主题公园的发展及其景观特征探析

简要总结了主题公园的概念、特点及发展情况,对主题公园的景观特征进行了分析,以期在今后我国的主题公园景观规划设计中得以借鉴.     

Bridging landscape preference and landscape design: A study on the preference and optimal combination of landscape elements based on conjoint analysis

Landscape preference is the focus of landscape research, in which the relationship between landscape elements and landscape preference is an important issue. Most previous studies have analysed correlation between the landscape preference scored by the public and scores on the quality of landscape elements by experts; some have compared the effects of individual landscape elements on landscape preference by photo simulation. In this study, landscape preference is regarded as the selection preference of landscape element combination. The conjoint analysis method is used to further explore the ranking and optimal combination of the significant degrees of impact of landscape elements on landscape preference when multiple landscape element combinations are used. The results show that the influence degrees of landscape elements on landscape preference in urban parks followed the order water, square, openness of the landscape, vegetation, road and seats. The optimal combination of landscape elements is the open landscape with flowing water, a shaded square, rich vegetation, a road and seats. This study demonstrates the advantages of the conjoint analysis method over the univariate method in controlling multiple variables, improving experimental efficiency and obtaining more meaningful results. A combination of urban park landscape elements based on landscape preference is helpful to inspire landscape architects to make choices among multiple landscape elements, provides evidence-based design methods for landscape design and offers basic parameters for the wide application of the parametric design or computational design of landscape architecture.     

沈阳公园运动空间植物景观研究与评价

以沈阳市公园为研究区域,针对公园运动空间旁植物景观进行研究评价。采用AHP层次分析法建立植物景观评价体系,进而确定植物景观评价因子以及各个因子的权重,对植物景观进行评价。     

观光果园景观质量评价体系的研究

观光果园是以绿色果品生产和生态旅游相结合的新兴产业.景观质量评价对观光果园建设前的方案评估和建成后的优化方案都具有重要的理论和实践指导意义.该研究以观光果园景观质量为总目标,运用层次分析法,从景观、景观元素、景观元素特征的隶属层次,建立了观光果园景观质量的评价体系,得出了各类因子在观光果园景观质量中所占的权重,反映了各因子之间的主次关系.结果表明:观光果园主要以自然景观为主,兼顾人文景观和工程景观,各景观的相对权重为72.6%,17.2%,10.2%;在景观元素层上,应重点考虑以果树为特色的景观,其次要开展以果树资源为独特性的体验活动,再次是结合水体、园林植物、园林建筑、民风民俗、道路、灌溉设施、园墙等艺术处理,科学布局,构建独具风格的观光果园.在此基础上,运用模糊数学,进行综合评判,指导观光果园的设计和优化.     

基于SBE法的聊城市公园植物景观量化评价

通过对聊城市公园现有植物景观的调查,摄取相关景观的照片,采用SBE法对聊城市公园植物景观进行量化评价。基于评价结果,对评价高的公园植物景观实例结合园林植物和景观生态学相关理论进行了分析,为公园植物造景提供科学的依据。     

Effects of urban waterfront park landscape elements on visual behavior and public preference: Evidence from eye-tracking experiments

High-quality urban blue-green spaces are essential to enhance the well-being of residents. Public preferences in urban landscapes are closely related to visual behavior and can meet human needs. By combining objective eye-movement data with subjective evaluation data, public preferences for blue-green typical spatial waterfront parks were analyzed based on visual behavior. Taking Wuhan, a megacity in China, as an example, four types of landscapes were identified: waterscape, plantscape, hardscape, and integrated landscape. Using visual clustering to identify eye movement indicators, we analyzed the influence of element types, proportions and combinations on public preferences based on visual behavior differences related to landscape elements. The results indicated that: (1) visual behaviors differ among elements and preferences, arbor commands overall attention, and pavilion is the element attended to first. (2) The positive correlation between water and fatigue recovery increased by 0.163 after combination with reflection, while the correlation between arbor and fatigue recovery changed from 0.353 (p < 0.01) to − 0.251 (p < 0.01) after combination with shrub and grass. (3) Plantscape and waterscape were rated as more natural, intimate, and restorative, but the most element-rich integrated landscape had the highest beauty ratings. Hardscape had significantly lower ratings but were generally considered to be fully utilized spaces. (4) The most significant visual behavior factor affecting evaluations was fixation duration, and the most critical landscape elements were arbor and pavilion. This study reveals differences in people's visual perceptions and preferences for waterfront parks through eye-movement experiments, and could lead to more judicious landscape element selections and park space compositions.     

浅议现代小区景观设计中的几点问题

随着城市设计的介入,环境质量意识的提高,人们开始思考景观营造这个问题。然而,当今中国的所谓景观设计业务又大多数来自于房地产商。因此,景观设计还没有开始在中国奠定自己的理论和实践基础,就已经成为了房地产商们售楼的一个必要的组成部分,此做法违背了景观设计的基本精神。     

Surface metrics: an alternative to patch metrics for the quantification of landscape structure

Modern landscape ecology is based on the patch mosaic paradigm, in which landscapes are conceptualized and analyzed as mosaics of discrete patches. While this model has been widely successful, there are many situations where it is more meaningful to model landscape structure based on continuous rather than discrete spatial heterogeneity. The growing field of surface metrology offers a variety of surface metrics for quantifying landscape gradients, yet these metrics are largely unknown and/or unused by landscape ecologists. In this paper, we describe a suite of surface metrics with potential for landscape ecological application. We assessed the redundancy among metrics and sought to find groups of similarly behaved metrics by examining metric performance across 264 sample landscapes in western Turkey. For comparative purposes and to evaluate the robustness of the observed patterns, we examined 16 different patch mosaic models and 18 different landscape gradient models of landscape structure. Surface metrics were highly redundant, but less so than patch metrics, and consistently aggregated into four cohesive clusters of similarly behaved metrics representing surface roughness, shape of the surface height distribution, and angular and radial surface texture. While the surface roughness metrics have strong analogs among the patch metrics, the other surface components are largely unique to landscape gradients. We contend that the surface properties we identified are nearly universal and have potential to offer new insights into landscape pattern–process relationships. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

沈阳市水生植物景观应用调查与评价

选取沈阳市已经在景观设计中应用的水生植物为研究对象,调查现有公园绿地内水生植物种类,运用AHP层次分析法对其进行美感评价,总结出可用于景观营造的水生植物品种与分类,得到其权重并排序,对今后沈阳市水生植物景观设计具有一定的参考价值。     

How eye-catching are natural features when walking through a park? Eye-tracking responses to videos of walks

Since the 1960s researchers have developed a range of techniques for evaluating landscape preference. In parallel with this trend, eye-tracking technology has become cheaper, more mobile and more accurate, heralding a new era of big data capture and analysis for landscape preference. In this project our objective was to capitalise on the increasing mobility, sophistication and cheapness of eye-tracking technology to examine its utility in analysing landscape preference. In the following we describe how we eye-tracked 35 participants as they viewed walks through two different parks in the urban center of Melbourne, Australia. We show how participants dwelt on trees and bushes more than other objects. When we compared this to the time and space that objects occupy, participants overwhelmingly dwelt on artificial objects such as lamp-posts, distant buildings and benches. Overall we provide an exploration and method for analysing eye-tracking data in parks by normalising the dwell time by the content, providing a robust means of comparing different dynamic stimuli such as videos.     

国家森林公园建设发展情况及其空间格局

为探索国家森林公园建设发展情况并揭示其空间分布规律,本研究采用知识图谱及GIS空间技术对我国国家森林公园的研究进展和空间格局进行了可视化的探索分析.结果 显示:(1)国家森林公园、生态旅游、森林旅游、风景园林、生物多样性、自然保护区、评价、群落结构等是我国森林公园的历史研究热点领域.(2)我国国家森林公园总体呈现东密西疏的空间格局,东北区域及西南区域公园分布较为集中,青海及西藏地区相反.(3)1992-2017年期间国家森林公园的面积得到了更为显著的提升,黑龙江、西藏、新疆、内蒙古4省贡献的面积较多,天津、上海、宁夏、海南4省市对全国国家森林公园建设面积的贡献较小.西部地区国家森林公园的数量有待提升,宁夏、海南2省的国家森林公园总面积有较大理论拓展空间,未来可以加强国家森林公园动态监测评价、森林公园管理制度保障、森林公园建设成效评价、智慧森林公园等方面的研究,以此来推动全国森林公园的全面健康发展.     

Effect of landscape structure on anopheline mosquito density and diversity in northern Thailand: Implications for malaria transmission and control

The influence of landscape structure on anopheline mosquito density and diversity was studied in a comparison of agricultural and forested landscapes in northern Thailand. Agriculture locations had significantly higher landscape diversity, more patches, smaller mean patch sizes, and more complex patch shapes than forest locations. Mosquito collections were undertaken during both dry and wet seasons from October 1997 to December 1999. The density of two forest-associated species, Anopheles maculatus s.s. and Anopheles minimus s.l., both primary malaria vectors in Thailand, was significantly higher in forest locations in at least one season. The density of two paddy field-associated species, Anopheles aconitus and Anopheles hyrcanus group did not differ between locations. Anopheles aconitus is a secondary malaria vector and An. hyrcanus group is not considered as a vector in Thailand. The density of An. minimus s.l. was positively related to forest mean patch size, various water and paddy field landscape metrics and negatively related to landscape diversity. Anopheles hyrcanus group was also positively related to water metrics. Anopheline species diversity was negatively related to landscape diversity. Forest fragmentation resulting from human economic activities often increases landscape heterogeneity, which may result in a reduction in anopheline species diversity, as was the case in this study. There are indications that the effect of fruit orchards on anopheline diversity might be different in the dry season compared to the wet season. Fruit orchard landscape metrics affected species diversity negatively in the dry season and positively in the wet season. One reason for this could be that pesticides are typically applied in fruit orchards during the dry season. The conversion of forests to fruit orchards is a major land-use change in northern Thailand. These results show the complexity of vector status in northern Thailand and that vector and agriculture pest control are intricately interrelated. It is therefore important to include both the public health and agricultural sectors in controlling malaria vectors in the country. Our results also indicate that if landscape management should be used for malaria control in northern Thailand large-scale reduction and fragmentation of forest cover would be needed. Such drastic actions do not agree well with current global objectives concerning forest and biodiversity conservation This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

巧借自然地形构建怡然水鸭凼社区公园

社区公园是现代居住区建设中的重要组成部分,越来越受人们的重视。本文介绍了重庆市巴南区水鸭凼社区公园景观规划设计,通过对公园基地现状、高差进行全面分析,结合该社区公园的规划建设理念与设计构思,从道路景观、水体景观、绿化种植景观3个方面详细介绍了如何因地制宜,依托原有地形及周边景观创造出具有地方特色、环境宜人的生态社区公园。     

地被花卉在内蒙古鄂尔多斯园林绿化中的应用

为在鄂尔多斯地区景观的营造不受高费用草坪的限制，需要筛选能够在一定程度上替代草坪的优良地被种类。基于此目的，研究选取内蒙古鄂尔多斯的4个绿化项目为样本区，通过对设计、施工和养护过程的跟踪调研，对所应用地被植物的种类、表现性状、景观效果进行观测、调查和分析，初步总结适宜在该地区园林绿化中使用的一部分地被种类，同时提出不同地被种类配置及其组合方式，为提高相关地区整体园林绿化品质提供一定的实践依据。     

郑州城市园林绿化配置现状浅析

城市园林绿化在城市建设中具有重要的作用,随着城市经济社会的发展,郑州城市园林绿化配置也存在一系列的问题。文章通过分析郑州城市道路绿化改造升级、树种苗木选配以及公园景观建设等园林绿化配置现状,提出相关对策与建议。     

From Hiking Through Farmland to Farming in a Leisure Landscape: Changing Social Perceptions of the European Landscape

The idea that landscape has been created by human activities on a biophysical basis allows for clear cause–effect reasoning. However, landscape planning and management practice learns that it is impossible to neglect the social perception of landscape, i.e. the ways people think about nature and landscape. It is the result of social research and human sciences of the last decade that a differentiation in views of nature and landscape can be identified in the different groups of social actors in the landscape. Case studies from France and the Netherlands show a marked change in values attributed to nature and landscape in the end of the last century. Social demand for landscape is growing and a shift from a functional image of nature and landscape to a more hedonistic image like the Arcadian and wilderness images has taken place. Comparing the Netherlands with France and rural with urban inhabitants, the influence of urbanisation is evident in this process. It is further shown that images of nature vary considerably between for example farmers, urban residents, hunters and conservationists. The way people perceive landscape seems determined by their functional ties with the landscape and the social praxis in which they encounter the landscape. It is concluded that the concept of landscape is nearer to the lifeworld of people than the abstract notions of nature and biodiversity. This implies a big challenge both for national and international landscape policies and for local landscape management initiatives to be developed, taking into due consideration both the material and immaterial nature of landscape.     

Visual quality: An examination of a South American Mediterranean landscape,Andean foothills east of Santiago (Chile)

This study assessed landscape visual quality in a sector of Andean foothills, east of Santiago, Chile. Sample photographs were taken in four dominant native landscape types that were systematically selected on the basis of four categories of vegetation density. Visitors (n = 180) were randomly sampled from among the residents of Santiago. The results showed that native vegetation has a positive impact on visual quality. Sclerophyllous shrublands and ravines (associated with semi-arid forests) are rated higher than savannahs of “espinales” and shrublands with succulent plants (associated with semi-arid grassland with shrubs). Findings also indicate that landscape scenes with high-vegetation density have a positive effect on visual quality, while those with a low density have a negative one. The key is the amount of visual access, which also increases people's perceptions of safety and orientation. Finally, results showed that information variables are associated with people's visual appreciation. Two preference factors were found to be consistent with the model of spatial information of Kaplan and Kaplan (1989). The implications of the results for the enhancement of public consensus in the planning and management of the Andean foothills, east of Santiago, are also discussed.     

从空气负离子浓度谈现代城镇建设

通过对宁波市溪口镇雪山景区与镇区的空气负离子浓度比较,提出了在城镇建设过程中,应该提高其单位面积上的绿量,适当增加活水景观,人工创造负离子源,认真考虑单位面积的绿量,改善环境质量,促进现代城镇生态建设.     

Landscape – What’s in it? Trends in European Landscape Science and Priority Themes for Concerted Research

Reflecting on the other papers in this special issue, this synopsis characterises some essential trends in European Landscape Ecology, including the challenges it is facing in society. It describes the various perspectives on the ‘contents’ of landscape that are currently being practiced, and especially considers the notion of ‘environment’ as something intrinsic to human activity. Landscape classification and typology are discussed in their potential but limited use for landscape science. The specificity of the European approach appears to be related to the large diversity of cultural landscapes, currently losing their functional ties with the land-use systems that had formed them. European landscape research reports show a large commitment to this decreasing diversity, a dedication characterised by a strong sense of ‘loss and grief’. On the other hand, it is concluded that European landscape research has a specific niche with a clear focus on applied landscape studies explicitly including people’s perceptions and images, as well as the participation of the public and stakeholders. Since globalisation tends to reinforce the detachment of people from their environment; an increased effort is needed to compensate for this effect, and therefore the consideration of the various dimensions of the landscape is today more pertinent than ever. Meeting the challenges of present landscapes, in the face of new multifunctional demands in old diverse landscapes, requires more than before the combination of various perspectives and methods, and of various scales of application, in order to design innovative and adaptive paths for the future.     

Natural or artificial? Exploring perceived restoration potential of community parks in Winter city

Urban community parks, as widely distributed and frequently used small public urban green spaces, play an essential role in meeting the growing needs of residents for recovery. However, previous studies focus on the restorative benefits of nature and have rarely measured the restoration of winter scenes and artificial scenes. This paper selects a typical small community park in the winter city of China and studies how landscape elements affect restorative benefits through the setting of seasonal virtual scenes. Respondents were asked to rate natural, dynamic and seasonal virtual scenes in terms of sense of being away, extent, fascination, compatibility, and restorative potential. The results show plants with rich layers and large coverage areas have a significant positive impact on human perception of recovery, vitality facilities have no significant impact on perceived recovery, and the number of active people has a significant negative impact on perceived recovery. The plant landscape in winter and summer has the same effect on attention recovery, and seasonally induced changes in plant vision can enhance restorative benefits.