2019—2020年苏浙皖三省小麦叶锈菌群体的致病类型鉴定及毒性结构分析

为持续控制小麦叶锈病及促进小麦的抗叶锈病育种工作,2019—2020年自江苏、浙江和安徽3个省采集自然感叶锈病的小麦病叶,经分离获得小麦叶锈菌单孢分离物,利用43个小麦叶锈病鉴别寄主材料对其致病类型进行鉴定,并对其毒性结构进行分析。结果显示,从170份小麦叶锈菌单孢分离物中共鉴定出67个致病类型,主要致病类型为THS、SHJ、PHS和SHS,出现频率分别为8.8%、7.6%、5.9%和5.9%。江苏、浙江和安徽3个省的单孢分离物对携带抗叶锈基因Lr10、Lr12、Lr22a、Lr22b、Lr29、Lr33、Lr35和Lr36的鉴别寄主材料的苗期毒性频率均超过90.0%,而对携带抗叶锈基因Lr9、Lr24、Lr25、Lr28、Lr38、Lr40、Lr41、Lr42、Lr43和Lr13+3ka的鉴别寄主材料的苗期毒性频率均小于10.0%。卡方检验及Fisher精确检验显示,3个省小麦叶锈菌群体对抗叶锈基因Lr1、Lr2a、Lr3、Lr14b、Lr18、Lr21、Lr26、Lr27+31、Lr32和Lr37的毒力存在显著分化。浙江省小麦叶锈菌群体具有较少的毒性因子（4.73）和毒性值（600...     

1992~1996年我国小麦叶锈菌毒性动态

 利用已知抗叶锈病基因的小麦近等基因系(或单基因系)作鉴别寄主,监测来自我国12个省(市、区)的499份叶锈标样。结果表明:(1)在发现的诸多致病类型(毒性基因组合)中,PHT出现频率较高(26.6%),为优势类型,其余类型的出现频率均在7.4%以下;(2)毒性基因V2a、V9、V15、V19、V20、V24、V28、V29、V37、V38和V13+3Ka的出现频率小于30%,V2b、V18、V25、V27+31和V33+34的出现频率在30%~60%之间,其对应的抗性基因可视为我国小麦叶锈菌的有效抗病基因;(3)不同生态区的叶锈菌株,毒性基因(或基因组合)的组成特点、出现频率及多样性等差异较大。文中建议采用"固定鉴别基因+辅助鉴别基因"的复合鉴定系统,并对小麦抗叶锈病生态育种及抗锈基因分区部署等问题进行了讨论。     

国际上小麦叶锈菌生理小种鉴别寄主及其小种命名方法

由于地理生态条件、叶锈菌群体结构、研究历史和研究方法等的差异,不同国家和地区采用相应的小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主和小种命名方法。美洲、中国、欧洲、埃及、南非等国家和地区均采用以Thatcher为遗传背景的分别含有Lr1、Lr2 a、Lr2 c、Lr3、Lr9、Lr16、Lr24、Lr26、Lr3 ka、Lr11、Lr17和Lr30基因的近等基因系或单基因系作为小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主,但附加的辅助鉴别品种不尽相同;澳大拉西亚和印度的鉴别寄主自成体系。这种格局不利于国家间研究结果的对比和交流。因此,建立一套国际通用鉴别体系实属当务之急。     

Pavon76苗期抗小麦叶锈性基因的推导

 选用19个具不同毒性基因组合的小麦叶锈菌致病类型对墨西哥品种Pavon76进行了抗叶锈性基因的推导。通过与48个抗叶锈单/双基因系的反应型比较,鉴定出该品种中可能含有Lr1、Lr3、L410、L413、Lr14a、Lr34和LrB抗性基因。     

云南小麦条锈菌群体对18个抗条锈近等基因系的毒性分析

为监测云南省小麦条锈菌群体毒性及小麦抗条锈基因的有效性动态,2016年采用18个抗条锈近等基因系鉴别寄主对云南省9个州市的136个小麦条锈菌株进行毒性分析,并按八进制法对小种进行命名。结果表明,云南省小麦条锈菌群体毒性丰富,共鉴定出64个小种类型,其中居于前2位的小种是550273和550073,出现频率分别为28.68%和11.76%,是本年度优势小种;其它小种出现频率均在4.41%以下,为次要小种。条锈菌群体对Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr32四个抗条锈基因的毒力频率均为0,对Yr24、Yr Tr1、Yr8、Yr17四个抗条锈基因的毒力频率在0.74%~11.76%之间,表明这8个基因是云南省当前有效的抗条锈基因;对Yr27的毒力频率为52.94%,对Yr1、Yr6、Yr7、Yr9、Yr43、Yr44、Yr SP、Yr Exp2、Yr Tye九个抗条锈基因的毒力频率为77.94%~91.91%,表明这10个抗条锈基因的抗性已减缓或丧失,说明这些基因在云南省已失效。     

我国25个小麦品种抗秆、叶锈基因初步分析

 本文采用基因推导法分析了我国25个重要小麦生产品种和抗源材料抗秆、叶锈菌的基因型。在供试的19个抗秆锈基因中,推导出了Sr5,Sr6、Sr7b、Sr8a、Sr9b、Sr31等6个基因,分布在20个小麦品种中;在14个抗叶锈基因中,推导出了Lr1、Lr2C、Lr10、Lr18、Lr26等5个基因,分布在11个小麦品种中。Sr5、Sr31、Lr2c和Lr26是供试品种的主要抗锈基因。     

中国三麦区小麦抗叶锈基因部署研究

 利用已知抗叶锈基因的小麦近等基因系(或单基因系),推导了来自中国3大麦区(东北春麦区、华北平原冬麦区、江淮半冬麦区)的主要小麦品种,待推广品种(系)和抗源材料中可能含有的抗叶锈基因,分析了3大麦区小麦叶锈菌群体的毒性基因。研究结果表明,东北春麦区的小麦品种可能含有的抗叶锈基因主要有Lr16、Lr20、Lr17等11个;华北平原冬麦区的小麦品种,可能含有的抗叶锈基因主要是Lr26等7个,江淮麦区的小麦品种可能含有的抗叶锈基因主要是Lr3Bg、Lr10、Lr26等9个。对3大麦区小麦叶锈菌群体的毒性基因分析表明,V1、V2d、V3、V10、V26、V33等13个基因是3大麦区的优势毒性基因,但个别毒性基因在3大麦区的出现频率仍有较大差别。根据基因对基因概念,在基因部署上建议,东北麦区减少含单个无效抗病基因的品种如90-05744、91-1179、东农88-5797等的种植面积,适当控制含Lr20、17、15、30、3Ka的品种,增加沈免系统及小冰麦系统的种植面积;华北麦区增加含Lr14a、14ab、15的品种的种植面积,如CA9069、CA8646、CA9070、C₄⁸⁹和冀87-5108等,减少含单个Lr26的品种的种植面积,江淮麦区适当减少肖农12(Lr3Bg)、偃师9号(Lr26)、8870(Lr26)等含单个无效抗病基因的品种,适当增加含Lr2b、3Ka、30的品种如内乡5号、宁8931等的种植面积。本文初步讨论了不同生态区小麦叶锈菌的基因鉴定系统。     

我国小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主抗性基因的推导

本研究用40个小麦叶锈菌的单孢培养物和21个已知Lr单基因系对我国新旧沿用的16个叶锈菌鉴别寄主的抗性基因进行了推导。结果指出这些鉴别寄主含有Lr1、3、13、14a和26等抗性基因。 基因分析表明,原用鉴别寄主鉴定小种的结果不能反映抗性基因信息,建议用已知Lr基因系(品种)作为鉴别寄主,以基因鉴定代替小种鉴定,本文讨论了基因稳定的复杂性和选用鉴别寄主问题。     

我国小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主抗性基因的推导

 本研究用40个小麦叶锈菌的单孢培养物和21个已知Lr单基因系对我国新旧沿用的16个叶锈菌鉴别寄主的抗性基因进行了推导。结果指出这些鉴别寄主含有Lr1、3、13、14a和26等抗性基因。基因分析表明,原用鉴别寄主鉴定小种的结果不能反映抗性基因信息,建议用已知Lr基因系(品种)作为鉴别寄主,以基因鉴定代替小种鉴定,本文讨论了基因稳定的复杂性和选用鉴别寄主问题。     

2011-2012年度中国六省小麦叶锈菌群体毒性分析

 为明确2011-2012年度云南、四川、青海、陕西、甘肃和河南小麦叶锈菌的毒性特点,用31个近等基因系或已知抗病基因品种为鉴别寄主,对从六省采集的180份小麦叶锈菌标样进行了苗期毒性分析,共鉴定出62个致病类型,主要包括SHJ(10%)、THT(8.9%)、PHK(6.1%)、SHN(5%)、PHT(4.4%)、SHD(4.4%)、PCH(3.9%)、THP(3.3%)和THK(3.3%)。其中对Lr2c、Lr10、Lr14a、Lr14b、Lr33和Lr36的毒性频率均超过75%,说明这些抗病基因的利用价值已经不大;对Lr9、Lr19、Lr24、Lr25、Lr28、Lr29、Lr38和Lr42的毒性频率低于30%,说明其在生产中仍然有效;对Lr2a、Lr3、Lr3bg、Lr20、Lr30和Lr32的毒性频率在六省中差异较大。毒性多态性结果表明云南和四川的小麦叶锈菌群体毒性多态性较高,其次为河南、甘肃和陕西,青海的毒性多态性最低。     

春小麦品种沈免2063抗叶锈性遗传分析

为明确春小麦品种沈免2063所含抗叶锈病基因的对数、身份、显隐性和互作关系,以沈免2063为父本,分别与感病品种Thatcher及小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系Lr9、Lr19、Lr24、Lr25、Lr28、Lr42和Lr43的载体品系杂交,获得F1、F2和F3代群体后,分别在苗期和成株期进行抗病性测定。结果表明:沈免2063含有3对显性遗传且相互独立作用的抗叶锈病基因Lr9、Lr19和Lr25,在苗期,沈免2063对致病类型CBG/QQ的抗病性由Lr9和Lr25控制,对PHT/RP的抗病性由上述3对抗叶锈病基因控制;在成株期,沈免2063对优势致病类型PHT/RP和THT/TP等比混合菌种的抗病性由上述3对抗叶锈病基因控制。Lr9、Lr19和Lr25在育成品种中出现频率很低,目前尚很有效,但这3个基因均为典型的垂直抗病性基因,应进行基因布局、基因轮换等科学组配,才能延长其使用寿命。     

Distribution of pathotypes with regard to host cultivars in French wheat leaf rust populations

ABSTRACT Isolates of wheat leaf rust collected from durum and bread wheat cultivars in France during 1999-2002 were analyzed for virulence on 18 Thatcher lines with single genes for leaf rust resistance (Lr genes). Sampling focused on the five most widely grown bread wheat cultivars (two susceptible and three resistant) to allow statistical comparison of diversity indexes between the cultivars. Leaf rust populations from durum and bread wheats were different. The diversity of the bread wheat leaf rust pathotypes, as measured by the Shannon index, ranged from 2.43 to 2.76 over the 4 years. Diversity for wheat leaf rust resistance was limited in the host since we postulated only seven seedling resistance genes in the 35 cultivars most widely grown during 1999-2002. Leaf rust populations were strongly differentiated for virulence within bread wheat cultivars, and diversity was higher on those that were resistant, mainly due to a more even distribution of virulence phenotypes than on susceptible cultivars. The pathogen population on the susceptible cv. Soissons was largely dominated by a single pathotype (073100), whereas all other pathotypes virulent on cv. Soissons either decreased in frequency or remained at a low frequency during the period studied. Several pathotypes including the most complex one were found only on resistant cultivars, even though most of them were virulent on the susceptible cv. Soissons. Specific interactions were necessary, but not always sufficient, to account for pathotype distribution and frequencies on the cultivars, suggesting that selection for virulence to host resistance genes is balanced by other selective forces including selection for aggressiveness.     

Physiological specialization and pathotype distribution of Puccinia recondita in western Europe, 1995

A pathogenicity survey of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ( Prt ) was conducted in western Europe in 1995. Random urediospore isolates (850) of Prt were collected from the air by means of a jet spore sampler in wheat-growing regions of Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, northern Italy, Switzerland and the UK. Pathogenicity of the isolates was determined in tests of detached primary leaf segments maintained on water agar supplemented with benzimidazole (35 p.p.m.). The differential genotypes used were Thatcher, 20 near-isogenic Thatcher lines each with a single leaf rust resistance gene, and five cultivars/lines with additional resistance genes. All isolates were avirulent for the genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr21, Lr24, Lr25 and Lr29 , and both virulence and avirulence were detected for the remaining 19 genes. Fifty-three pathotypes were identified, four of which predominated (64% of isolates) and were widespread throughout western Europe. Three of the four predominant pathotypes were also identified in collections of wheat leaf rust collected in Poland, Hungary, Estonia and Finland. One pathotype, which comprised 35% of isolates in the south of France, was not detected in any other region. This pathotype was indistinguishable from several isolates obtained from Morocco, which suggested that it may have originated from northern Africa. Comparisons with previously published data suggested that the four predominant pathotypes were very similar and possibly the same as pathotypes present in the former Czechoslovakia for up to 20 years. The results obtained provide evidence of migration of Prt over considerable distances in western Europe, stressing the need for a co-ordinated approach for genetical control of the disease in this region.     

Virulence Phenotypes of a Worldwide Collection of Puccinia triticina from Durum Wheat

ABSTRACT A total of 78 isolates of Puccinia triticina from durum wheat from Argentina, Chile, Ethiopia, France, Mexico, Spain and the United States and 10 representative isolates of P. triticina from common wheat from the United States were tested for virulence phenotypes on seedling plants of 35 near-isogenic lines of Thatcher wheat. Isolates with virulence on lines with leaf rust resistance genes Lr10, Lr14b, Lr20, Lr22a, Lr23, Lr33, Lr34, Lr41, and Lr44 represented the most frequent phenotype. Cluster analysis showed that P. triticina from durum wheat from South America, North America, and Europe had an average similarity in virulence of 90%, whereas isolates from Ethiopia were <70% similar to the other leaf rust isolates collected from durum wheat. Of the 11 isolates from Ethiopia, 7 were avirulent to Thatcher and all near-isogenic lines of Thatcher. The isolates from common wheat had an average similarity in virulence of 60% to all leaf rust isolates from durum wheat. P. triticina from durum wheat was avirulent to many Lr genes frequently found in common wheat. It is possible that P. triticina currently found on durum wheat worldwide had a single origin, and then spread to cultivated durum wheat in North America, South America, and Europe, whereas P. triticina from Ethiopia evolved on landraces of durum wheat genetically distinct from the cultivated durum lines grown in Europe and the Americas.     

我国40个小麦品种抗叶锈性研究

 选用11个具不同毒性基因组合的叶锈菌致病类型推导分析了1998~1999年度国家小麦区域试验40个品种所携带的抗叶锈病基因状况。在供试的39个已知抗叶锈基因(或基因组合)中,推导出Lr1、Lr2c、Lr3bg、Lr10、Lr13、Lr14a、Lr16、Lr23、Lr26、Lr32等10个抗叶锈基因,分布在24个品种中,有11个品种携带未知抗叶锈基因,5个品种不具有苗期抗叶锈基因。选用BBB、DHS、PGT和PHT等4个叶锈菌致病类型并设置5/10℃、15/20℃、25/30℃(黑暗/光照)3种不同的温度条件,研究了40个供试品种的抗性稳定性。结果表明,在这些品种中有15个品种的侵染型表现稳定或较稳定,3个品种表现为高温抗性,2个品种表现低温抗性,其余20个品种存在明显的品种、菌系和温度三者的相互作用;利用6个叶锈菌混合优势小种在田间进行成株期抗叶锈性鉴定结果表明,在40个供试品种中有21个品种具有良好的抗性,其中,至少有6个品种表现为慢锈性,有4个品种表现为明显的成株抗性,有4个品种可能携带成株抗性基因Lr34。文中还对几个主要抗叶锈基因的抗性特点及其利用价值等进行了讨论。     

Virulence of Puccinia triticina in Turkey and leaf rust resistance in Turkish wheat cultivars

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is a common disease on wheat in the coastal regions of Turkey. Collections of P. triticina from infected wheat leaves were obtained from the main wheat production zones of Turkey in 2009 and 2010. A total of 104 single uredinial isolates were tested for virulence on 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that differ for single leaf rust resistance genes. Forty-four different virulence phenotypes were identified over both years. Four phenotypes were found in both years. Phenotype FHPTQ found in 2009, with virulence to genes Lr2c, Lr3, Lr16, Lr26, Lr3ka, Lr17a, Lr30, LrB, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr18, Lr3bg, and Lr14b, was the most common phenotype at 15.4 % of the total isolates. Forty-three winter and spring wheat cultivars from Turkey were tested as seedlings with 13 different P. triticina virulence phenotypes from Canada, the US and Turkey. The infection types on the cultivars were compared with infection types on the Thatcher near isogenic lines to postulate the presence of seedling leaf rust resistance genes in the cultivars. Resistance genes Lr1, Lr3a, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr17a, Lr20, Lr23, and Lr26 were postulated to be present in the Turkish wheat cultivars. DNA of the wheat cultivars was tested with PCR markers to determine the presence of the adult plant resistance genes Lr34 and Lr37. Marker data indicated the presence of Lr34 in 20 cultivars and Lr37 in three cultivars. Field plot evaluations of the wheat cultivars indicated that no single Lr gene conditioned highly effective leaf rust resistance. Resistant cultivars varied for combinations of seedling and adult plant resistance genes.     

Genetics of leaf rust resistance in spring wheat cultivars alsen and norm

ABSTRACT Alsen is a recently released spring wheat cultivar that has been widely grown in the United States because it has resistance to Fusarium head blight and leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina. Norm is a high yielding wheat cultivar that has been very resistant to leaf rust since it was released. Alsen and Norm were genetically examined to determine the number and identity of the leaf rust resistance genes present in both wheats. The two cultivars were crossed with leaf rust susceptible cv. Thatcher and F(1) plants were backcrossed to Thatcher. Eighty one and seventy three BCF(1) of Thatcher times; Alsen and Thatcher x Norm respectively, were selfed to obtain BCF(2) families. The BCF(2) families were tested as seedlings with different isolates of P. triticina that differed for virulence to specific leaf rust resistance genes. The BCF(2) families that lacked seedling resistance were also tested as adult plants in greenhouse tests and in a field rust nursery plot. Segregation of BCF(2) families indicated that Alsen had seedling genes Lr2a, Lr10, and Lr23 and adult plant genes Lr13 and Lr34. Norm was determined to have seedling genes Lr1, Lr10, Lr16, and Lr23 and adult plant genes Lr13 and Lr34. The characterization of Lr23 in the segregating populations was complicated by the presence of a suppressor gene in Thatcher and the high temperature sensitivity of resistance expression for this gene. The effective leaf rust resistance in Alsen is due to the interaction of Lr13 and Lr23, with Lr34; and the effective leaf rust resistance in Norm is due to the interaction of Lr13, Lr16, and Lr23, with Lr34.     

Genetic Variation and Virulence on Lr26 in Puccinia triticina

ABSTRACT The genetic relationships between isolates of Puccinia triticina virulent on wheat with the Lr26 resistance gene were studied. The diversity within and between isolates of P. triticina from Israel, Europe, and the United States was determined by virulence on near-isogenic Thatcher lines and by random amplified polymorphic DNA. According to the molecular markers, isolates that were virulent on Lr26 had diversity levels similar to those of Lr26 nonpathogenic isolates. Distances between subpopulations of isolates virulent and avirulent on Lr26 varied and were unrelated to the Lr26 virulence phenotype. Cluster analysis suggested four groups, three of which were closely associated with the geographical origin of the isolates-Israel, the United States, and Europe. All four groups included both Lr26 virulent and avirulent pathotypes. The results showed that Lr26 virulent rust pathotypes are as genetically dissimilar as the rest of the population. The cluster analysis showed that the rust population in Israel includes at least two different subpopulations, both of which contain Lr26 virulent and Lr26 avirulent isolates.     

Low diversity and fast evolution in the population of Puccinia triticina causing durum wheat leaf rust in France from 1999 to 2009, as revealed by an adapted differential set

No internationally agreed differential set is available for characterization of virulences in populations of Puccinia triticina causing wheat leaf rust on durum wheat. In a first step, 73 potentially differential host genotypes were tested with 96 durum leaf rust isolates collected in France. A differential set, adapted to the local epidemiological context and useful for comparison with international studies was selected, including French commercial cultivars, Thatcher lines with Lr genes, and international cultivars. In the second step, a sample of 310 isolates collected in France from 1999 to 2009 was characterized on this set. Diversity was very low, as only five pathotypes were distinguished. Genotyping of a subset of 76 isolates according to 20 SSR markers confirmed this low diversity, with 73 isolates belonging to a single dominant genotype. Population was strongly shaped by cultivars, and the findings explain the successive breakdown of resistance sources deployed in French durum wheat cultivars. The gene Lr14a, suggested to be an efficient source of resistance in several European and American countries, was overcome by pathotypes frequent in France since 2000. Postulation of resistance genes in the commercial cultivars led to a proposed simplified version of the differential set. This study, providing new information about leaf rust resistance genes present in the French durum wheat germplasm, highlights the need to diversify sources of resistance to P. triticina in this germplasm. The results are also discussed in terms of relatedness and intercontinental migration of P. triticina on durum wheat.