东北三江平原湿地现状、面临的威胁和保护措施

三江平原是黑龙江省东北部由冲积平原和低山组成的广袤区域,它是中国和东亚最大的一片湿地.三江平原现有28个湿地保护区,其中3个被列为Ramsar公约有重要国际影响的湿地.三江平原湿地具有丰富的生物多样性,但随着近年来开发的加剧,三江平原湿地的面积不断缩小,湿地的质量逐步恶化.本文在阐述了三江平原湿地现状的同时,对湿地面临的主要威胁、退化的主要原因以及亟待解决的问题做了深入的分析,同时提出了改善流域的管理、加强湿地生境与生物多样性的保护与恢复、改变湿地周边地区居民的生活方式及强化湿地保护的能力建设等4个方面保护三江平原湿地的有效措施.     

Analysis of developing non-timber forest products of Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Introduction of Sanjiang Plain The Sanjiang Plain is a vast area of alluvial floodplains and low hills in northeast Heilongjiang Province, China. It is characterized by the confluence of three major rivers, the Heilong River (Amur in Russia), the Wusuli R…     

Biomass structure and nitrogen, phosphorus nutrient of Calamagrostis angustifolia populations in different communities of Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Calamagrostis angustifolia is the dominant species in the typical meadow and marsh meadow communities of Sanjiang Plain. The study on its biomass, the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents in its different organs showed that the biomass of different C. angustifolia organs in the two types of wetland communities was distinctly different, which could be described by polynomial. The biomass of aboveground part and each organ presented single peak changing, with the maximum value of the latter occurred 15 days after. The F/C values were all less than 1, which were bigger in typical meadow than those in marsh meadow. The total N and P contents in different organs of aboveground part all descended monotonically in growth season, with the order of leaf>vagina>stem. The change of total N content in roots of the two types of C. angustifolia was consistent, while that of total P was quite different. The content of total N, ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ⁻-N), especially of NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ⁻-N, varied widely in different organs, with NH₄ ⁺-N/NO₃ ⁻-N>1. Root was the important storage of N and P, but the storage of N and P in stem, leaf and vagina fluctuated greatly. The N/P ratios of the two types of C. angustifolia were all less than 14, which implied that N might be the limiting nutrient of C. angustifolia, and the limitation degree was higher in typical meadow than that in marsh meadow. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(2): 221–228 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

三江平原典型湿地毛果苔草养分含量及累积特征

以三江平原典型湿地毛果苔草群落为研究对象,在2007年5月至2008年9月研究了毛果苔草植物地上和地下部生物量季节动态以及养分（氮、碳、磷）特征。结果表明：毛果苔草地上生物量随着植物的生长符合二次函数模型,地下生物量随着植物的生长符合指数增长模型。毛果苔草地上、地下部分有机碳含量随植物生长均呈显著正的线性相关,相关系数分别是0.983和0.746。地上、地下有机碳累积量随着植物生长的变化趋势与其生物量的变化是一致的,随着植物的生长符合二次函数模型。毛果苔草地上、地下部分总氮含量和积累量随着植物的生长分别符合指数递增模型。毛果苔草磷含量随着植物的生长分别符合二次函数模型,但是磷累积量随着植物的生长分别符合线性增长模型。植物生长季毛果苔草植物体碳/氮的大小与其总氮含量呈反比关系,碳/磷的大小与其总磷含量呈反比关系,研究表明氮含量是毛果苔草生长过程中的限制性养分。     

中国东北地区的立木腐朽菌

简要论述了中国东北地区的立木腐朽菌,共报道危害活立木的木腐菌４９种,对每个种的寄主、腐朽类型及分布进行了报道,它们中多数造成白色腐朽,少数导致褐色腐朽,其中在我国首次报道为森林病原菌的种类有：白黄小薄孔菌Ａｎｔｒｏｄｉｅｌｌａ ａｌｂｏｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｅａ,奥氏蜜环菌Ａｒｍｉｌｌａｒｉａ ａｓｔｏｙａｅ,亚黑管孔菌Ｂｊｅｒｋａｎｄｅｒａ ｆｕｍｏｓａ,硬栓孔菌Ｆｕｎａｌｉａ ｔｒａｇｉｉ,小孔异担     

东北地区绿化树种引种与应用综述

概述了我国东北地区绿化树种的引种以及城市中绿化树种的应用状况,并对东北地区绿化树种引种与应用存在的问题与对策进行了探讨,以期为深入研究和开发适宜东北地区的绿化树种资源提供参考。     

The effects of benthos and wetland area on shorebird abundance and species richness in coastal mangrove wetlands of Leizhou Peninsula, China

Twenty-two species shorebirds were recorded on mangrove wetlands surrounding Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province, China. One recorded species, Spoon-billed Sandpiper (Eurynorhynchus pygmeus), is listed as endangered in the IUCN Red List (World Conservation Union) and this was the first record of the species at Leizhou in this study. Most recorded species are listed in the Sino-Japan or Sino-Australia Agreement on Conservation of Migratory Birds. Dunlin (Calidris alpina), Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), and Greater Sand Plover (Charadrius leschenaultii) were dominant, accounting for 34%, 32%, and 12% of total individuals, respectively. Five survey sites were designated by habitat type. There was no significant difference in species, but total abundance differed significantly among survey sites. More species were recorded in winter and spring than in summer. One hundred and sixty-five species of benthos were recorded. Total mean biomass and density of benthos was 223.3 ± 74.8 g/m² (±S.E.), density 210.97 ± 67.6 ind./m², respectively. Mollusks accounted for 83.4% of total biomass, and 75.6% of total density. Both biomass and density of benthos varied significantly among survey sites. There was no significant difference between spring and autumn on biomass or density of benthos. There was a significant and negative correlation between number of shorebirds and densities of polychaetes on mudflats. Shorebird species richness (F_1,3 = 13.14, p = 0.036) and abundance (F_1,3 = 12.59, p = 0.037) were significantly and positively correlated with mudflat area. Stopping losses of mangrove habitat and tidal flats is the top priority measure for shorebird conservation. Reducing the impacts of human disturbance on both habitats and birds is an urgent necessity for mangrove wetland conservation management.     

我国重要湿地岱海的鸟类资源现状及保护建议

文章调查报道岱海的鸟类资源,并对湿地鸟类的保护管理提出了相应的建议。共观察记录到68种鸟类,录属于14目27科50属。鸟类组成以鸻鹬类、雁鸭类和鸥类为主体类群。候鸟有56种,占总数的82.4%,其中夏候鸟有43种,旅鸟有13种;留鸟12种,占总数的17.6%。55种繁殖鸟类中古北种有38种,占繁殖鸟总数的69.1%,区系上明显以古北界成分为主。有国家一级保护鸟类黑鹳、二级保护鸟类白琵鹭、大天鹅、白尾鹞、红脚隼、属世界受胁鸟类鸿雁以及《中国濒危动物红皮书》中的未定濒危级别种黑尾滕鹬等7种。     

东北主要天然次生林干扰与演替规律

对东北地区兴安落叶松林、阔叶红松林和山地云冷杉林三大地带性顶级群落衍生出的主要次生林的生态演替过程规律,以及干扰在次生林演替过程中的作用影响进行了综述。结果显示人为干扰对次生林演替的作用有利有弊,但大部分的自然干扰不利于次生林进展演替,利用好采伐、补植和火烧等人为干扰可以有效地促进次生林的演替进程,次生林演替全周期经营和复杂的自然干扰对东北次生林演替的作用机制是未来进一步的研究重点。     

长江口北支湿地保护及其可持续利用对策

在实地调查的基础上,论述了长江口北支湿地的重要保护价值,分析了长江口北支湿地目前面临的主要威胁,提出了长江口北支湿地自然保护区的调整和规划、设计方案,以及长江口北支湿地的可持续利用对策,包括生态学措施、产业发展措施和政策措施。     

中国西部自然保护区与周边社区协调发展的研究与实践

中国西部自然保护区的周边大多是贫困社区，目前来自当地社区的资源利用压力已成为提高自然保护区管理质量的主要障碍。改善自然保护区管理必须以对周边社区的扶贫为基础，通过资金支持下的社区参与共管共利，自然保护区由自然保护的控制方转换为组织，将原本对立的自然保护区管理人员和当地社区群众转化为保护目标的维护。在一些案例点已初步实现了自然保护区与周边社区经济的协调发展，取得了一些共管的模式化成果。本在分析了目前中国西部自然保护区建设和管理的质量问题基础上，认为推行社区参与自然保护区共管是提高自然保护区管理质量的首选途径，并系统阐明了当地社区参与组成共管体系的原则和技术路线以及一些模式化成果。最后，指出在实施社区参与共管过程中亟待解决的若干问题。     

择伐后长白山北坡天然次生林乔木种多样性的变化动态

通过调查了不同时期择伐后形成的长白山北坡天然次生林的群落特性,研究了28年恢复期间乔木种多样性的变化动态。结果表明:(1)天然次生林内林分的乔木种丰富度S变化较小,始终保持在18-22;(2)在次生林内更新层、演替层及林分的Simpson指数D变化趋势基本类似,主林层在受到干扰后的前15年恢复期Simpson指数D缓慢减小,第15年以后变化比较小;(3)天然次生林的多样性指数变化较小,Shannon-Wiener指数(H)变化幅度始终保持在原始林的H±10%以内。图3表1参14。     

我国湿地监测发展现状与展望

在详细介绍了我国现有湿地监测指标体系、技术方法发展现状的基础上,指出存在的问题,并对未来的湿地监测进行展望。以期为我国建立科学合理的湿地监测体系,包括湿地监测指标体系和湿地监测技术方法提供参考。     

江苏淮河流域湿地现状、生态威胁及保护对策

根据江苏省第2次湿地资源调查成果,从湿地类型、面积、分布状况、动植物资源等方面分析江苏淮河流域湿地资源现状和保护状况,探讨江苏淮河流域湿地面临的面积萎缩、环境污染、功能下降等生态威胁,并从加快立法、加强湿地保护与恢复、开展湿地合理利用等方面提出了加强流域内湿地保护措施,促进湿地资源的保护和可持续利用。     

THE STATUS AND CONSERVATION OF WILDFOWL(ANATIDAE) IN HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE, CHINA

INTRODUCTPNHeilongiiangProvinceislocatedinnorth-eaStChina(l2l"l9,-l3"55'Eand43"35,-53"o5'N).Itstotalareaisabout4.6xlo5kInzandabout4.8%ofChinatemtory.AndthelargestmarshIandinChina--TheSan-jiangPlain,withanareaofoverl.oxlO'k,112islocatedhere.ThismarshlandprovidesanexceIlenthabitatsforwaterfOwsIllLittledaawasavailableonbirdsintheregronbefOrel96os.Thegovernn1entofHeilonaiiangProvinceorganizedtwosurveysofwildlifeinthelQ7Osandl983resPechvely.nsTEWroareruODSThewholesurveyonnumberandd…     

向海湿地迁徙鸟类的调查分析与保护对策

连续4 a对向海湿地迁徙鸟类进行调查与分析,结果表明:湿地整体生境呈缓慢恢复态势;以2005年为调查基准年,2006年2、007年、2008年迁徙鸟类的种类分别增加了8.6%、11.4%、10.0%,种群数量分别增加了87.8%、75.5%、59.8%,迁徙鸟类的种类和种群数量呈增加趋势。自然力作用的湿地缺水旱化和人畜活动仍是影响迁徙鸟类生境的2个主要原因。加强湿地生境保护、开展湿地功能恢复与提高技术的研究、开展迁徙伤病鸟救治、建立多方合作保护体系等是有效对策。     

海南岛热带森林的变迁及生物多样性的保护对策*

海南岛是我国森林生物多样性最高的地区之一，全岛的野生植物种类约占全国的１１．６％。而由于人口的增长，工农业生产和经济建设的飞速发展，热带森林遭到了很大程度的破坏，森林覆盖率已由１９５０年的３５．４％下降到１９９０年的７．９％，全岛受国家和地方重点保护的珍稀濒危动动有１０２种，植物９３种，已灭绝的植物１种，许多物种的生存目前受到了严重的威胁。文中分析了海南岛热带森林的变迁情况、毁林原因和生物多样性锐减的现状，并提出了保护海南岛热带森林及其生物多样性的措施和建议。     

The Status and Conservation of the Great Bustard in Northeast China

DistributionandPopulationTherearetwosubspeciesofGreatBustardsinChina;OtiStardatardaarareresidentofinKashiregion,TianshanMountainsandTurpanregioninXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegioninnorth-westernChina.TheotherisO.t.dybowsklifoundinnortheasternChina(ChengTso-hs…     

Methane flux and production from sediments of a mangrove wetland on Hainan Island, China

Methane fluxes from sediments in different zones of a Bruguiera sexangula mangrove wetland were determined by closed static chamber techniques during one whole year period, at Changning River estuary, northeast of Hainan Island, China. Methane productions were also measured by anaerobically incubating sediment samples. Impacts of salinity, sulphate and temperature on methane production rates were studied in vitro. Great differences of annual methane fluxes were observed in three zones, with the values of 0.39, 0.20 and 0.12gm–2 in the outer zone, middle zone and inner zone, respectively, in part due to the differences of sediment water contents and crab bioturbation. The highest fluxes in each zone occurred in autumn and the lowest in winter. Large diurnal fluctuations in fluxes were caused by the changes of tidal conditions rather than the changes of air or sediment temperatures. The temporal and spatial patterns of methane production differed somewhat from those of methane flux. There was great seasonality for methane production and the highest productions were found in autumn and the lowest in spring. Different horizontal and vertical patterns occurred in different seasons and different zones, suggesting the complexity of factors controlling methane production. The in vitro control experiments indicated that salinity and sulphate had negative effects whereas temperature (20–50°C) had positive effects on methane production rates. However, there were different sensitivities for the different levels of the three factors.     

我国自然保护区应对气候变化风险现状、问题与对策

气候变化会导致自然保护区主要保护对象、潜在边界或关键生境发生迁移或灭失,直接影响自然保护区的生态服务功能,甚至威胁国家生态安全。根据实地调研材料,文中分析了气候变化对我国自然保护区的影响、风险管控现状和面临的问题,从加强自然保护区气候变化影响监测、风险预警与管控科学研究,构建应对气候变化风险的适应性管理技术体系,建立健全管控机制,开展试点示范,开展应对气候变化风险的国际合作与交流等方面提出了对策建议,以期为我国在应对气候变化和划定生态红线的新形势下加强自然保护区适应性管理提供决策参考。