Synthesis, transport, and release of posterior pituitary hormones

Vasopressin and oxytocin are made and released by neurons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Pulse labeling these neurons with radioactive amino acid indicates that the two hormones and their respective neurophysin carrier proteins are synthesized as parts of separate precursor proteins. The precursors seem to be processed into smaller, biologically active molecules while they are being transported along the axon.     

Enzyme from calf thymus degrading the RNA moiety of DNA-RNA Hybrids: effect on DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

An enzyme present in extracts from calf thymus degrades specifically the RNA moiety of DNA-RNA hybrids. Other nucleic acids, such as single- or double-stranded DNA and single- or double-stranded RNA, are not affected to a comparable degree. If prepared free of the hybrid-degrading enzyme, RNA polymerase from calf thymus shows a fivefold increase in activity on denatured DNA as compared to native DNA.     

花鲈胸腺显微结构与超微结构的研究

采用光镜和电镜技术研究花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)胸腺的组织结构。花鲈胸腺位于鳃腔背侧上角深处,第4鳃弓背侧,紧贴在鳃腔上皮层之下,为鳃盖粘膜所覆盖,呈一对卵圆形的薄片组织。光镜下,胸腺实质的结构可明显分为外区、中区和内区。外区为鳃腔膜之下,由粘液细胞、胸腺上皮细胞和淋巴细胞构成;中区细胞多且排列紧密,染色深;内区细胞少,排列疏松,染色浅,中区和内区主要由淋巴细胞和胸腺上皮细胞构成,类似于哺乳动物胸腺的皮质和髓质。电镜下观察了花鲈胸腺中的淋巴细胞、胸腺上皮细胞、巨噬细胞、浆细胞、肥大细胞、凋亡的淋巴细胞、血-胸腺屏障。并对花鲈胸腺各分区的结构、各种细胞的形态进行了描述和讨论。     

鸡胚胸腺的组织发育

连续观察孵化至１４～２１日龄的鸡胚胸腺,详细描述了早日龄鸡胚胸腺的组织学分化发育过程。结果显示,胸腺完整组织结构的形成约在１８日龄。２１日龄出现的非炎性异嗜性细胞在胸腺组织分化发育过程中所起的作用值得注意。     

Kinetic differences in unresponsiveness of thymus and bone marrow cells

Both thymus and bone marrow cells of adult mice can be made specifically unresponsive to human gamma globulin, but each cell population displays a distinct kinetic pattern for both the induction and spontaneous loss of the unresponsive state. These kinetics appear to be much slower in the bone marrow cells than in the thymus cells. In addition, the dose of deaggregated human gamma globulin needed to induce unresponsiveness in bone marrow cells is much greater than that needed to induce unresponsiveness in thymus cells. Apparently, unresponsiveness in only one cell type is sufficient for the tolerant state to be exhibited by the intact animal.     

Evidence for a functional second thymus in mice

The thymus organ supports the development of T cells and is located in the thorax. Here, we report the existence of a second thymus in the mouse neck, which develops after birth and grows to the size of a small lymph node. The cervical thymus had a typical medulla-cortex structure, was found to support T cell development, and could correct T cell deficiency in athymic nude mice upon transplantation. The identification of a regular second thymus in the mouse may provide evolutionary links to thymus organogenesis in other vertebrates and suggests a need to reconsider the effect of thoracic thymectomy on de novo T cell production.     

支配山羊胸腺的神经纤维起源

用ＨＲＰ法研究证明,支配山羊胸腺的初级传入神经来源于双侧Ｃ１～Ｔ５ 脊神经节,以同侧为主;其标记神经元的分布呈双峰型;在双侧结状节也出现少量标记细胞,山羊胸腺的感觉经两侧神经传入,以交感途径占优势;交感节后纤维来自双侧颈前节、颈中节、星状节及Ｔ２～Ｔ５ 椎旁节,其中颈中节和星状节的标记细胞最多;在双侧Ｃ１～２节脊髓腹角和延髓疑核出现标记细胞较多,延髓迷走神经背核、面后核和脊上核出现较少的标记细胞。     

Monoclonal antibody to acetylcholine receptor: cell line established from thymus of patient with Myasthenia gravis

A human B cell line producing a monoclonal antibody to an antigenic determinant of acetylcholine receptors was established by cloning B cells that had been transformed in vitro by Epstein-Barr virus. The B cells were obtained from the thymus of a patient with myasthenia gravis. The antibody produced by the cell line precipitated acetylcholine receptors from denervated and innervated rat muscle and from human muscle, but did not show detectable response to the acetylcholine receptors from the electric organs of Narke japonica. The monoclonal antibody showed identical binding patterns in innervated and denervated rat muscles. Passive transfer of the monoclonal antibody into rats induced moderate muscle weakness and electromyographic changes characteristic of myasthenia gravis.     

小牛胸腺免疫抑制提取物对体外培养细胞生长的影响

目的：研究小牛胸腺免疫抑制提取物对体外培养细胞生长作用。方法：采用＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ自发掺入细胞实验，测定细胞生长情况。结果：该提取物能抑制ＥＬ４细胞及ＣｏｎＡ诱导的小鼠胸腺细胞的生长，有量效关系，但对Ｐ８１５细胞株，Ｋ５６２细胞株细胞没有明显的抑制作用，结论：该提取物有抑制胸腺细胞生长的活性，但无细胞毒作用。     

初情期山羊胸腺microRNAs的筛选

为分析初情期前和初情期雌性山羊胸腺中MicroRNA的差异表达情况,并探讨其在山羊初情期启动过程中所起的作用.对初情期前(n = 3)和初情期(n = 3)山羊的胸腺组织进行了 Solexa测序,采用GO富集和KEGG分析评估差异miRNA靶基因.在初情期前和初情期的山羊胸腺组织中检测到538个miRNA,其中64个miRNA显著差异表达.与初情期前的山羊胸腺样本相比,初情期胸腺样本中存在19个上调基因和45个下调基因.KEGG通路富集分析显示,差异miRNA靶基因主要富集在苯丙氨酸,酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成,丁螺菌素和新霉素的生物合成等通路以及胆碱能突触和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)等与初情期启动相关信号途径.结果提示胸腺中miRNA参与山羊初情期启动.     

Autosensitization of lymphocytes against thymus reticulum cells

Lymph nodes of normal rats contain lymphocytes that can be induced in vitro to mediate a specific cellular immune reaction against reticulum cells derived from syngeneic adult thymus glands. It is likely that these lymphocytes had access to reticulum cell antigens during the period in which they developed immunocompetence within the thymus. This suggests that contact with self-antigens during development may not eliminate self-reactive lymphocytes. These findings are in conflict with the theory that natural tolerance to self-antigens depends upon elimination of lymphocyte clones.     

Inhibition of L1210 tumor growth by thymus DNA

Growth of L1210 leukemia cells which had been previously incubated with thymus DNA was inhibited. Leukemia-cell DNA did not affect tumor growth under similar conditions. Pretreatment of the thymus DNA with deoxyribonuclease suppressed the DNA induced inhibition. Both ribonucleasetreated DNA and untreated DNA inhibited tumor growth.     

Allograft survival: effect of antiserums to thymus glands and lymphocytes

Although antiserums to lymphocytes and thymus cells have similar effects on lymphocytes and thymocytes in vitro, the antiserum to thymus has more persistent lymphopenic effect in vivo and prolongs allograft survival time more markedly. Since only thymus glands of animals treated with antiserum to thymus showed depletion of small lymphocytes, antibody to thymic humoral factor may be operational.     

鳜胸腺组织学结构及抗体分泌细胞的免疫组织化学

使用常规组织学和免疫组织化学方法对鳜胸腺进行研究。观察到鳜胸腺位于鳃盖与背的联合处,呈三角形,对称分布;胸腺实质随年龄增长分叶逐渐明显,大体可分三个区,外区、中区和内区,中区和内区分别相当于哺乳动物的皮质区和髓质区。外区主要由扁平上皮细胞和粘液细胞组成,中区可观察到大量网状纤维和淋巴细胞,内区主要由排列较疏松的淋巴细胞组成。此外,光镜下还观察到哈氏小体和髓质上皮囊的存在。免疫组织化学结果显示胸腺中抗体分泌细胞主要分布在外区和中区,胸腺分叶部位尤为明显。阳性细胞胞膜着色明显,呈清晰棕黄色。     

鳜胸腺组织学结构及抗体分泌细胞的免疫组织化学

使用常规组织学和免疫组织化学方法对鳜胸腺进行研究。观察到鳜胸腺位于鳃盖与背的联合处,呈三角形,对称分布;胸腺实质随年龄增长分叶逐渐明显,大体可分三个区,外区、中区和内区,中区和内区分别相当于哺乳动物的皮质区和髓质区。外区主要由扁平上皮细胞和粘液细胞组成,中区可观察到大量网状纤维和淋巴细胞,内区主要由排列较疏松的淋巴细胞组成。此外,光镜下还观察到哈氏小体和髓质上皮囊的存在。免疫组织化学结果显示胸腺中抗体分泌细胞主要分布在外区和中区,胸腺分叶部位尤为明显。阳性细胞胞膜着色明显,呈清晰棕黄色。     

不同溶剂余甘子提取物的降血糖作用研究

[目的]研究余甘子不同溶剂提取物的降血糖作用。[方法]将余甘子进行水提取后浓缩成浸膏,向其中加入适量的水配置成溶液,然后依次用乙醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取分离出乙醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物及水溶性提取物。以链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病小鼠为模型,以血糖、体质量、脾指数、胸腺指数为指标研究余甘子提取物的降血糖作用。[结果]由余甘子4种提取物组与模型组比较可知,乙酸乙酯提取物的降血糖作用最明显,并且能抑制小鼠体重的降低,提高脾指数。[结论]余甘子乙酸乙酯提取物能较好地降低由链脲佐菌素所致的高血糖。     

复方中药制剂对SD大鼠胸腺组织结构及Caspase-3蛋白分布的影响

为研究由炒白术、山楂、黄芪、板蓝根、茯苓、陈皮、甘草、山药制成的复方中药制剂对SD大鼠胸腺组织结构及其Caspase-3蛋白分布的影响。选择60只SPF级断奶SD大鼠,随机分为对照组、1.5 mL·kg^-1组、3.0 mL·kg^-1组和6.0 mL·kg^-1组,每组15只,预饲1周后按每千克体质量分别定时灌胃3.0 mL蒸馏水、1.5 mL、3.0 mL和6.0 mL药液(每mL含1 g生药)。至90 d,各处理组SD大鼠禁食禁水3 h,称量、麻醉、处死后取完整的胸腺称量,立即投入4%的多聚甲醛磷酸缓冲液固定72 h,制作石蜡组织切片,经HE、网状纤维和Caspase-3免疫组化染色,显微观察,Image-pro PLUS 6.0软件分析并摄影。结果表明,按每kg体质量灌胃本复方中药制剂3.0 mL可显著增加胸腺皮质区且胸腺的生长指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。网状纤维主要分布于SD大鼠胸腺髓质部,3.0 mL·kg^-1剂量组网状纤维含量较对照组显著减少。各实验组均不同程度抑制Caspase-3蛋白的出现,其中以3.0 mL·kg^-1剂量组最为显著。说明灌胃3.0 mL·kg^-1复方中药制剂可改善SD大鼠胸腺组织结构,延缓其结构和功能退化。     

Oxytocin receptors and human parturition: a dual role for oxytocin in the initiation of labor

The concentration of oxytocin receptors increased in the myometrium of pregnant women and reached maximum levels in early labor. Concentrations of oxytocin receptors were also high in the decidua and reached a maximum at parturition. In vitro, prostaglandin production by the decidua, but not by the myometrium, was increased by the addition of oxytocin. Oxytocin may therefore stimulate uterine contractions by acting both directly on the myometrium and indirectly on decidual prostaglandin production. Oxytocin receptors are probably crucial for the onset of human labor, and the stimulus for the increase in uterine prostaglandins may be oxytocin originating from the fetus.     

雏鸡应用益生素后胸腺和脾脏T细胞数量变化

为了揭示益生素对雏鸡免疫器官的细胞免疫增强效果,采用酸性非特异性酯酶染色法,研究雏鸡饲喂益生素后免疫器官细胞免疫动态变化。结果表明,雏鸡应用益生素后,胸腺和脾脏T细胞数量均较未饲喂益生素的对照雏鸡不同程度增加,且胸腺和脾脏细胞免疫增强。上述免疫指标显示益生素Ⅰ组又略高于益生素Ⅱ组,说明益生素Ⅰ的免疫增强效果优于益生素Ⅱ。     

"增免散"对ND疫苗免疫雏鸡抗体效价和胸腺发育的影响

将300只1日龄雏鸡随机分为空白对照组、中药“增免散”组、环磷酰胺组、环磷酰胺组 左旋咪唑组、环磷酰胺 “增免散”组,雏鸡6日龄时用鸡新城疫(ND)L a Sota疫苗点眼滴鼻,分别于7、14、28、35日龄时测定鸡血液新城疫抗体效价、胸腺器官指数、胸腺组织中CD4 、CD8 T淋巴细胞浓度、胸腺细胞凋亡率,观察胸腺的组织结构变化,探索中药“增免散”的免疫增强机理。结果表明:中药“增免散”不但能增强ND疫苗的免疫效果,促进雏鸡胸腺发育,提高胸腺组织中CD4 /CD8 T淋巴细胞比值,而且对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制、免疫器官损伤和细胞凋亡有一定拮抗作用。