The case for high gas flows.

High gas flows provide a higher margin of safety and fewer physiologic complications for extended anesthetic periods. The veterinarian should consider personnel, anesthetic, and monitoring equipment and the surgical procedure requiring anesthesia before making a final decision on which flow rates are appropriate.     

The case for low gas flows.

When nitrous oxide is not used, there are no clinically significant, valid reasons for not using low gas flows. There are many clinically significant, valid reasons for using low flows.     

Fresh gas flow economics of the Waters (to-and-fro) system in small animal anaesthetic practice

The Waters (to-and-fro) system is a commonly used anaesthetic system in small animal clinical practice. Although it may be used as a totally closed system, it has been recommended that it be used as a semi-closed system with relatively high fresh gas flow rates. The performance of the Waters system was studied with reference to wastage of neat, unused fresh gas flow. The results were compared with the performance of a modified Waters system. Using a fresh gas flow rate of 2 litres/minute considerable wastage of fresh gas flow and volatile agent was noted using the Waters system; the wastage was less with the modified system. Marked savings of fresh gas flow and volatile agent could result by reducing the fresh gas flow to 0.5 litres/minute. The findings are discussed in the light of current small animal clinical anaesthetic practice.     

The 'Turner' circle absorber: an anaesthetic breathing system for the horse

An inhalation anaesthetic apparatus for the horse is described and the physiological concepts pertaining to its design presented. The internal diameter of all breathing components is 6.2 cm with no change in cross sectional area throughout the circle system. The soda lime capacity is 25 litres (approximately 20 kg). In the horse, which is apparently predisposed to alveolar hypoventilation during inhalation anaesthesia, it is apparent that adequate anaesthetic apparatus design should be directed towards minimising resistance and dead space and providing maximal and efficient carbon dioxide elimination.     

Rate of change of halothane concentration in a large animal circle anesthetic system

The slow rate of change of inspired halothane concentration which results in a conventional large animal circle anesthetic delivery system when low carrier gas flow rates are used was confirmed, using a model system. To obtain a 63% change in inspired halothane concentration in the 32-L large animal circle anesthetic machine at fresh gas inflow rates of 3, 6, and 12 L/minute required 10.7, 5.3, and 2.7 minutes, respectively. At a given inflow rate, increasing the rebreathing bag size from 20 to 40 L prolonged the time for equilibration between the gas flowing into the anesthetic circuit and the inspired gas. The extent to which an adult horse further slowed the rate of rise of inspired anesthetic concentration was also demonstrated.     

Rate of change of oxygen concentration for a large animal circle anesthetic system

OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of changes in circuit volume and oxygen inflow rate on inspired oxygen concentration for a large animal circle anesthetic system. STUDY POPULATION: A large animal circle anesthetic system, a 10 L/min flowmeter, and 20- and 40-L breathing bags. PROCEDURE: Circuit volume was determined by a carbon dioxide dilution technique. Oxygen flow rates of 3, 6, and 10 L/min were delivered to the circuit with the large breathing bag, and a flow rate of 6 L/min was used with the small bag. Gas samples were collected during a 20-minute period. The time constant (tau) and half-time (T1/2) were calculated and compared with measured values. RESULTS: Mean +/- SEM volume of the breathing circuit with a 20- and 40-L breathing bag was 32.97 +/- 0.91 L and 49.26 +/- 0.58 L, respectively. The tau from measurements was 11.97, 6.10, and 3.60 minutes at oxygen flow rates of 3, 6, and 10 L/min, respectively, for the large breathing bag and 3.73 minutes at a flow rate of 6 L/min for the small breathing bag. The T1/2 was 8.29, 4.22, and 2.49 minutes at oxygen flow rates of 3, 6, and 10 L/min, respectively, for the large breathing bag and 2.58 minutes for the small breathing bag. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study emphasizes that there are delays in the rate of increase in the inspired oxygen concentration that accompany use of conventional large animal circle anesthetic systems and low rates of inflow for fresh oxygen.     

浅谈油气管道完整性管理模式

本文基于国内外油气管道完整性管理(PIM)成果的基础,从数据收集和研究、高后果区分析、完整性评估、管道检测与执行、管道维护修复、效能分析等方面进行具体PIM描述,从体系文件、标准规范、系统平台、支持技术、实施应用五个层面构建PIM管理体系框架。     

Blood gas analysis.

Evaluation of both arterial and central venous blood can be valuable in monitoring the critically ill veterinary patient. The traditional approach, which concentrates on arterial blood analysis only, may miss important aspects of oxygen delivery to tissues, especially in patients with poor perfusion. The advances that have resulted in affordable bedside blood gas analyzers have created a clinical situation in which blood gas analysis should be an integral part of critical care monitoring. Following basic principles of interpretation, blood gas analysis, which has traditionally been viewed as a complex method of monitoring, should become more useful. Assessing both the arterial and central venous samples should result in more efficient and higher quality care for veterinary patients.     

添加剂对红豆草鲜贮或晾晒后青贮品质的影响

探讨不同含水量和添加剂对红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.)青贮品质的影响,为红豆草青贮饲料的调制提供科学依据。将红豆草分为2组,其中1组以鲜样进行青贮,分别设对照、添加甲酸(6mL·kg^-1)和蔗糖(2%)处理;另1组晾晒后进行同样的处理;袋装密封青贮360d后取样分析。结果表明:晾晒处理能够改善红豆草青贮饲料的发酵品质,晾晒后青贮可以显著降低乙酸含量(P<0.05),极显著地降低青贮饲料中氨态氮含量(P<0.01)。添加甲酸能够极显著降低红豆草青贮饲料的pH、乙酸和氨态氮含量(P<0.01),提高乳酸的生成量(P<0.01)。晾晒可以极显著地增加青贮饲料中干物质(DM)含量(P<0.01);添加甲酸可以显著降低青贮饲料中的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量(P<0.05)。与原料相比,青贮之后硝酸盐含量显著下降,而亚硝酸盐含量增加。红豆草在单独青贮时因较高的缓能值和低含量的碳水化合物(WSC)而不易调制为优质的青贮饲料,通过添加甲酸可以显著改善红豆草青贮饲料的发酵品质。     

多传感器阵列的恶臭气体检测系统的研究

随着人们生活水平的提高,人们对所处生活环境的要求也日益增长,逐渐意识到恶臭对自身生活质量的影响的严重性。恶臭,通过人的嗅觉加以表征,于是我们就提出了恶臭气体检测方法,并研究开发了恶臭气体检测系统的电路。     

桑椹鲜果防腐技术的研究

本文选３用三种常用的防腐剂对又进行防腐处理。结果表明,在常温下,３～５％的丙酸溶液浸ｍｉｎ具有较好的防腐艇,在５～８℃的低温条件下,０．５％浓度的丙酸、山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠浸果２ｍｉｎ均能达到较好的防腐效果。同时,温度的降低能改善防腐剂的防腐效果,降低防腐剂的使用浓度。     

Insemination with Sex Sorted Fresh Bovine Spermatozoa Processed in the Presence of Antioxidative Substances

Flow cytometrically sex sorted spermatozoa are reduced in their fertilizing capacity, particularly when stored either in cooling extender or after freezing in liquid nitrogen. So far, preservation methods for sorted spermatozoa have differed only marginally from procedures used for unsorted semen. In the present study, a TRIS extender was modified to balance major cell damage caused by the sorting process and by liquid storage of the sorted spermatozoa. The new extender, containing a combination of antioxidants (AO) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), significantly increased the lifespan and fertilizing capacity of sex sorted spermatozoa. No significant differences were observed between unsorted controls and sorted samples for motility and status of sperm membranes as tested by fluorescein-isothiocyanat-peanut agglutinin/propidium iodide (FITC-PNA/PI). Acrosome integrity of spermatozoa was significantly better when semen was stored at 15 degrees C for 24 and 48 h in an extender containing AO with or without BSA as compared with controls (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences, in pregnancy rates of heifers inseminated at a natural oestrus, between unsorted controls (16/24, 66.7%) and both sorted groups (AO + BSA: 18/31, 58.1% and AO-BSA: 12/22, 54.5%). Additionally, it was shown for the first time that artificial insemination (AI) with liquid sexed bull spermatozoa stored for 72 h after sorting can result in pregnancy rates similar to AI with non-sorted semen.     

不同播种期对黔草4号鸭茅鲜草产量的影响

为探索黔草4号鸭茅在贵州气候条件下的最适宜播种期,开展了5个不同秋播期对其株高、鲜草产量、干鲜比和叶茎比影响的试验。结果表明,在贵州中海拔地区尽量提早播种不仅可使刈割次数增加,还可以提高鲜草产量,且干鲜比和叶茎比均较高;黔草4号鸭茅的最佳播种期在9月中旬,其鲜草产量可达75 000 kg/hm~2以上。     

利用电击刺激脖圈训练犬前来

近年来,国外先进的训犬器材已越来越多的被国内采用,并发挥出极大的效益,电击刺激脖圈即是其中之一。笔者在省公安厅警犬基地集训期间,利用电击刺激脖圈训练前来,效果非常明显,据此,笔者谈一谈自己粗浅的认识。犬前来的条件反射的建立是较为简单的。传统的训犬前来是利用亲和关     

Reducing inbreeding rates with a breeding circle: Theory and practice in Veluws Heideschaap

Breeding circles allow genetic management in closed populations without pedigrees. In a breeding circle, breeding is split over sub‐populations. Each sub‐population receives breeding males from a single sub‐population and supplies breeding males to one other sub‐population. Donor‐recipient combinations of sub‐populations remain the same over time. Here, we derive inbreeding levels both mathematically and by computer simulation and compare them to actual inbreeding rates derived from DNA information in a real sheep population. In Veluws Heideschaap, a breeding circle has been in operation for over 30 years. Mathematically, starting with inbreeding levels and kinships set to zero, inbreeding rates per generation (ΔF) initially were 0.29%–0.47% within flocks but later converged to 0.18% in all flocks. When, more realistically, inbreeding levels at the start were high and kinship between flocks low, inbreeding levels immediately dropped to the kinship levels between flocks and rates more gradually converged to 0.18%. In computer simulations with overlapping generations, inbreeding levels and rates followed the same pattern, but converged to a lower ΔF of 0.12%. ΔF was determined in the real population with a 12 K SNP chip in recent generations. ΔF in the real population was 0.29%, based on markers to 0.41% per generation based on heterozygosity levels. This is two to three times the theoretically derived values. These increased rates in the real population are probably due to selection and/or the presence of dominant rams siring a disproportionate number of offspring. When these were simulated, ΔF agreed better: 0.35% for selection, 0.38% for dominant rams and 0.67% for both together. The realized inbreeding rates are a warning that in a real population inbreeding rates in a breeding circle can be higher than theoretically expected due to selection and dominant rams. Without a breeding circle, however, inbreeding rates would have been even higher.     

Comparison of the bovine blood gas parameters produced with three types of portable blood gas analyzers

BackgroundA definite diagnosis should be made in the bovine practice field, however, it was difficult to perform laboratory analysis immediately. Currently, three types of portable blood gas analyzers are available in Korea.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the correlations among these three analyzers.MethodsSeventy-two plasma samples from Holstein-Friesian cows were used for blood gas analysis, and three instruments (EDAN i15 Vet, VETSCAN i-STAT, and EPOC) were operated simultaneously. Moreover, plasma calcium levels were compared between these portable analyzers and blood chemistry device, which is usually used in a laboratory environment. Pearson analysis was performed to confirm the correlation of each parameter produced with the three instruments and blood chemistry analyzer.ResultsAs results, high correlation was observed in parameters of pH, pO₂, potassium ion, ionized calcium, and glucose (p < 0.001, r > 0.7). In addition, pCO₂ showed a moderate correlation among the three analyzers (p < 0.001, r > 0.5), and there was no correlation among all instruments for sodium ions. There was also a high correlation between ionized calcium from the three portable devices and total calcium from the biochemistry analyzer (p < 0.001, r > 0.9).ConclusionsIn conclusion, there was a high correlation between results from the three different blood gas analyzers used in the bovine clinical field in Korea. Thus, a consistent diagnosis can be made even with different equipment if the operator is aware of the strengths and weaknesses of each piece of equipment and operates it properly.