Analysis of accelerated fatigue test technology for wind turbines gearbox

In order to satisfy the high reliability requirements of wind turbines gearbox, a method of accelerated fatigue test is proposed to verify the fatigue reliability of the gearbox. According to the design load spectrum, the equivalent load and the number of stress cycles of parts in gearbox are deduced. Based on Miner linear cumulative damage theory, the fatigue degree of the gears and bearings are calculated. A linear accelerated load spectrum with the equivalent fatigue ratio of design load spectrum is provided to check the reliability of the gearbox. The results show that this method can verify the reliability of wind turbine gearbox within about 800 h.     

Modeling and simulation of a grid connected wind turbine withdoubly fed induction generator

In order to fully research the effects of external excitations, such as wind speed, wind direction and voltage disturbance, on a grid connected wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator, a co-simulation model of MW-class wind turbine system is established by using Simpack and Matlab/Simulink software. Also, by considering the actual control strategies in the process of simulation, the relationship between external excitations and mechanical system is studied. According to time-domain simulation under the turbulent wind condition, the dynamic meshing forces of gears are analyzed. Besides, the vibration responses of tower are calculated under the different external excitations. Research results lay a foundation for dynamic performance optimization and reliability design of a wind turbine.     

Multi-objective dynamic optimization design of high-power wind turbine gearbox

A dynamic model of NGW helical planetary gear transmission for high-power wind turbine gearbox is established by considering these factors as errors of gears and time-varying mesh stiffness by using mass centralized method. Moreover, the random wind velocity is simulated as external seismic excitation making the results more conform to practical condition. And on this basis, this system is optimized for minimum gearbox volume and minimum component torsional acceleration with the restriction of reliability and strength restrain. The result indicates that the optimized parameters make gear transmission lightweight and the dynamic property improved so as to reduing vibration and noised.     

Dynamic analysis of wind turbine gearbox

By inputting reduced matrix of stiffness and mass, a dynamic model including flexible housing, ring gear and carrier for a 3 MW wind turbine gearbox is established based on MASTA. And analysis results show that the kinetic percentage of housing is maximum near the gear mesh frequency and response is maximum at the 1st mesh frequency of HSS gear. The analysis results show certain agreement with vibration test results. This paper can provide reference for avoiding vibration in gearbox design.     

Load modling and analysis of wind turbine under consideringthe space coordinate transformation

Based on coordinate transformation and mechanical analysis, load transformation between blade root and rotor coordinate system for wind turbine is derived.And an analysis model closer to actual working condition is established.Taking a 5 MW wind turbine as analysis object, analyzing results of the new model, traditional simplified model and GH Bladed model are compared, and results are good enough to validate this new model has higher reliability and accuracy.In addition, based on analyzing to load component, through access to instance data of each factor in process of coordinate transformation, the impact of each factor can be accurately analyzed, which is of great significance to control and reduce load.     

ANSYS/PDS风电齿轮箱收缩盘联接可靠性分析

笔者建立了某风电齿轮箱主轴收缩盘联接的轴对称参数化有限元模型,并结合主轴扭矩作用应用ANSYS非线性接触对该模型进行了强度分析。由于材料属性、制造过程、边界条件以及载荷等设计参数的不确定性会影响计算的精确性,应用ANSYS/PDS模块,根据失效模式确定整体功能函数并由此建立结构极限状态方程,采用蒙特卡罗超拉丁采样方法对收缩盘联接进行可靠性分析,得到整体联接的可靠度和失效率,并给出累积概率分布。研究结果表明:收缩盘传扭联接性能和结构件强度均满足设计要求,其联接的可靠度达到94.8%,达到了工程设计要求,对风电齿轮箱收缩盘联接的可靠性设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Dynamic optimization design of gear transmission system for wind turbine

The differential equation which governs the behavior of the gear transmission system of 1.5 MW wind turbine is established. The external excitation caused by wind speed fluctuation is discussed and the internal excitation due to time varying mesh stiffness and comprehensive error is also analyzed. The calculating formulations of the harmonic balance method of nonlinear dynamic equations are presented. Then, the multi objective dynamic optimization model is developed to minimize the value of vibration acceleration and the overall volume. The optimization of a practical example using mixed discrete combined programming is performed. The result shows that the proposed method of modeling and optimization design can effectively reduce the wind turbines gearbox vibration levels and weight.     

system modeling and simulation of wind turbines

Wind turbines operate in harsh environment with transient and variable working conditions. As a result, wind turbines are complicated, nonlinear, uncertain systems. Modeling and analysis of these systems are crucial to their design. Based on MATLAB, a new dynamic simulation model of a stalled wind turbine was presented. The blade element momentum theory and the state space method were programmed into MATLAB/SIMULINK to calculate wind turbine aerodynamic performance. The generator was also modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK, taking the coupling between the generator and the rotor speed into consideration. Based on the proposed MATLAB model, an analysis of a 600 kW wind turbine was carried out. The calculation values were compared with the measured data. The results indicate the correctness of the proposed MATLAB model. The simulation model can be applied to optimize design and control of stalled wind turbines.     

Overall control strategy and operational performances of a doubly fed wind turbine generator system

In order to comprehensively and correctly analyze the real-time operational characteristics of a grid-connected wind turbine generator system, it is necessary to analyze the overall control strategies and operation performances of the wind turbine generator system. According to the type of a doubly fed wind turbine generator system, the mathematical models of wind turbine, drive train and doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) are presented. From the viewpoints of the maximum wind energy capture and safe operation of the wind turbine, a maximum power output control strategy is proposed by considering the DFIG loss minimization, and a variable pitch control strategy is also presented by considering generator rotational speed restriction and the output power restriction. Combined with a power decoupling strategy of DFIG, the overall operational performances of the doubly fed wind turbine generator system are simulated. By comparing the simulation, theoretical analysis and actual operational data, the results show that the presented model and overall control strategies of the doubly fed wind turbine generator system are valid.     

Junction stiffness analysis and vibration noise prediction of wind power speed-increase gearbox

In order to study the vibration characteristics and radiation noise of wind power speed-increase gearbox, a torsional vibration model of wind power speed-increase gearbox is established based on the analysis of supporting stiffness of bearing and contact stiffness of gear pairs. By solving the vibration differential equation with the help of Matlab, the frequency and corresponding vibration mode are obtained. With taking stiffness excitation, error exaction and meshing impact exaction into account, the dynamic finite element model of speed-increase gearbox is set up, and the dynamic response simulation is carried out. Regarding vibration displacement of the nodes on gearbox surface as boundary condition, an acoustic boundary element model of speed-increase gearbox is built. The surface acoustic pressure of gearbox and the radiation noise of field points are solved by the direct boundary element method. The results show that there is a great difference between torsion frequency and excitation frequency of wind power speed-increase gearbox, and so the resonance doesn't occur. The maximum structural noise and radiation noise mainly appear near the double octave of the gears meshing frequency of high-speed grade.     

Airfoil design using improved particle swarm optimization

Based on the theory of standard particle swarm optimization (PSO), an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is presented, and it has a better optimized performance than standard PSO. A multi-objective wind turbine airfoil shape optimization model is established and 4 kinds of different thick wind turbine airfoils with better performance are designed by using the improved PSO algorithm. The aerodynamic performance of the CQU-A18 and CQU-A21 airfoils are analyzed in detail compared with the commonly used wind turbine airfoil with the same thickness. The results show that the new airfoils show very good aerodynamic characteristics, and they are found to be very insensitive to leading edge roughness. The new airfoils exhibit the higher lift coefficient and larger lift/drag ratio in both smooth condition and rough condition at the main angle of attacks. The performances of the new airfoils show a significant improvement compared with the typical airfoils.     

Performance simulation of high-power wind turbine under the action of wind and wave

In order to research the offshore wind turbine which operates in harsh environment with transient and variable working conditions, the system is simulated and analyzed by simulation technology. The aerodynamic load of wind turbine is calculated by applying GDW theory and wave load is calculated by applying Airy wave theory. The drive chain is programmed in Matlab/ simulink and the flexible multi-body model of the wind turbine is built in Adams. The combined simulation of the wind turbine is carried out. The results of a 5 MW offshore wind turbine show that the method has excellent ability to simulate the performance almost the same as software Bladed result.     

Analysis on the Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbine Using Neural Network Controller

It is very difficult to build the accurate mathematical model of the wind turbine generator system because of the uncertainty of air kinetics and the complexity of power electronics, especially when the wind speed changes abruptly or there is a disturbance. But the classical control needs the model. Using neural network controller to the wind turbine generator system can overcome these difficulties. The wind speed can be followed and the maximum power can be obtained under low wind speed by using the power coefficient curve BP neural network and the optimum pitch angle BP neural network. The maximum power can be kept and under the allowed range in the condition of high wind speed. The simulation model and result are given under the environment of MATLAB. The fluctuation of wind speed can be controlled and the disturbance can be cancelled by BP neural network controller.     

Arrangement and design of main bearing for wind turbine

The wind turbine bearing runs under complicated loading and vibration condition and its design and analysis is a developing and crossing discipline. The typical main bearing arrangements for wind turbine are compared, including the 3-point arrangement with spherical roller bearing, double-row tapered roller bearing and cylindrical roller bearing, two single-row tapered roller bearings. The various factors including the wind turbine type, loading, cost and weight are considered in the design of wind turbine drive train. The influencing factor of bearing reliability and the relationship between wind load, drive train and bearing are studied. Based on an example of bearing reliability, the influence of complicated topography on wind load and bearing life is analyzed. The commonality of the wind farms with wind turbine failure is found, i.e. the topology and the wind condition of most wind turbine sites are very unfavorable, e.g. with sleep slope, not enough distance between adjacent wind turbines. Such factors can cause abnormal wind shear and turbulence, which can bring unexpected load onto the bearing. The key factors in the analysis procedure of topography and wind resource are discussed.     

Dynamic characteristics analysis of megawatt wind turbine drive train

Since the wind turbines are installed on the flexible support tower, the drive train of the wind turbines runs under severe work conditions with varying wind directions and loads. So its failure rate is high and it is the bottle neck of the wind power development. This work presents a study which takes the coupling effect of oscillating of tower barrel and the twisting vibration of driven train into account. Using the lumped parameter method, a coupled dynamic model for the megawatt wind turbine drive train is built by considering the flexible tower barrel support effects. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the megawatt wind turbine drive train are analyzed. The Campbell chart is used in this research to analyze the potential resonance points. And the potential resonance frequencies between the cutting in and cutting out rotational speed of the drive train are obtained. Finally, Simpack is used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of drive train and verify the correctness of the proposed method.     

Gear-bearing coupling dynamics characteristics of wind turbine planetary gear transmission system under variable load

Considering that the transmission system of wind turbine works in complex and changing load environment caused by stochastic wind speed,this paper uses sparse least squares support vector machine(SL-SVM) to simulate wind speed of true wind field,and obtains time-varying wind load caused by stochastic wind speed. The lumped-parameter method is used to develop a dynamic model of planetary gear transmission system of wind turbine coupled with bearing. The model includes the varying wind load,time-vary mesh stiffness of gear pair and time-vary stiffness of rolling element bearing. The numerical method is used to simulate the dynamic performance of planetary gear system of Multibrid Technology Wind Turbine with 1.5 MW rated power. The vibration displacement responses of the transmission system are obtained as well as dynamic meshing force each pair of gear and nonlinear bearing forces. The research can provide a foundation for optimizing dynamic performance and reliable design of gear transmission system of wind generator.     

Slicing Algorithm Based on the New Laminated Object Manufacturing Process

To solve some key problems existing in the manufacturing of metallic functional part via Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), the new LOM process is presented. The requirements of the slicing data adapting new LOM process have been put forward, the corresponding calculating expressions have been deduced and the slicing processes of CAD model have been implemented     

农产品质量安全风险评估学科发展与思考

为了理清中国农产品质量安全风险评估现实理论需求和学科发展方向,系统分析了中国农产品质量与安全专业课程设置,以及近年来农业部成立的农产品质量安全风险评估研究体系等情况。截至2015 年底,成立了1 个国家农产品质量安全风险评估机构和100 家农产品质量安全风险评估实验室,各类高校也以不同形式设置了农产品质量与安全专业。但风险评估学科发展滞后,学校在开设新专业时,没完全把实际需求的风险评估理论和评估模型等基础研究作为课程设置的依据。最后阐述了农产品质量安全风险评估学科发展思路：加强风险评估学科建设,强化风险评估基础理论研究;在评价已知和探索未知危害因子的基础上,创新评估理论,建立适合中国国情的风险评估技术和评估模型;同时应客观进行农产品营养功能评价,加强风险交流,科学引导消费。     

Implementation of Green Building Design Strategies Needs Whole Process Control and Supervision

Whether the intention of green building design can be realized in buildings needs to be verified in practice.This study firstly investigates the basic climate conditions including the monthly average temperatures,humidity,wind directions,and wind speeds in Sydney,Australia,based on which it introduces some passive design features such as natural ventilation,thermal mass,natural lighting and shading control of an educational and office building in the University of New South Wales.Then,it reviews some problems identified from the post-occupancy stage of the building and discusses the strategies to solve the problems.Finally,it suggests that to implement the design intentions and ensure the expected performance of green buildings,attentions should be paid to supervise and direct implementation of the green design strategies and techniques in the whole process(from preliminary design,working drawing design,construction,to the occupancy stage) of building practice.     

An asymmetric fault ride-through control method forPMSG wind turbine based onsuper-capacitors

With the rapid increasing interaction between wind turbines and power systems, wind turbines have to have the fault ride-through (FRT) capability to ensure the safe operation of power grid. In order to improve the asymmetric FRT capability of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine, a novel control FRT method based on super-capacitors is proposed. In this method, super-capacitors are connected to the DC bus of AC-DC-AC converter via a bi-directional DC-DC converter, and the power processed by the super-capacitors is controlled to limit the increasing of the DC bus voltage of the AC-DC-AC converter in grid failure condition, and to reduce the 2nd order voltage ripple in the DC bus. Meanwhile, the proposed control method employs the grid voltage feed-forward approach to reduce the negative sequence current component in the grid side converter. According to the low voltage ride through (LVRT) standard, the selection of the super-capacitor capacity is also discussed, and then a mathematical model of the super-capacitor with the bi-directional DC-DC converter is established for designing the controller. Simulation results for a 1MW PMSG wind turbine by MATLAB show that the proposed control method reduces both the negative sequence current component in grid side converter and the 2nd order voltage ripple in DC link at the same time. The results also demonstrate that the asymmetric FRT capability of PMSG wind turbine is improved, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed control method in this paper.