3∶1和1∶1的抗性分离比例,符合孟德尔遗传规律。适合度研究表明,杂交代、回交代与相应的杂草稻相比没有明显差异,大多数的杂交种的适合度和回交代相差不大,个别杂交代的适合度没有回交代高。以上研究结果表明在无除草剂选择压下,携带转基因水稻Y0003和99-1的抗性基因的2种杂草稻的杂交和回交后代有在适宜环境条件下生存定植的可能性。     

抗除草剂转基因水稻基因漂移至常规栽培稻的频率研究初报

以抗除草剂草铵膦转基因bar水稻99-1作为花粉供体,四周种植常规栽培稻为花粉受体,观察抗性基因漂移频率。在距离转基因水稻2m以内,基因漂移频率为0.0193%～0.3960%,均在1%以下,但转bar基因抗除草剂水稻基因漂移至不同品种上的频率存在明显差异。     

干旱胁迫下杂草稻和栽培稻根系基因表达差异研究

利用Affymetrix水稻表达谱芯片(GeneChip Rice Genome Array)研究抗旱杂草稻HEB07-2与巴西陆稻(IAPAR9)在PEG模拟干旱胁迫下根系基因表达变化。结果表明,杂草稻HEB07-2转录组对干旱信号的响应程度与方向均与巴西陆稻存在很大差异,HEB07-2以正向调控为主,而巴西陆稻以负调控为主。干旱胁迫下杂草稻HEB07-2与巴西陆稻分别有6878个和2923个基因表达,其中HEB07-2受干旱胁迫诱导上调的基因有4693个,下调的基因有2185个;而巴西陆稻则分别有983个和1940个。在差异基因表达的倍数上也是HEB07-2高于巴西陆稻。进一步的GO分析表明,在干旱胁迫下,HEB07-2和IAPAR9根系基因响应途径的差异表现为HEB07-2在钾离子转运(GO:0006813)、次生物质代谢(GO:0019748)、细胞生长(GO:0016049)、葡萄糖代谢(GO:0006006)、跨膜离子转运器活性(GO:0015075)、亚铁血红素结合体(GO:0020037)、氧化还原酶活性(GO:0016491)等方面基因显著上调,这与生理数据和表型数据一致。     

我国杂交粳稻的发展及其技术策略

阐述了北方杂交粳稻的生态优势和杂种优势及人们喜粳嫌籼食味的变化,介绍了杂交粳稻"北上"、"南下"取得的进展和存在问题,提出当前杂交粳稻进一步发展应采取"籼粳架桥"培育籼型杂交粳稻的技术策略.     

籼粳亚种间杂种不育性的形态与研究进展

对籼粳亚种间杂种不育性的细胞形态观察，籼粳亚种间杂种结实的亲和性及籼粳亚种间分化与亲和性的关系研究进行综述，并对研究中存在的问题和发展向进行了初步探讨。     

辽宁省杂草稻幼苗对低温胁迫的生理响应

 以杂草稻WR03 45和WR03 26为研究材料,以栽培稻丽江新团黑谷为对照,采用人工气候箱培养,研究了低温胁迫（5 ℃）对杂草稻幼苗期叶片和根系生理指标的影响。结果表明,除叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量外,杂草稻叶片各生理指标的变化规律与对照相似; 杂草稻根系硫代巴比妥酸反应产物（TBARS）和脯氨酸的变化规律与对照不同,外渗电导率和可溶性糖含量的变化规律与对照相似。低温对WR03 45和丽江新团黑谷的光合系统损伤较小;低温胁迫后,WR03 45细胞膜系统保持完整,膜脂过氧化程度小于其他材料;WR03 45可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量均高于对照品种。5 ℃低温对杂草稻WR03 45伤害较小,表明WR03 45具有较强的苗期耐冷性。     

中国北方杂草稻深覆土条件下出苗动力源分析

 以盆栽的方式,采用不同的覆土深度,对中国北方杂草稻的出苗特性进行了研究,分析了杂草稻的出苗动力源。研究结果表明,在中国北方发现的部分杂草稻具有较强的中胚轴伸长特性和芽鞘节间伸长特性。在播种深度较浅时（3 cm）,杂草稻依赖于中胚轴的伸长顶土发芽;当覆土较深时（5 cm）,杂草稻中胚轴伸长特性更加明显,伸长长度加大,同时杂草稻的芽鞘节间也明显伸长,中胚轴和芽鞘节间的共同伸长为深覆土条件下杂草稻的出苗提供了动力基础。     

利用粳型亲籼恢复系组配的籼粳亚种间杂交稻的实用性研究

利用空间诱变育成的粳型亲籼恢复系，分别与多个不育系配组成杂交组合种植，连续3a观测了同一恢复系与不同不育系配成的各组合和同一组合在不同年份、不同季节的结实率和籽粒充实度表现，并对一些组合进行产量比较试验。结果表明：由这类型亲籼恢复系与籼型不育系配成的籼粳亚种间杂交稻组合，其结实率高，籽粒饱满度好，且季节间、年度间均表现稳定，特别是部分组合的单产和日产量均显著高于对照。可见，这类粳型亲籼系在杂交水稻育种和生产上有较好的应用前景。     

杂草稻和栽培稻氮代谢对镉胁迫反应的差异

在水培条件下,以杂草稻和粳稻越光为材料,研究了Cd胁迫对水稻氮吸收和氮代谢酶活性的影响。Cd处理设0、01、10和50 μmol/L 4个水平,以硝酸铵为氮源。结果表明,两种水稻的植株Cd含量和积累量均随溶液Cd处理水平的提高而显著增加,但增加程度两水稻材料存在着明显的差异,在较高Cd水平（10和50 μmol/L）下,杂草稻根系Cd含量和积累量低于越光,但地上部呈相反的趋势,表明杂草稻根系吸收的Cd转运至地上部的量高于越光,揭示出杂草稻地上部具有较强的解毒能力。植株氮含量、积累量以及氮代谢有关酶,如硝酸还原酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶等活性随着Cd处理水平的提高而下降,但Cd胁迫对这些参数的抑制程度两水稻材料之间存在着明显差异,总体上对杂草稻的抑制作用较弱。表明杂草稻对Cd的耐性要强于越光,且几种氮代谢酶活性变化与Cd耐性存在着一定的相关。     

丹东杂草稻种子的耐冻能力和低温发芽特性研究

为了解丹东杂草稻种子冬季在野外能存活的原因,将丹东杂草稻和对照品种越光的干种子在水中浸不同时间,后在-20℃下处理7 d,在25℃下发芽。对照品种越光在浸种1 h后冷冻处理,其种子的发芽率从98％降为4％,浸种时间延长到1.5 h已不能成苗,而丹东杂草稻种子在1 h浸种处理后,其发芽基本不受影响,甚至在3 h浸种处理后成苗率仍达2.3％。在不同低温下发芽试验中发现丹东杂草稻在11℃能发芽,杂草稻的发芽临界温度要比对照越光低。讨论了杂草稻种子抗冻的潜在价值。      

Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Weedy Rice in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, China

Microsatellite markers and morphological charactedstics were used to explore the genetic diversity and possible origin of weedy dce in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, China. Fifty-two weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions were compared with two wild rice, four hybdd rice and five cultivars using 22 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs. A total of 107 fragments were amplified, averaging 5.6 alleles per primer pair. The polymorphic index content (PIC) values ranged from 0.3077 to 0.7951, averaging at 0.5870. The average genetic distance of all samples ranged from 0.02 to 0.46 with an average of 0.262. The genetic distance among Taizhou weedy rice ranged from 0.03 to 0.44 with an average of 0.224. Cluster analysis showed that all the weedy rice accessions from Taizhou City were indica, and could be subdivided into different genotypes. The majority (86%) of weedy rice was most closely related to hybrid rice. The Taizhou weedy dce accessions were morphologically similar, but still could be delineated into indica or japonica group by some morphological traits. it is suggested that the levels of genetic and morphological diversities of weedy rice in Taizhou City are low and these weedy rice plants originated from the segregating progenies of hybrid rice that had naturally introgressed with cultivated rice.     

利用SRAP分子标记分析47份杂草稻样品遗传多样性

 利用SRAP分子标记分析了采集于杂草稻多发地区的47份样本的遗传多样性,旨在从基因的开放式阅读框区域（ORFs）深入研究杂草稻的遗传背景,为进一步揭示其来源提供依据。结果表明,参试的我国杂草稻材料在110对引物组合中共扩增出845种类型的谱带,多态性谱带590种,多态率为6982%,平均每对引物可以检测到54条多态性谱带。说明SRAP分子标记对于杂草稻基因组开放式阅读框区域序列的多态性具有很高的检测效率,适用于遗传多样性研究。我国杂草稻材料Shannon Weaver多样性指数（I）为063,且南北方杂草稻多样性指数（I）相当,分别为063和062。聚类分析结果表明,南方收集的杂草稻与北方收集杂草稻群体间遗传分化较大,遗传差异明显。程氏指数判定结果也表明杂草稻呈南籼北粳的分布状态。     

Different Aluminum Tolerance among Indica,Japonica and Hybrid Rice Varieties

Hydroponic cultures were conducted to compare the aluminum(Al) tolerance among different rice(Oryza sativa L.) varieties, including indica, japonica and their hybrids. The results showed that the root growth of rice plant was inhibited in different degrees among Al treated varieties. The Al tolerance observed through relative root elongation indicated that five japonica varieties including Longjing 9, Dharial, LGC 1, Ribenyou and Koshihikari were relatively more tolerant than indica varieties. Most indica varieties in this study, such as Aus 373 and 9311(awnless), were sensitive to Al toxicity. The Al tolerance of most progenies from japonica × indica or indica × japonica crosses was constantly consistent with indica parents. The differences of Al tolerance among Longjing 9(japonica), Yangdao 6(indica) and Wuyunjing 7(japonica) were studied. Biomass and the malondial-dehyde content of Yangdao 6 under Al exposure decreased and increased, respectively, while there was no significant effect on those of Longjing 9 and Wuyunjing 7. Remarkable reduction of root activities was observed in all these three rice varieties. Significantly higher Al content in roots was found in Yangdao 6 compared to Longjing 9 or Wuyunjing 7.     

我国杂交籼稻选育进展

自水稻杂种优势被利用以来,我国杂交籼稻育种取得显著进展,在保障我国粮食安全中发挥着重要作用。本文根据国家水稻数据中心水稻品种审定数据信息,对我国籼型水稻不育系研究进展、杂交籼稻品种审定情况、籼型超级稻品种发展现状和几个籼稻育种大省的杂交籼稻国审情况进行了对比和分析,并对杂交籼稻的发展进行了展望。