饲料中呋喃唑酮的HPLC法测定

建立了高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定饲料中违禁药物呋喃唑酮的含量。饲料中呋喃唑酮用乙腈-甲醇（1：1，V／V）提取，中性氧化铝SPE柱净化。呋喃唑酮的线性范围为0．02～1.0μg／mL（r=0．9999），3种加药浓度进行回收率测定，回收率为86．3％～104．5％之间，批内变异系数小于1．10％，本方法的最低检测限为0．5μg／g。     

双波长分光光度法测定“鱼泰8号”中呋喃唑酮和盐酸脱氧土霉素的含量

双波长分光光度法测定“鱼泰８号”中呋喃唑酮和盐酸脱氧土霉素的含量毕昊容，王苏华（江苏省兽药监察所，南京２１００２４）鱼泰８号是由呋喃唑酮和盐酸脱氧土霉素加适量辅料制成的复方抗菌鱼用药物。９０版《中国兽药典》中呋喃唑酮用分光光度法测定，盐酸脱氧土霉素用...     

高效液相色谱法检测鸡蛋中呋喃唑酮的残留

鸡蛋经乙酸乙酯提取，过无水硫酸钠柱脱水后，减压浓缩至干，用0．015mol／L磷酸与乙腈体积之比为1：1的溶液溶解，加正己烷脱脂，离心后取下层清液，用高效液相色谱仪进行检测，进样量20μL。呋喃唑酮在20、50、100、200μg／kg4个浓度的回收率都大于70%。呋喃唑酮标准工作液在10～1000ng／mL范围内线性良好，其线性方程为y=87.3376x-295．1437，相关系数为0．9999。最低检测限为1μg/kg。     

一阶导数法测定止血散中呋喃唑酮及氟哌酸的含量

一阶导数法测定止血散中呋喃唑酮及氟哌酸的含量周昭明湖北省兽药监察所，武汉４３００６４收稿日期：１９９７－０９－０９止血散是由呋喃唑酮和氟哌酸加辅料组成的鱼用抗菌药，可预防及治疗由细菌性引起的淡水鱼暴发性出血病。其含量测定均采用紫外分光光度法，如果直接...     

黄黑麻鸡组织滴虫的诊治

作者对广州及珠江三角洲一带地面散养黄黑麻鸡的发病鸡，经与球虫病、禽流感、慢性鸡新城疫的鉴别诊断，确诊为鸡组织滴虫病，继而采用呋喃唑酮0．04％拌料，或甲硝唑0．08％，再加青链霉素及Vc,Vk3等治疗，3天内治愈。     

鱼用复方呋喃唑酮的含量测定

由呋喃唑酮、大黄、黄柏、黄苓等组成的复呋喃唑酮（鱼用）散。由于大量中药的干扰，难以按照《中国兽药典》＾［１］呋喃唑酮的含量测定方法进行测定。采用导数分光光度法＾［２］测定回收率为１０１．６％，变异系数ＣＶ为０．７７％；线性关系良好；ｒ＝０．９９９８，操作简便、可行。     

双波长分光光度法测定“强克33”中诺氟沙星的含量

根据９６版《兽药质量标准》第一册中诺氟沙星原料的含量测定，是用高氯酸滴定；制剂是用碱稀释后，用分光光度法测定。但本样品由于辅料太多，影响诺氟沙星的溶解，如先用有机溶剂溶解，再用乙醇稀释后用分光光度法测其含量，由于呋喃唑酮的干扰，其测定误差可达２５％左右。而用双波长分光光度法测定诺氟沙星的含量，其相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９９，平均回收率为１００．５％（ｎ＝５），ＣＶ＝０．４４％，结果准确、简便。     

酶联免疫法检测饲料中呋喃唑酮含量的探讨

呋喃唑酮酶联免疫反应测试盒是利用竞争性酶联反应原理,广泛应用于水产、养殖及动物肉制品（如鸡肉、牛肉和猪肉组织）、尿样、血清、鸡蛋和蜂蜜中呋喃唑酮（AOZ）残留的定量检测。经试验证明,该试剂盒具有快速提取被测样品中违禁药物呋喃唑酮,提取时间仅需4h;高灵敏度能够检测到标准曲线中0．05ng／mL浓度的呋喃唑酮;低检测下限,能够检测到被检测饲料样品中0．1μg／kg含量的呋喃唑酮,而这个含量要低于欧盟标准要求的1μg／kg;检测过程时间短,只需要2h左右;高重复性,离散系数（CV值）≤3．5;标准曲线r≥0．9965;能够达到80％～95％以上的回收率等特点。     

甲磺酸培氟沙星速溶片的研制

采用湿法制粒压片工艺，以崩解时间为指标，用正交试验L8（2^7）对制备工艺和处方进行筛选和优化，确定最佳工艺与处方。用紫外扫描仪在λ为200－400nm波长范围内，对甲磺酸培氟沙星辅料分别进行扫描，甲磺酸培氟沙星在271．5nm处有最大吸收并绘制出标准曲线，回归方程为：A=0．025＋0．703C，r＝0．9997，线性范围4．47－26．82mg/L，测出甲磺酸培氟沙星速溶片的回收率为99．5％，RSD为1．28％。对速溶片进行质量检查，结果表明：硬度、崩解时限度和重量差异均符合《中华人民共和国药典》2000年版规定。     

大豆益生菌酸奶冰淇淋的研制

以大豆粉、酸奶和脱脂奶粉为主要原料，配以多种辅料，研究了含益生菌的低糖高蛋白保健型冰淇淋的生产工艺及技术要点。通过单因素试验最终确定了大豆益生菌酸奶冰淇淋的最佳配方：白砂糖10％，脱脂奶粉6％，大豆蛋白粉2％，植物油5％，糊精3．5％，CMC0．15％，黄原胶0．03％，刺槐豆胶0．02％。酸奶20％，单甘酯0．2％，柠檬酸0．2％，香精适量。     

Saponin Adjuvants. IV. Evaluation of The Adjuvant Quil a in the Vaccination of Cattle Against Foot-And-Mouth Disease

The saponin adjuvant Quil A has been investigated in the vaccination of cattle against foot-and-mouth disease. Using a Frenkel type vaccine a dose-response relationship has been established between Quil A and neutralizing antibody titres. Ten ml of vaccine was combined with 0, 50, 200, 800, and 3200 µg of Quil A. The combinations were each injected into 4 animals. The local reaction on the site of injection produced by injection of the vaccine alone and in combination with different doses of Quil A has been estimated. On this basis a therapeutical dose at 1 mg of Quil A has been estimated to combine maximum adjuvant effect with a minimum of adverse reactions. This dose has been tested in the vaccination of cattle with FMD vaccines derived from BHK suspension cell virus of type O and A respectively. The vaccines were tested in 10 ml and 5 ml doses with or without Quil A, and each in 4 animals. It is concluded that Quil A is a valuable adjuvant for use in the induction of neutralizing antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease in cattle.     

Furazolidone in chicken: case study of an incident of widespread contamination

1. Furazolidone, a nitrofuran antibiotic, was prohibited from the use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) in 1997. In 2002, the EU restricted the import of poultry meat and aquaculture species from countries where furazolidone residues had been detected.

2. By 2004, however, residues of the side-chain metabolite, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) of furazolidone, were detected in chicken meat produced in Northern Ireland.

3. With the random spread of positive results across farms of a single integrated organisation, including organically reared flocks, it seemed unlikely that the source of residues was due to illegal use of the drug, but more likely caused by a source of contamination.

4. Potential sources investigated were as follows: furazolidone contamination of feedstuffs, a “hot spot” of furazolidone in poultry houses, contamination occurring within breeding stocks and transferred with the birds to broiler growing houses, and furazolidone contamination of the water supply.

5. Furazolidone contamination was associated with birds reared in houses more than 10 years old.

6. Contamination was traced to the water supply of poultry houses, where un-dissolved furazolidone, legally administered prior to 1997, had settled to the bottom of water storage tanks. It remained un-disturbed until 2004 when the integrator changed the procedure for cleaning water tanks between crops of birds.

7. The use of Proxitane, a hydrogen peroxide disinfectant, caused effervescence within the tank such that small quantities of furazolidone were dissolved, delivered to birds via drinkers and subsequently caused residues in the broiler meat.

8. The environmental impact of the contamination was investigated by testing soil and grass from land adjacent to an organic poultry house to which birds had access.

9. Mechanisms of contamination and how residues may be spread throughout a large integrated poultry system are not restricted to furazolidone. Incidents of contamination are even more likely when using licensed drugs where the drugs may be present on-farm in large quantities.     

纳米佐剂的研究进展

自从纳米材料诞生以来,就因其特殊功效而备受瞩目。纳米材料在医学领域中的应用十分广泛,用纳米材料研制疫苗佐剂已成为当前研究的热点。作者从目前常用免疫佐剂存在的问题、纳米佐剂的概念、纳米佐剂的研究进展、前景和展望共4个方面概述了近年来国内外纳米佐剂研究所取得的成果。     

Effect of including lasalocid or monensin singly or in combination with furazolidone on the growth and feed consumption of turkey poults

Lasalocid and monensin are widely used to control coccidiosis in broilers, but not in turkey poults. Four feeding trials were conducted to determine the performance of turkey poults when these compounds were used singly or in combination with 100 ppm of furazolidone. Bodyweights and feed consumption were significantly depressed for five weeks after hatching by 150 ppm of lasalocid. Combining furazolidone with lasalocid ameliorated the toxic effect of lasalocid. Bodyweights were significantly depressed by 150 ppm of monensin in the fifth week after hatching, but there was no significant depression in feed consumption. Furazolidone exacerbated any toxic effects of monensin. Data indicate that monensin may be used safely at dosages greater than the recommended level of 60 to 99 ppm, but should not be used in combination with furazolidone.     

Administration of poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)]phosphazene (PCEP) as adjuvant activated mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses in pigs

The selection of an optimal adjuvant to enhance the potency and longevity of antigen specific immune responses has always been imperative for the development of more effective and safer vaccines. A balanced type of immune enhancing ability of a new adjuvant known as polyphosphazene (PCEP) has been demonstrated in mice. In the present study we have compared the humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccine formulations containing Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae outer membrane antigen (OmlA) with PCEP or Emulsigen as adjuvants. Our data showed a significant improvement and a shift toward more balanced immune responses when OmlA antigen was formulated with PCEP and CpG ODN. Moreover, in contrast to Emulsigen, immunization with PCEP did not result in local injection site reactions highlighting its potential as a safe and effective adjuvant for pigs. Further, the ease of formulation, administration and relatively low per dose cost of PCEP make it a promising adjuvant for pigs.     

Some pharmacological and toxicological properties of furazolidone

The pharmacological and toxicological properties of furazolidone have been briefly reviewed. Among the most important pharmacological actions of furazolidone is the inhibition of mono- and diamine oxidase activities, which seem to depend, at least in some species, on the presence of the gut flora. The drug also seems to interfere with the utilization of thiamin, which is probably instrumental in the production of anorexia and loss of body weight of the treated animals. Furazolidone is known to induce a condition of cardiomyopathy in turkeys, which could be used as a model to study alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in man. The drug is most toxic to ruminants. The toxic signs observed were of nervous nature. Experiments are in progress in this laboratory to try to explain the mechanism(s) by which this toxicity is brought about. It is uncertain whether the use of furazolidone at the recommended therapeutic dose would result in drug residues in tissues of treated animals. This is a matter of public health importance as the drug has been shown to possess a carcinogenic activity. It is important that a simple and reliable method of identification and estimation of furazolidone residues be devised. More work is needed to elucidate the mode of action and biochemical effects caused by the drug in both the host and the infective organisms.     

大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素作为黏膜免疫佐剂的研究进展

免疫佐剂是一类通过刺激机体免疫系统而非特异性地增强机体对抗原免疫应答的活性物质,也是近年来研究的热点.免疫佐剂种类众多,利用细菌及其代谢产物作为黏膜免疫佐剂具有很好的发展前景,研究较多的是霍乱毒素(CT)和大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素(LT),从研究效果看,LT比CT更为理想.但是LT和CT一样本身具有毒性,这是其作为黏膜佐剂的主要缺点.目前,国内外研究工作者对其突变体做了大量研究,以期找到具有黏膜佐剂活性但低毒或无毒的大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素突变体.文章对大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素分子及其突变体的研究做一综述.     

Toxicological and biological studies on Japanese quails fed graded levels of furazolidone

Furazolidone (FZ) was administered to 42-day-old female Japanese quails as a feed additive at doses of 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 ppm for a period of 28 days. Dose-dependent effects were observed. High levels of FZ (600 and 800 ppm) significantly altered growth, decreased feed consumption, caused marked atrophy of the ovaries and oviducts leading to cessation of egg laying, and resulted in higher mortality. Hepatotoxicity was evidenced by an increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase and a decrease in serum total protein, in addition to degenerative changes of the hepatocytes in FZ-treated birds. A rise in serum urea was also observed. Symptoms leading to death included a loss of appetite causing emaciation followed by nervous disturbances (compulsive movements and circling). No signs of cardiomyopathy were observed. Japanese quails did not tolerate FZ at a concentration (400 ppm) recommended for the prevention of salmonellosis in poultry.     

Furazolidone toxicity in neomycin-treated turkey poults

Furazolidone (FZ) toxicity was evaluated in turkey poults treated with neomycin at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 5, 10, or 26 days. Neomycin treatment had no effect on FZ-induced anorexia, delayed the onset of altered electrocardiographic patterns by approximately 1 week, and did not significantly affect the development of FZ-induced cardiomyopathy. Data indicated that FZ toxicity is not significantly altered by the gut microflora.     

Production and application of a live Salmonella gallinarum vaccine

The production and application of a freeze-dried Salmonella gallinarum vaccine are described in this report. The vaccine is stable when kept at 4 degrees C and a single injection elicits a good immunity for 2 months, though its effect gradually diminishes. Immunity is neither enhanced nor depressed by repeated injections of the live vaccine, and no interference effect was observed in experimentally infected chickens. Furazolidone therapy jeopardizes the immunogenicity of a live vaccine, but its effect can be countered by the administration of either an inactivated or a live vaccine when medication is commenced and this is followed by the application of live vaccine 6 days after cessation of medication.