红薯藤地面青贮技术研究

为了解决旱季青绿多汁饲料短缺和全年饲料供应不平衡问题,在昆明市东川荣森种猪场进行了鲜红薯藤地面青贮技术研究,以葡萄渣、麦麸及糠类作为吸附剂,以不同比例(10%∶90%、20%∶80%及30%∶70%)混合进行青贮,结果以20%吸附剂与80%鲜红薯藤混合进行地面青贮最好,制成率97.6%以上,青贮pH 3.8、颜色正常、酒香味很好,总体评价为上等青贮。     

添加“FARMSI”对青贮饲料发酵品质的影响

分别以玉米秸、红薯藤和紫云英为原料，对青贮添加剂FARMSI的应用效果进行了论证试验。FARMSI用量为0.5kg/t（新鲜料），青贮时均匀喷洒于原料上。添加FARMSI对各种青贮饲料的感官质量影响不大，添加组与对照组之间难以观察到明显的差异。无论哪种青贮饲料，其干物质和粗蛋白含量受FARMSI添加的影响也不大。但是，添加FARMSI能明显降低青贮饲料的氨态氮浓度（10.6％—14.3％），提高干物质回收率（5％—6％）。除青贮红薯藤PH值较高外，青贮玉米秸、青贮紫云英的PH值均较低，但FARMSI添加对青贮饲料PH值影响不大。玉米秸添加FARMSI后，总酸含量呈下降趋势，但乳酸含量略有上升，Flieg指数以添加组为高。红薯藤添加FARMSI后，乳酸含量增加，并导致总酸含量也略高，Flieg指数以添加组较高。紫云英与红薯藤情况相似。各种青贮饲料均没有检出丁酸。这些结果表明，青贮添加剂FARMSI对玉米秸、红薯藤、紫云英的青贮品质都有不同程度的改善效果，并减少干物质和养分损失；使用FARMSI的经济性，视其价格和青贮原料价格而定。     

青贮红薯藤对奶牛泌乳性能、瘤胃发酵及乳成分的影响

文章旨在研究青贮红薯藤对奶牛泌乳性能、瘤胃发酵及乳成分的影响。试验将60头品种、体重、产奶量相近的泌乳期奶牛随机分为3组，每组5个重复，每个重复4头。各组分别用0%（对照组）、50%（试验Ⅰ组）、100%（试验Ⅱ组）比例青贮红薯藤等量替代基础日粮中的苜蓿干草，预试期7?d，正试期53?d，共计60?d。结果表明，（1）试验Ⅰ组（50%青贮红薯藤）奶牛产奶总量显著高于对照组（0%青贮红薯藤）和试验Ⅱ组（100%青贮红薯藤）（P <0.05）。（2）与对照组（0%青贮红薯藤）和试验Ⅱ组（100%青贮红薯藤）相比，试验Ⅰ组（50%青贮红薯藤）奶牛挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸显著提高（P <0.05）。与对照组（0%青贮红薯藤）相比，试验Ⅰ组（50%青贮红薯藤）和试验Ⅱ组（100%青贮红薯藤）奶牛氨态氮显著降低（P <0.05）。（3）与对照组（0%青贮红薯藤）相比，试验Ⅰ组（50%青贮红薯藤）和试验Ⅱ组（100%青贮红薯藤）奶牛乳脂率显著提高（P <0.05）。与对照组（0%青贮红薯藤）相比，试验Ⅰ组（50%青贮红薯藤）和试验Ⅱ组（100%青贮红薯藤）奶牛总体细胞数显著降低（P...     

猪饲料最佳搭配量

1糠麸类饲料 这类饲料有米糠、麦糠、红薯藤糠、花生藤糠、蚕豆叶糠、黄豆秸秆糠等。猪用量为饲料总量的10％-15％，最多不超过20％。     

红薯藤地面青贮育肥PIC猪试验

为了探索用红薯藤地面青贮育肥猪的效果,在东川荣森良种猪试验场开展试验.用断奶的PIC猪36头,分为三组,每组12头; 在粗饲料不同精料相同的条件下,对照组按常规饲养法饲喂,试验组的粗饲料用红薯藤地面青贮(对照组,试验组2个重复).在同一栋猪舍内经过72 d的饲养试验.结果试验组全期平均日增重(ADG)920 g,对照组820 g,试验组比对照组高100 g,增加12.19%; 试验组每头猪增加出栏体重8 kg,按市价8元/kg计算,增加收入64元,36头猪共增加收入2304元.试验证明红薯藤地面青贮养猪成功,该技术应大力推广应用.     

青贮对薯渣干物质和淀粉瘤胃降解规律的影响

选择4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,利用尼龙袋法研究了马铃薯渣和红薯渣青贮前后干物质和淀粉瘤胃降解规律。结果表明,青贮后马铃薯渣和红薯渣的干物质和淀粉的瘤胃72 h消失率及有效降解率均极显著降低（P＜0.01）,马铃薯渣干物质和淀粉消失率由青贮前的95.72%和99.60%下降为53.43%和86.51%,红薯渣则由97.65%和99.81%下降为66.72%和84.69%,马铃薯渣干物质和淀粉的有效降解率降低了47.34%和35.98%,红薯渣则下降了51.48%和57.39%;马铃薯渣青贮和红薯渣青贮干物质的有效降解率差异不显著（P＞0.05）,淀粉差异显著（P＜0.05）;马铃薯渣和红薯渣青贮后过瘤胃淀粉分别增加了57.43%（42.94 g/kg）和151.37%（122.52 g/kg）,且红薯渣极显著高于马铃薯渣（P＜0.01）。因此,青贮处理有效降低了2种薯渣干物质和淀粉的瘤胃降解率,并提高了其过瘤胃淀粉量,红薯渣的过瘤胃淀粉量明显高于马铃薯渣。     

养殖户自配猪饲料应掌握的营养常识

1糠麸类饲料 糠麸类饲料主要有米糠、麦糠、红薯藤糠、花生藤糠、蚕豆叶糠、黄豆秸秆糠等。猪用量为饲料总量的10％、15％．最多不超过20％。     

常用饲料的种类与安全添加量

一、糠麸类饲料这类饲料主要有米糠、麦糠、红薯藤糠、花生藤糠、蚕豆叶糠、黄豆秸秆糠等。猪用量为饲料总量的10~15%,最多不超过20%。二、饼粕类饲料主要包括菜子饼、花生饼、棉子饼、大豆饼、芝     

稻壳和麦麸对鲜玉米秸秆青贮品质的影响

为更好地利用稻壳和麦麸,本试验将2者与新鲜玉米（Zea mays L.）秸秆按不同比例混合青贮,发酵60天后测定其青贮品质和营养成分,以期筛选出混贮的最佳比例。结果表明,与鲜玉米秸秆单独青贮（对照）相比,麦麸和鲜玉米秸秆混合青贮的干物质、可溶性碳水化合物和粗蛋白含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,但丁酸含量超过1%,发酵品质较差;与对照相比,稻壳与鲜玉米秸秆混合青贮的粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物含量和氨态氮/总氮的值均显著下降（P<0.05）;稻壳、麦麸与鲜玉米秸秆混合青贮的发酵品质与对照相当,但干物质含量显著提高（P<0.05）,且M1F1（5%麦麸+10%稻壳+85%鲜玉米秸秆）处理的Kaiser法评分最高。因此,建议将麦麸、稻壳和鲜玉米秸秆按5∶10∶85的鲜重比混合青贮。     

米曲霉对玉米秸秆青贮营养价值的影响

为了研究不同添加剂量的米曲霉培养物对玉米秸秆青贮营养成分的影响,试验将收割后的新鲜玉米秸秆(含水量19%)切至2~3 cm,随机分为4组,对照组不添加米曲霉培养物,1,2,3组分别在玉米秸秆中添加1%、2%、3%的米曲霉培养物,避光室内青贮40 d。测定水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、木质素、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,同时对其进行感官评定。结果表明:干物质含量3组显著高于对照组和1,2组(P0.05);粗蛋白含量1,2,3组显著高于对照组(P0.05),1,2,3组之间差异不显著(P0.05);粗脂肪含量随着米曲霉培养物添加量的增加呈升高趋势,且1,2,3组显著高于对照组(P0.05);木质素含量3组显著低于1,2组,与对照组之间差异不显著(P0.05);酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量各组间差异不显著(P0.05),但3组含量最低;对照组上层发生少量霉变。从气味、色泽上看,3个试验组无霉变情况,青贮所得的分值相对较高,均达到一级水平。说明不同添加剂量的米曲霉培养物均能改善玉米秸秆青贮后的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量,其中以3%的添加量效果最好。     

Adding sweet potato vines improve the quality of rice straw silage

Rice straw and sweet potato vines are the main by‐products of agricultural crops, and their disposal creates problems for the environment in the south of China. In order to establish an easy method for making rice straw silage successfully, experiments were conduct to evaluate fermentation quality and nutritive value of rice straw silages ensiled with or without sweet potato vine. Paddy rice straw (PR) and upland rice straw (UP) were ensiled alone or with sweet potato vines (SP) by a ratio of 1:1 (fresh matter basis), over 3 years. Compared with rice straw silages ensiled alone, the mixed‐material silages (PR + SP, UR + SP) showed higher fermentation quality with lower propionic acid content and NH₃‐N ratio of total N, and higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid, resulting in decrease (P < 0.05) of dry matter loss and higher (P < 0.05) in vitro ruminal dry matter digestion. When the fermentation quality, chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics were considered, ensiling would be an effective way of utilization of rice straw and sweet potato vines in the regions where rice and sweet potato are harvested at same season, and the sweet potato vines have the potential to improve rice straw fermentation quality with low water soluble carbohydrate content in south of China.     

玉米粉和乳酸菌对甘薯蔓、酒糟及稻草混合青贮品质的影响

为评价玉米粉和乳酸菌对甘薯蔓、酒糟及稻草(4∶4∶2)混合青贮品质的影响,试验设对照组(CK)、玉米粉添加组(CF)、乳酸菌添加组(LAB)、玉米粉和乳酸菌组合添加组(CF+LAB),每个处理6个重复,室温下贮藏60 d开封,取样分析青贮品质。结果表明,添加玉米粉和乳酸菌制剂均明显提高了青贮料的感官品质,与CK相比,CF处理、LAB处理及CF+LAB处理中 CP含量极显著提高(P<0.01), NH₃-N/TN、AA、PA、Ash含量极显著降低(P<0.01),CF处理极显著地提高了DM、CP、LA含量(P<0.01),而LAB处理则极显著地降低了NDF、ADF含量(P<0.01),CF+LAB中NH₃-N/TN、AA含量及pH值极显著低于LAB(P<0.01),显著低于CF(P<0.05)。综上所述,添加玉米粉和乳酸菌制剂均提高了青贮品质,单独添加乳酸菌制剂青贮品质要次于单独添加玉米粉,两者组合添加青贮品质更好。     

鳙鱼对10种蛋白质饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)对鱼粉(国产)、干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)、菜籽粕、米糠、豆粕、酶解羽毛粉、棉籽粕、小麦麸、玉米蛋白粉和花生粕中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能以及氨基酸的表观消化率。试验饲料按照基础饲料和待测饲料原料7∶3的比例构成,并添加0.5%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)作为外源指示剂。挑选初体重为(290.02±2.82)g的鳙鱼,随机分成11组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼。随机选取1组作为对照组投喂基础饲料,剩余10组为试验组分别投喂试验饲料。投喂1周后通过虹吸法收集粪便。结果表明:1)10种饲料原料中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总能的表观消化率的范围分别为69.9%~85.7%、73.5%~88.3%、81.2%~91.1%和81.9%~86.3%。2)在10种饲料原料中,米糠总能的表观消化率最高,而鱼粉的干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪的表观消化率最高;酶解羽毛粉的干物质、粗脂肪和总能的表观消化率最低,玉米蛋白粉的粗蛋白质的表观消化率最低。3)各饲料原料氨基酸的表观消化率基本维持在65.59%~99.17%,且都以小麦麸较低。由此可见,鳙鱼对鱼粉具有很好的利用效果,其次是豆粕和花生粕,而酶解羽毛粉中粗蛋白质的表观消化率最低,小麦麸各氨基酸的表观消化率均比较低。     

凋萎和添加剂对稻草裹包青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响

本试验旨在研究凋萎和添加剂对稻草裹包青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响。将10月底收割的鲜稻草和凋萎24 h稻草(干鲜比分别为36.5%、42.3%)均设4个组,即对照组、糖蜜组(单独添加糖蜜)、青贮宝组(单独添加青贮宝)和糖蜜+青贮宝组(糖蜜和青贮宝联合添加),每组制作3包。常温裹包青贮50 d后,开包采样进行感官品质、发酵参数和营养价值评定。结果显示:无论鲜稻草是否凋萎,稻草单独青贮难以成功,添加剂糖蜜、青贮宝的添加有利于稻草的裹包青贮;单独添加青贮宝显著降低凋萎稻草青贮的氨态氮(NH_3-N)含量(P0.05);单独添加糖蜜显著提高凋萎稻草青贮的乙酸含量(P0.05),显著降低凋萎稻草青贮的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量(P0.05);联合添加糖蜜和青贮宝可显著提高鲜稻草或凋萎稻草青贮的粗蛋白质(CP)和钙(Ca)含量(P0.05),显著降低鲜贮稻草青贮的NDF含量(P0.05),显著降低凋萎稻草青贮的NH_3-N含量(P0.05),显著增加凋萎稻草青贮的乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量(P0.05)。凋萎显著降低稻草青贮的干物质回收率和丙酸含量(P0.05),提高稻草青贮的CP和NH_3-N含量(P0.05)。综上,稻草单独青贮难以成功,添加糖蜜和青贮宝有利于提高稻草青贮的发酵品质,稻草青贮前凋萎要适度。     

中国北方部分地区马铃薯渣和红薯渣的营养价值评定与比较分析

试验采用常规营养成分分析、碳水化合物组分和蛋白质组分分析、能量价值预测和体外人工瘤胃法对马铃薯渣和红薯渣的营养价值进行评定。试验所用的5种马铃薯渣采自承德、张家口、吉林、乌兰察布、西安的淀粉加工厂，7种红薯渣采自石家庄、保定、唐山、济南、秦皇岛的淀粉加工厂。结果显示：红薯渣中的粗脂肪（EE）含量（0.80%）显著高于马铃薯渣（0.58%）（P<0.05）；马铃薯渣的粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）和木质素（ADL）含量（6.53%、26.03%、20.77%和4.38%）极显著高于红薯渣（4.57%、16.46%、12.66%和1.51%）（P<0.01）；马铃薯渣和红薯渣的淀粉含量均较高，分别达41.05%、41.71%（P>0.05）；马铃薯渣的不可利用中性洗涤纤维（CC）含量（9.76%）极显著高于红薯渣（3.67%）（P<0.01）；马铃薯渣和红薯渣的蛋白质组分中非蛋白氮（PA）含量最高，分别达到2.77%和2.41%（P>0.05）；马铃薯渣的中速降解真蛋白质（PB2）含量（1.39%）显著高于红薯渣（0.74%）（P<0.05）；马铃薯渣的慢速降解真蛋白质（PB3）和不可利用氮（PC）含量（0.56%和1.01%）极显著高于红薯渣（0.28%和0.47%）（P<0.01）；红薯渣总可消化养分（TDN）、消化能（DE）、代谢能（ME）、维持净能（NE_m）、泌乳净能（NE_L）和增重净能（NE_g）（81.58%、15.03、13.31、9.09、8.50和6.24 MJ/kg）极显著高于马铃薯渣（75.11%、13.82、12.10、8.08、7.66和5.40 MJ/kg）（P<0.01）；红薯渣24 h干物质消化率（DMD_{24 h}）和48 h干物质消化率（DMD_{48 h}）（53.78%和62.48%）极显著高于马铃薯渣（49.34%和58.66%）（P<0.01）。综上所述，马铃薯渣和红薯渣的营养价值均较高，具有成为肉牛饲料原料的潜力，且红薯渣优于马铃薯渣。     

Substitution of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles for barley grain or barley silage in feedlot cattle diets: intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of substituting wheat dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) for barley grain and barley silage on intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in feedlot beef cattle. Eight ruminally cannulated Angus heifers (initial BW 455 ± 10.8 kg) were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 treatments: control, low (25%), medium (30%), and high (35%) wheat DDGS (DM basis). The diets consisted of barley silage, barley concentrate, and wheat DDGS in ratios of 15:85:0 (CON), 10:65:25 (25DDGS), 5:65:30 (30DDGS), and 0:65:35 (35DDGS; DM basis), respectively. The diets were formulated such that wheat DDGS was substituted for both barley grain and barley silage to evaluate whether wheat DDGS can be fed as a source of both energy (grain) and fiber in feedlot finishing diets. Intakes (kg/d) of DM and OM were not different, whereas those of CP, NDF, ADF, and ether extract (EE) were greater (P < 0.01) and intake of starch was less (P < 0.01) for the 25DDGS compared with the CON diet. The digestibilities of CP, NDF, ADF, and EE in the total digestive tract were greater (P < 0.05) for 25DDGS vs. CON. Ruminal pH and total VFA concentrations were not different (P > 0.15) between 25DDGS and CON diets. Replacing barley silage with increasing amounts of wheat DDGS (i.e., from 25DDGS to 35DDGS) linearly reduced (P < 0.05) intakes of DM and other nutrients without altering (P=0.40) CP intake. In contrast, digestibilities of DM and other nutrients in the total digestive tract linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing wheat DDGS except for that of EE. Additionally, with increasing amounts of wheat DDGS, mean ruminal pH tended (P=0.10) to linearly decrease, and ruminal pH status decreased with longer (P=0.04) duration of pH <5.5 and <5.2, and greater (P=0.01) curve area under pH <5.8 and <5.5 without altering (P > 0.19) ruminal VFA and NH(3)-N concentrations. Results indicated that wheat DDGS can be effectively used to replace both barley grain and silage at a moderate amount to meet energy and fiber requirements of finishing cattle. However, when silage content of the diet is low (<10%), wheat DDGS is not an effective fiber source, so replacing forage fiber with wheat DDGS in finishing diets decreases overall ruminal pH status even though the rapidly fermentable starch content of the diet is considerably reduced.     

苜蓿与直穗鹅观草混贮发酵品质研究

以苜蓿(Medicago sativa)与直穗鹅观草（Roegneria turczaninovi）为原料,按不同比例混贮,通过分析发酵品质和营养成分,优化混合青贮比例。结果表明,苜蓿青贮后干物质（DM）和中性洗涤纤维（NDF）含量增加,粗蛋白（CP）、 酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量降低,直穗鹅观草青贮后DM、NDF、CP及ADF含量增加,粗脂肪（EE）和WSC降低;混贮处理CP和Ca含量显著高于直穗鹅观草单贮,而显著低于苜蓿单贮,DM、NDF、ADF含量显著低于直穗鹅观草单贮;随直穗鹅观草在混贮比例中的提高,pH值呈降低趋势,混贮中乳酸占总酸含量居于两种牧草单贮之间,苜蓿与直穗鹅观草3∶7混贮乙酸含量占总酸含量显著高于其他处理（P＜0.05）,为33.9%,混贮处理丁酸产生较少;苜蓿与直穗鹅观草混贮氨态氮占总氮含量显著低于苜蓿单贮（P＜0.05）,且显著高于直穗鹅观草单贮（P＜0.05）;青贮后各处理乳酸菌数达到106 cfu/g（以鲜物质为基础）,较青贮前提高,各混贮处理乳酸菌和霉菌数高于两种牧草单贮;直穗鹅观草单贮发酵品质评分为97分,且氨态氮含量较低,为最佳处理。     

粗饲料及食品加工副产品的瘤胃有机物降解率的研究

本实验用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定了酱油渣（长营）、酱油渣（豆各庄）、白酒糟（大厂）、白酒糟（围场）、玉米淀粉渣、麦芽根、啤酒糟、麸皮、羊草、稻草、氢化稻草、高梁青贮（豆各庄）、大麦青贮（长营）、高粱青贮（长营）、苜蓿、王米秸、麦秸、氨化麦秸的瘤胃有机物动态降解率（％）分别为４６．５０、４６．０２、２５．４１、１８．５４、３８．５８、５９．０３、３２·８４、６９·１４、４１．１４、３２．０９、３７．７７、３９．８６、３６．３６、３６．７８、４５．１３、３２．８７、２９．５０、３７．１５。前８种饲料营养成份的粗脂肪（ＥＥ）、粗蛋白（ＣＰ）、粗纤维（ＣＰ）、无氮浸出物（ＮＰＥ）与瘤胃有机物动态降解率（ＦＯＭ）的回归方程为：ＦＯＭ＝１９１．４５＋０．８０ＥＥ－２．２０ＣＰ－４．３９ＣＦ－０．９１ＮＦＥ（Ｒ＝０．９１．ｎ＝８）相应后１０种饲料的回归方程为：ＦＯＭ＝－１０．５３－０．４１ＥＥ＋１．８３ＣＰ＋０．４４ＣＦ＋０．５６ＮＦＥ（Ｒ＝０．９０，ｎ＝１０）     

Performance of growing indigenous goats fed diets based on urban market crop wastes

The effect of feeding diets including market crop wastes (sweet potato vines (Ipomoea batatas) and scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum)) on growth and digestibility was studied using 32 indigenous intact growing male goats. Adding elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), maize bran and Leucaena leucocephala leaves, four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets (Sweet potato vines, Solanum, Mixed and Control) were formulated. After the growth trial, 12 goats were randomly selected for a digestibility trial with the same diets, and 8 goats for a feed preference test comparing the market wastes and elephant grass. Crude protein (CP) intake was highest (P < 0.05) for the Control (48 g/day) and lowest for the Sweet potato vines diet (23 g/day). Average daily gain was between 11.0 and 14.2 g/day, and similar between diets. The DM and CP digestibilities of the diets were 0.56 and 0.56 (Control), 0.62 and 0.56 (Mixed), 0.59 and 0.49 (Sweet potato vines), and 0.54 and 0.45 (Solanum), respectively. Faecal and urinary N excretions were highest in goats fed the Sweet potato vines and Solanum diets. Eggplant wastes were the least (P < 0.05) preferred. On average the goats spent 5% of their 8-hour time eating eggplant wastes, 34% on sweet potato vines and 36% on elephant grass. Growth performance and N retention were low due to the low intake of feed, especially eggplant wastes.