竞争间接ELISA检测谷行饲料中的玉米赤霉烯酮

应用抗玉米赤霉烯酮单克隆抗体建立了竞争间接ＥＬＩＳＡ，用以检测玉米，小麦、饲料中的玉米赤霉烯酮，最低检出量的０．０５ｎｇ／ｍＬ，检测范围为０．０５－５００ｎｇ／ｍＬ。检测掺合ＺＥＮ（２５－５００ｎｇ／ｇ）的小麦，饲料、玉米样品，平均回收率，玉米为１０５．８％、小麦为９０％、饲料为１０３．９％；平均批内和批间变异系数，玉米为３．８％、５．８％，小麦为１２．７％、２８％，饲料为１５．２％、６．８％。对     

抽样调查北京地区猪场饲料及饲料原料玉米赤霉烯酮污染状况

本研究采用免疫亲和柱高效液相色谱法测定了北京地区猪场饲料原料及全价饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮（ＺＥＮ）的含量,以了解北京地区饲料中 ＺＥＮ的污染情况。试验抽样采集北京市昌平区、大兴区、延庆区、平谷区、顺义区 ５个区县 １５个猪场 １３１份饲料样［５５份玉米、豆粕、麸皮、干酒糟及其可溶物（ＤＤＧＳ）原料,７６份猪全价饲料］进行 ＺＥＮ含量的测定。结果表明：玉米、豆粕、麸皮、ＤＤＧＳ和全价饲料中 ＺＥＮ的检出率分别为 １００．００％、５４．４５％、１００．００％、１００．００％和 ５８．８８％,超标率分别为 ０．００％、０．００％、０．００％、４１．１８％和 ０．００％,平均含量分别为 １０９．０８、９．１９、１４．９２、８８２．６８和 ５８．８８μｇ／ｋｇ。结果提示,不同饲料原料中 ＺＥＮ含量存在差异,ＤＤＧＳ中 ＺＥＮ平均含量超标,猪全价饲料及玉米、豆粕等饲料原料中 ＺＥＮ平均含量均未超标。     

牛组织中阿维菌素残留的ELISA研究

本文探讨了检测牛组织（血浆、肌肉和肝）中阿维菌素（ＡＶＭ）残留的间接竞争ＥＬＩＳＡ反应条件和样本前处理方法，并对添加样本进行了测定。竞争反应可耐受２０％（ｖ／ｖ）的甲醇。使用４″－Ｏ－（单）琥珀酰ＡＶＭ－ＯＶＡ和５－Ｏ－（单）琥珀酰ＡＶＭ－ＯＶＡ作包被原，ＡＶＭ标准液的Ｉ５０＝１．８￣４．０ｎｇ／ｍＬ，检测极限为０．０２￣０．２ｎｇ／ｍＬ。样本经甲醇一次提取和稀释后直接进行检测，各样本介质中ＡＶＭ     

间接竞争EUSA法检测玉米中ZEN的提取方法研究

应用抗玉米赤霉烯酮单克隆抗体（ZEN—McAb）建立间接竞争ELISA,用以检测玉米中的玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）。检测限为1ng／ml,检测范围为1～20ng／ml。在提取玉米赤霉烯酮的过程中,提取液中的甲醇含量对检验结果的影响很大。当提取液中甲醇含量为60％时,加标回收率最理想,平均回收率为92．4％。     

二种方法检测猪传染性胃肠炎病毒抗体的比较

分别用血清中和（ＳＮ）试验和单克隆抗体（ＴＧＥｍＡｂ和ＴＧＥ／ＰＲＣＶｍＡｂ）阻断酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）对８１头美国进口猪血清作猪传染性胃肠炎（ＴＧＥ）抗体检测。ＳＮ试验检出７份阳性血清，检出率为８．６４％；Ｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ试验检出７份ＰＲＣＶ抗体阳性血清，检出率为８．６４％，无ＴＧＥ阳性。ＳＮ试验检出７份ＴＧＥ抗体阳性血清与Ｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ试验检出的７份ＰＲＣＶ抗体阳性血清完全重合。结果证明，应用单克隆抗体进行的Ｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ可鉴别诊断ＴＧＥ与ＰＲＣＶ感染，优于ＳＮ试验     

玉米赤霉烯酮对猪的危害及其控制

玉米赤霉烯酮（Zearalenone,ZEN）又称F-2毒素,最初于1962年由Stob等人从污染了禾谷镰刀菌（Fusarium graminearum）的发霉玉米中分离得到,此外粉红镰刀菌、窜珠镰刀菌、三线镰刀菌等多种镰刀菌也能产生此毒素。玉米赤霉烯酮主要存在于玉米、小麦、大豆等植物中。我国霉菌污染比较严重,李荣涛等（2004）经对扦取的小麦样本（48份）和玉米样本（33份）测定,玉米赤霉烯酮阳性率均为100％。张丞等（2009）于2009年1～6月从全国收集饲料和原料样品（90份）,     

检测减蛋综合征抗体间接ELISA法的建立及应用

用蔗糖不连续梯度纯化的减蛋综合征＊（ＥＤＳ－７６）病毒包被ＥＬＩＳＡ板，建立了检测ＥＤＳ－７６抗体的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法。经测定，抗原最适包被浓度为１μｇ／ｍＬ，待检血清最佳稀释度为１：２００，以ＯＤ４９０〉０．３，Ｐ／Ｎ〉２．１判为阳性结果。对４个鸡场的１２０份鸡血清进行检测，阳性率分别为０，４３．３３％，８０．００％和９３．３３％。     

RT—PCR与夹心ELISA检测粪便及饲料中IBDV的研究

将ＩＢＤ病鸡粪便及饲料经ＰＥＧ浓缩处理后用ＲＴＰＣＲ与单克隆抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ进行ＩＢＤＶ检测。在ＲＴＰＣＲ试验中，粪便和饲料的阳性检出率均为１００％（８／８）；在夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ试验中，粪便的阳性检出率为１００％（８／８），而在饲料中末检出ＩＢＤＶ（８／８％。试验结果证明，ＲＴＰＣＲ是ＩＢＤＶ流行病学特别是传播途径研究的首选方法。     

Dot—ELISA检测犬瘟热病毒抗原的研究

用建立的三抗体夹心法Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测犬瘟热病毒（ＣＤＶ）抗原,其抗原最低检出量为１．１５μｇ／ｍＬ（０．５７６２５ｎｇ／点）,经与常规ＥＬＩＳＡ对１０４份自然感染犬的血液白细胞样本,６０份眼结膜分泌物样本,７３份脾、肝、淋巴结等脏器样本进行检出的阳性率分别为９２．３１％、６６．６７％、８３．５６％和９０．７２％、６３．２９％、８１．８６％;两种方法检出的总阳性率分别为８３．５４％（１９８／２     

郑州某粮库小麦中玉米赤霉烯酮含量的检测

为了解动物饲料小麦中是否含有玉米赤霉烯酮毒素,应用竞争性酶免疫分析法快速定量测定43个小麦样品中玉米赤霉烯酮毒素的含量,并进行了分析。结果显示,在被检的43个小麦样品中,含有玉米赤霉烯酮的有5个(5/43),检出率占11.6%,玉米赤霉烯酮含量超过国家粮食卫生标准的有3个(3/43),超标率占7.0%,说明作为畜禽饲料原料的小麦,存在引发动物玉米赤霉烯酮毒素中毒的潜在危险。本法适宜于大批量小麦样品中玉米赤霉烯酮含量的快速测定,这对于选择品质优良的小麦作为饲料、避免玉米赤霉烯酮对畜禽生长危害有重要意义。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -