大豆秆黑潜蝇防治指标的研究

通过大田调查和在夏大豆田采用尼龙网笼罩人工接种法观察大豆秆黑潜蝇发生为害及其虫口密度、虫株率与产量的关系。结果表明,大豆秆黑潜蝇在安徽霍邱县沿淮地区1a发生5代,以第3～4代为主害代,对产量损失最大、分别为33.4％、28.1％;其防治指标应根据大豆市场行情和单产而定,以产量100～150kg/667m²,单价2.40元/kg为淮,防治指标第3代虫口密度可定为4～10头/100株,虫株率为16％～18％;第4代虫口密度为8～12头/100株,虫株率为21％～23％。     

榆林地区马铃薯二十八星瓢虫发生规律及防治指标初步研究

榆林市是马铃薯的最适宜生长区，常年种植面积达 17万 hm~2。近年来二十八星瓢虫的猖獗发生，直接威胁着马铃薯的安全生产。据榆林市植保站 1992～ 1993年在绥德、佳县夏薯田调查，百株虫量达 120～ 396头，卵量为 1 300粒左右，严重地块单株虫口超过 300头，被害株率达 100％，有些马铃薯整株死亡，个别地块造成绝收，为害损失率达 45％左右。 1994～ 1995年在米脂县、榆林区夏薯田调查，百株虫量平均达 940头，卵量 4 541粒，被害株率 100％，严重地块已全部死亡，为害损失率达 20％～ 50％。秋薯受害也严重。本市各县植保站 1992～ 1994…     

青海省马铃薯新害虫——豆长刺萤叶甲调查初报

2013年在青海省大通县马铃薯田调查时发现了为害马铃薯的1种新发害虫——豆长刺萤叶甲(Atrachya menetriesi Faldermann).该虫对青海省马铃薯的为害期在7～8月份,马铃薯株受害率40％左右,虫口最高达18头/株,平均11头/株.介绍了该虫成虫的形态特征和为害症状,并提出应采取系统调查和大田普查的方法加强对该虫的监测.为控制其为害,在成虫盛发期应喷洒50％辛硫磷EC或5％氯氰菊酯EC、2.5％三氟氯氰菊酯EC进行防治.     

毒扦法防治天牛

天牛是林木果树的主要钻蛀性害虫之一,往往一两头天牛,即可将树致死。经普查,我区林木受害株率达27.6—97.8％,果树为70％,以毛白杨、桑树受害重。单株虫口3—11头。 我们自1984年以自制竹质毒扦进行防治试验,经3年41个基点,13713株标准树观察,毛白杨3290株,防治前虫株率37.6—97.3％,株虫口7—13个;防治后虫株率0.43—1.6％,株虫口1—3个。尤其连年复防效果更佳,据许昌、舞阳26个基点,4414     

棉田插种玉米对天敌虫口的影响及其控制害虫的作用

陕西渭南地区棉虫的主要天敌有4大类:蜘蛛、瓢虫、食虫蝽和草蛉,以蜘蛛类为最重要。在棉田按每亩120～150株插种玉米,天敌虫口大量增加。插种玉米的棉田天敌数较对照纯棉田增加了62.8～115.7％。对棉铃虫、伏蚜、盲蝽和红铃虫均有明显的控制作用。棉田插种玉米可以诱捕棉铃虫成虫,从而减少第二代该虫产卵,减轻棉花被害。     

如何抓好当前蔬菜病虫草害的防治工作

７月上旬连续一周雨天,降雨３００多ｍｍ,农民由于无法进行田间病虫草害防治,致使在园蔬菜病虫草害危害比较严重。１当前在园蔬菜病虫草害发生情况据我站在东西湖区系统观察点调查茄苗红蜘蛛,有虫株率７０％～１００％,单叶虫口数２～３头,高的达６头;夏播豇豆、甜...     

2000年豇豆荚螟在濉溪县严重发生

豇豆荚螟(Maruca testulalis Geyer)又名豆野螟。在当地主要为害夏绿豆和夏大豆的蕾、花、嫩荚粒。据2000年7月上旬至9月中旬调查，豇豆荚螟在本县严重发生。夏大豆发生面积1.5万hm2，占种植面积的37.5％，平均虫田率60.3％，虫株率52.1％，百株有虫20～35头，发生为害盛期在8月中、下旬大豆开花结荚盛期。夏绿豆田普遍发生严重，发生面积1.2万hm2，占种植面积的95％以上，平均虫田率100％，蕾、花、嫩荚受害率60％～80％，最重的达100％。幼虫常吐丝缀合蕾、花、嫩荚，匿居其中为害，平均百束缀合的蕾、花有幼虫63头，多的一束有幼虫3头；…     

黄胸蓟马对香蕉的危害及其防治

１９９６～１９９７年在香蕉花期调查结果表明,黄胸蓟马在广州地区香蕉园中普遍存在,香蕉花感虫率达１００％,平均每花苞感虫８２．８头。感虫数与花苞着生高度有关,以高度１２０～１４０ｃｍ的花苞感虫数最高,以后随高度的增加剧减。黄胸蓟马只危害稍开和已开的第１至第４苞片内花段,且虫口数由外向里递减。园中杂草有助于蓟马对香蕉花的危害,平均每花苞虫口数多杂草蕉园比管理精细的无杂草园多３．６倍。室内药效试验结果表明,毒死蜱、乐果、丁基克百威和灭多威对黄胸蓟马有很好的毒杀效果,氯氰菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯效果不理想。     

山东枣庄市土蝗猖獗

油桐尺蠖为害柑桔,但过去从未暴发成灾。1984年以来在我省大田等县发现此虫危害柑桔严重。1987、1988年本所柑桔园和邻近乡果园相继暴发。1987年9月本所受害较重的北乾果园受害株率达80％;较轻的后山、下洋片株受害株率也达10—20％。虫口密度每株20—100头,1988年6月初北乾果园受害株率达100％,每株有虫300—500头,个别株达1000多头。     

2002年临猗县二代黏虫大发生

２００２年６月下旬至７月上旬，二代黏虫在临猗县玉米、高粱田大面积严重发生。发生面积之广，虫量之大，为害之重为１９７６年以来之最。全县发生面积１．０万hm２，达到防治指标面积０．７３万hm２。６月３０日至７月１日调查，塬地玉米有虫株率１０％，百株有虫８～１２头；夏播玉米有虫株率３５％～４０％，百株有虫４０～６０头；饲草用高粱每平方米８０～１７０头，最严重的猗氏镇百里店村达３５０～５００头；荒地杂草被黏虫咬成光秆，与其相邻的玉麦收后未夏播的原茬地及玉米田、高粱田，采用快速、有效的５％顺式氯氰菊酯乳油（大…     

Characterization of α-amylase and its activity from mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera) and its inhibition by Rorippa indica defensin

Abstract

Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach is one of the economically important pests of Indian mustard Brassica juncea. Plant defense against these pests include impairing digestive processes in the insect gut. Thus, for an effective pest management, it is imperative to understand the digestive enzymes present in the pest. The present study involves the characterization of mustard aphid α-amylase and the efficacy of a potent insecticidal agent, RiD (Rorippa indica defensin) against it. The total protein of L. erysimi was analysed to determine the α-amylase activity present in it. The relative α-amylase activity in the total protein was assayed by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) procedure, using 1% soluble starch as substrate and was observed to be 2.32?±?0.025?U/mL of the total protein. The optimum temperature for α-amylase activity was found to be 35?°C and optimum pH was recorded as 6.5. Presence of RiD showed a decrease in the α-amylase activity in a non-competitive way. Moreover, cryo-sections of the aphid midgut also revealed bound RiD in the confocal analysis.     

Mathematical modeling and an application of the filled function method in entomology

Macrosiphum rosae (L.) is one of the most destructive pests for Rosa damascena (Miller) when it is found in high numbers. In order to understand the population dynamics of this pest, our priority should be the determination of what extent environmental factors affect the pest population. In this study, we apply fuzzy logic modeling to visualize the population variations, which depends on the environmental factors (temperature and humidity), by using the data obtained from the field studies. After that, we determine the values of temperature and humidity that makes the number of M. rosae maximum by using the filled function method as a global optimization technique.     

Influence of temperature on the embryonic and post-embryonic development of Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), vector of grapevine Flavescence dorée

The embryonic and post-embryonic development of Scaphoideus titanus, the main vector of grapevine Flavescence dorée, was studied under laboratory conditions, at constant temperatures (T = 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, and 29?°C). The data obtained were fitted to the equation of Brière, and the model was validated against independent field data. The minimum cardinal temperature for eggs ranged from 18 to 20?°C, the duration of egg hatching was minimum at T = 24?°C, egg hatchability was optimum at 22?°C, and very few eggs hatched at T ≥ 27?°C. The duration of post-embryonic development clearly shortened as the temperature increased, both overall and within the same life stage, almost half-reducing itself from 18 to 29?°C. Within the same temperature tested, the early instars took less time to moult compared to the late ones. The data obtained provided a significant fit with the equation of Brière. Validation was satisfactory, particularly concerning third instar nymphs and adults, which are the key life instars for targeting integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. The model proposed could be used to predict the development of S. titanus in north-western Italy for IPM purposes.     

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid identification of biotypes B and Q of the globally invasive pest Bemisia tabaci, and studying population dynamics

BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci, the sweetpotato whitefly, is a globally invasive pest that causes serious agricultural damage by transmitting plant viruses. This pest forms a cryptic species complex that displays morphologically indistinguishable biotypes. Among them, the B and Q biotypes are the most important pests worldwide. Because they have different levels of insecticide resistance, these biotypes must be identified in order to achieve proper pest control. Therefore, a convenient, rapid and specific detection method for identifying the two biotypes is necessary. RESULTS: Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was employed for rapid identification of B. tabaci B and Q biotypes. By combining a quick DNA extraction method, identification of the two biotypes was achieved within 1 h of detection time. The LAMP assay was applied to study the dynamics of B. tabaci biotypes both in the field and in greenhouses. It was found that, while temperature may be important for population dynamics of the whitefly in the field, population dynamics in greenhouse conditions may be influenced by the types of insecticide. CONCLUSION: The newly designed LAMP assay is a simple, rapid and accurate method for identifying the B and Q biotypes. It can be conducted by non‐specialists and can contribute to pest management. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Exploiting the high‐resolution JRC‐MARS European climatic dataset for pest risk mapping

Climatic data with a high temporal and spatial resolution are invaluable when modelling the potential distribution of non‐native pests. The European Commission Joint Research Centre Monitoring Agricultural ResourceS (MARS) programme provides a unique source of European daily climatic data. Available from 1975 to 2015 and updated annually, the data are interpolated from over 5000 weather stations to 25‐km grid cells. All geographical Europe is included, plus Mediterranean areas of the Middle East and North Africa. The climatic parameters available include temperature (daily minima and maxima), solar radiation, rainfall and relative humidity. As well as the potential for use in simple pest models, selected parameters can be imported into more complex models, such as CLIMEX, for more detailed analyses. Case studies showing how the MARS data have been used by the UK in pest risk analyses are presented for three insect pests: Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Hyphantria cunea (both Lepidoptera) and Popillia japonica (Coleoptera). The case studies illustrate some methods of representing uncertainty where thresholds are lacking in the published literature, there are conflicting data and only air temperature data are available to model a soil‐dwelling organism.     

基于MaxEnt和ArcGIS的宽叶酢浆草潜在地理分布分析

为探究我国检疫性有害生物——宽叶酢浆草Oxalis latifolia在世界范围内的潜在分布情况,通过建立MaxEnt模型并结合ArcGIS软件,对宽叶酢浆草在历史气候和未来气候2个情景下的潜在适生区进行预测,并分析影响其分布的关键气候因素。结果表明,宽叶酢浆草的适生区在世界范围内呈现以沿海向内地发展的趋势,在全球除南极洲外的大洲均有不同程度分布;在我国多分布在南方海拔偏高地区以及南部和东南部沿海地区。在未来气候变化下,宽叶酢浆草的全球适生区范围无明显变化,存在中、高适生区向低适生区转变的趋势。宽叶酢浆草在我国的适生区总面积于未来气候条件下有所降低,特别是在SSP126气候情景下即温室气体排放量较低的情景下。分析结果显示,影响宽叶酢浆草潜在地理分布的关键气候因子是温度季节性变化标准差,其次是最暖季度平均温度。     

枣缩果病主要病原菌生物学特性的初步研究

枣缩果病为多病原病害,本文对其中2种主要病原菌生物学特性的研究表明:盾壳霉菌丝生长温度范围为9～33℃,最适温度27℃;pH值范围为3～10,最适pH为7～8;碳素营养以果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖为好,乳糖较差。细链格孢菌苗丝生长温度范围为6～36℃,最适温度为24℃;pH值范围为3～10,最适pH为7;碳源以果糖为佳,乳糖最差;分生孢子在3～39℃,pH值3～10范围内均可萌发,以温度27℃,pH 5～8为最适。不同光照处理对盾壳霉菌和细链格孢菌菌丝生长和后者孢子萌发率无明显影响。     

Towards area‐wide control of Bactrocera invadens: prospects of the sterile insect technique and molecular entomology

It is 10 years since the first detection of the invader fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens, in sub‐Saharan Africa. The pest continues to hamper fruit production and create barriers to trade. Strategies currently employed to control B. invadens are insufficient, and more effective area‐wide strategies are needed. The sterile insect technique and molecular entomology approaches have high potential and could help to bring about effective area‐wide control of the pest if adopted and used as components of area‐wide integrated pest management. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Computer simulation of the population dynamics of Panonychus ulmi and applications to integrated pest management*

Panonychus ulmi is a serious pest of apple orchards, especially in hot dry years. To improve quantitative insight into its population dynamics, and as a tool for forecasting optimal dates for visual assessment of abundance and of integrated pest management strategies, an age‐ and stage‐structured temperature‐dependent predator–prey model for P. ulmi and two of its natural enemies, Typhlodromus pyri and Amblyseius potentillae, has been developed.     

西方盲走螨区域适应性初探

1981—1985年分别于气温较高、前期干旱、后期雨季明显和气候凉爽、干旱的苹果栽培区设置了20多个释放点,进行了西方盲走螨区域适应性试验。结果表明,释放西方盲走螨凡是取得控制叶螨成功的地区,均具有相对湿度较低、年降雨量少的共同特点。如我国西北部的甘肃兰州、宁夏银川、新疆石河子、阿克苏等,此带年降雨量在400毫米以下,6、7、8三个月平均相对湿度在70％以下。而降雨量超过600毫米,6、7、8三个月平均相对湿度高于80％的地区,如江苏徐州、山东青岛、辽宁兴城、河北昌黎和北京等地,则不适宜西方盲走螨生存、发展。