闽南麻竹人工林地上部分现存生物量的研究

对闽南地区麻竹人工林地上部分生物量模型及现存生物量结构进行了研究。结果表明:以模型m=a·(D²H)^b对麻竹地上部分总生物量和秆生物量进行估计较为可靠,而对枝、叶生物量的估计需引进枝下高因子h及模型m=a·D^b·(H-h)^C或m=a·D^b·[(H-h)/h]^C.闽南地区麻竹人工林地上部分平均现存生物量为39.518t·hm^-2,按年龄分配为:3年生生物量最高,占59.17%,其次为2年生、4年生、5年生;按器官分配为:秆生物量最高,占62.81%,其次为枝、叶。地上部分总生物量与秆生物量随竹秆高度增加而递减,枝、叶生物量自6～8m区分段分别向秆基及秆梢递减。     

麻竹枝叶生长对钩梢的响应

为了解冠层生物量积累、分配及枝叶大小对麻竹立竹受营林措施干扰(钩梢)后的响应,对不同竹龄全梢、钩梢麻竹地上构件生物量、生物量比、单叶特征、大小枝生物量分配比例及商品竹叶数量进行了调查.结果表明:麻竹立竹地上现存生物量分配格局为秆＞枝＞叶.叶生物量、叶/枝和叶/秆生物量比为2年生＞3年生＞1年生.随着竹龄的增加,枝、秆生物量、地上生物量和枝/秆生物量比总体上呈增加的趋势.2年生和3年生立竹枝、叶生物量分配比例显著高于1年生立竹,秆生物量分配比例显著小于1年生立竹.此外,随着竹龄的增加,立竹减少了对0 ～8 mm枝生物量的分配,增加了对8～16 mm、16 mm以上枝生物量的投入,以提高空间拓展能力,截获更多光资源.钩梢强烈影响了生物量分配格局,显著减小了麻竹立竹枝、叶、秆、地上生物量.钩梢后麻竹立竹增加了枝、叶生物量分配比例,减少了秆生物量的分配比例,同时提高了单叶叶面积和单叶干质量,增加了8～16 mm、16 mm以上枝生物量分配比例,减小0～8 mm枝生物量分配比例,以权衡枝叶的生长,提高立竹对环境的适合度.钩梢后立竹叶/枝、叶/秆、枝/秆生物量比升高,表明生物量分配更多地向叶和枝倾斜.钩梢麻竹商品竹叶数量较全梢麻竹增加29.68％,且发生部位明显降低,钩梢后冠层下部商品竹叶数量增加79.73％,中部商品竹叶数量增加25.81％,降低了采摘高度.在钩梢后的一个生长季内,钩梢影响了麻竹立竹资源利用策略,表现为枝与叶之间关系的变化,但随钩梢年限的增加其变化规律如何尚需进一步研究.     

海岸带复合农林业水杉林带生物量估测模型的研究

根据海岸带复合农林业不同立地类型（旱作田和水旱轮作田）水杉林带生物量的测定资料，建立了水杉林带树干、树枝、树叶、地上部分、地下部分及全株生物量模型。经择优分析，确认数学模型ｌｎｙ＝ａ＋ｂ．ｌｎｘ为水杉林中器官生物量的最优估测模型；以树冠体积（ｃ＾２ｈ）估测枝、叶量的效果好于对树干体积（Ｄ＾２Ｈ）的估测效果；其余器官生物量的估测则以Ｄ＾２Ｈ为佳。     

大叶相思材积和生物量表的编制*

为探索大叶相思生物量和材积表编制方法，本文根据薪材林研究中收集的一些样木资料，选用Ｗ（Ｖ）１＝ａＤｂ（下称１式）和Ｗ（Ｖ）２＝ａ（Ｄ２Ｈ）ｂ（下称２式）两种模型，经回归分析推导出两组干、枝、叶和总生物量及材积的回归方程。对两组回归方程分析比较结果，１式自变量Ｄ容易测定且精度高，故以１式作为编表模式，编制成材积表和各组分的生物量表。     

苏麻竹地上部分生物量分配及竹笋成分分析

对苏麻竹地上各部分生物量分配及竹笋成分进行了分析研究。结果表明:苏麻竹地上部分各构件间含水率存在极显著差异,不同年龄的立竹地上部分构件间的含水率亦存在极显著差异;立竹地上各部位生物量分配表现为秆 > 枝条 > 叶片,相同部位不同年龄立竹生物量以2年生竹为最低,1年生竹最高;立竹秆生物量及立竹总生物量与胸径、株高之间模型拟合效果最好,可以用于估计苏麻竹的地上生物量;苏麻竹笋中的游离氨基酸种类丰富,并含有7种人体必需的氨基酸;蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量能够满足食用需要。研究结果可为苏麻竹的推广种植和开发利用提供数据支撑。     

黧朔栲人工林生长量的研究

用常规法对黧蒴栲人工林生物量进行了测定。研究结果表明，１３年和１０年生人工林的生物量分别为１６０．７５４ｔ／ｈｍ＾２和９４．７２５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２。乔木层各器官生物量为树干＞根＞枝＞叶；其生物量空间密度地上部分为５．３４７～８．１８４ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ｍ。林木叶面积指数为６．５５＞８．１３ｍ＾２／ｍ＾２。树干年生物量随林龄增加而增大，１２年生达最大值１１．７３ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ。     

海南木莲人工林生物量及养分分配

本文测定并分析了海南尖峰岭地区３０年生的热带乡土树种海南木莲人工林生物量及其估算模型，论述了生物量及其养分分配规律。指出：海南木莲各器官及整株生物量模型以幂函数模型Ｗ＝ａ（Ｄ２Ｈ）ｂ比较理想；全林分的总生物量为１４４．０６６ｔ／ｈｍ２，其中地上部分生物量８９．９３５ｔ／ｈｍ２。乔木层生物量占７８．８１％，林下植物层占２１．１９％；在乔木层中，树干、树叶、树枝、树皮和树根所占的比例分别是５４．１２７％、２．３５４％、７．７６２％、９．３７０％和２６．３８８％；乔木层中，各器官的养分含量，除Ｃａ外，都是叶比其它器官（枝、皮、干、根）的养分含量高许多，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ５个常量养分元素在海南木莲人工林生物体中的总贮量分别为５５７．７５４，２４．３３０，５９９．９０８，２７５．５５７，６４．１０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，各养分贮量在各器官中分布，除Ｐ外，从小到大为树叶、树枝、树皮、树干、树根     

黧蒴栲人工林生长量的研究

用常规法对黧蒴栲人工林生物量进行了测定。研究结果表明，１３年和１０年生人工林的生物量分别为１６０．７５４ｔ／ｈｍ２和９４．７２５ｔ／ｈｍ２。乔木层各器官生物量为树干＞根＞枝＞叶；其生物量空间密度地上部分为５．３４７～８．１８４ｔ／ｈｍ２·ｍ；地下部分为５５．０８～９１．６７ｔ／ｈｍ２·ｍ。林木叶面积指数为６．５５～８．１３ｍ２／ｍ２。树干年生物量随林龄增加而增大，１２年生达最大值１１．７３ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ。     

峨热竹无性系种群地上部分生物量结构与模型研究

通过对四川省石棉县栗子坪自然保护区峨热竹分株地上部分基径、枝下高、全高及分株各构件生物量进行调查和测量,研究了其地上部分生物量分配结构和形态可塑性,构建了地上部分生物量模型。研究表明：峨热竹各分株含水率随年龄增长呈下降趋势,同一龄级分株构件含水率高低表现为叶〉枝〉秆;峨热竹分株总生物量表现出多年生〉2年生〉1年生的分配特征,而同一分株各构件间则表现出秆〉枝〉叶的生物量分配格局;基径分别与各龄级秆生物量和总生物量具有显著相关性,而全高与2年生及多年生枝叶生物量具有显著相关性;以基径和全高为自变量分别建立的线性模型可为相似区域峨热竹不同龄级分株秆和枝叶构件生物量的估测提供借鉴。     

杉木人工林二元立木材积动态模型的研究

通过对多种二元立木材积方程的拟合和比较，以动态模型Ｖ＝ａＤｂ＋ｃ（Ｄ＋２．３Ｈ）Ｈｄ＋ｅ（Ｄ＋２．３Ｈ）拟合杉木人工林二元立木材积效果最佳。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.