甜菜雄性核不育基因的SRAP标记

采用SRAP技术对甜菜核雄性不育基因进行分子标记的研究,为甜菜育种提供了一条新的途径。以遗传背景相似的可育株和不育株甜菜为材料,用64对SRAP引物组,进行了SRAP分子标记研究。在64对引物组中有2对引物组(即M2E7和M8E8)可分别得到1个育性基因相关的SRAP分子标记,即M2E7-480和M8E8-130,出现频率分别为73%和76%。表明该SRAP标记技术可用于甜菜辅助育种及遗传多样性分析,从而为甜菜雄性不育相关基因的表达提供科学依据。     

青花菜胞质不育相关基因的SRAP标记筛选

以青花菜Ogura胞质不育系XY及其保持系XYF基因组DNA为材料进行SRAP分析,共筛选了146对SRAP引物,其中8对引物在两系之间表现差异,经单株验证只有引物对Me6＋Em7没有交换单株,找到不育系与保持系间的特异扩增片段M6E7-700,该片段仅在不育系中稳定扩增。测序结果表明该片段全长为689bp,经Blast分析比对,该片段与已报道的所有育性相关基因序列均不同源,而其部分序列与大白菜BAC克隆KBrB042N05和KBrB041L12的部分序列高度同源,表明该片段是一段新发现的与胞质不育育性相关片段,且该片段可能来自核DNA。根据测序结果设计了1对特异引物,将M6E7-700标记转化为更稳定的SCAR标记。本研究首次发现芸薹属作物Ogura-CMS不育系和保持系的核DNA也存在差异,该结果为从质核互作角度解释细胞质雄性不育的分子机制提供了新线索。     

一个与亚洲百合无花粉性状紧密连锁的SRAP标记

为了探讨亚洲百合无花粉性状的分子遗传机制,筛选与该性状紧密连锁的分子标记,实现分子辅助选择。本研究以无花粉与有花粉亚洲百合杂交创制的F1单株为试验材料,采用BSA法,对亚洲百合无花粉性状进行SRAP标记分析。在无花粉基因池和有花粉基因池之间共筛选了108对SRAP引物组合,获得了1对在两基因池间扩增存在显著差异的引物组合EM2/ME3,并成功对两基因池间扩增出的差异片段进行回收、克隆和测序,得到了该片段375 bp的碱基序列,并将该特异标记命名为E2M3-375。     

‘福春1号’大白菜一代杂种纯度的SRAP鉴定

‘福春1号’大白菜是福州市蔬菜科学研究所选育的晚抽薹春白菜新品种。为鉴定该品种的纯度,利用80对SRAP引物组合对‘福春1号’及其亲本混合池DNA模板进行扩增,筛选出杂交种具有亲本互补特征带的引物组合,并利用该组合对田间栽培的‘福春1号’大白菜幼苗进行纯度检测。本研究最终筛选出引物组合M2+E4,其对杂交种扩增产生亲本互补的特征带,可将亲本和杂交种有效区分。利用这对SRAP引物组合对102株‘福春1号’大白菜幼苗进行纯度检测,检测纯度为94.12%。SRAP标记鉴定结果与田间调查结果基本一致。SRAP分子标记技术可用于‘福春1号’大白菜的纯度鉴定。     

利用SRAP标记鉴定‘松花55天’花椰菜一代杂种的纯度

利用SRAP标记,对‘松花55天’花椰菜及其父母本的多态性进行引物筛选和纯度检测。结果表明:100对SRAP引物中,有2对引物扩增的条带稳定,多态性高。其中M5+E9表现偏母型条带,M9+E2表现偏父型条带。同时利用这2对SRAP引物对‘松花55天’花椰菜幼苗进行纯度鉴定,检测纯度为97.85%。SRAP鉴定结果与对应田间种植性状鉴定结果基本一致,说明SRAP技术可以用于花椰菜杂交种子纯度的鉴定。     

红麻雄性不育系的选育和不育基因的ISSR分子标记

红麻不育系的选育为红麻杂种优势的利用提供了新的途径。红麻雄性不育基因的分子标记,可用于优良不育系或保持系的选择。采用单株选择回交的方法进行不育系的选择,用BSA法进行ISSR引物的筛选。利用中国农业科学院麻类研究所红麻育种课题组在海南三亚发现的红麻不育株AT-1做母本分别与15-4,04K1做杂交,再用父本回交4次,选育出2个高度不育的不育系。用CTAB法提取红麻单株DNA,利用BSA法构建近等基因池—不育池和可育池,以近等基因池DNA为模板,进行ISSR引物的筛选,筛选出一条能在不育池和可育池间产生稳定差异带的ISSR引物U859。对不育系鉴定表明,不育系为质核互作型雄性不育,且不育性稳定。通过不育和可育单株对ISSR引物的鉴定表明,U859是与雄性不育基因连锁的ISSR分子标记。     

水稻滇Ⅰ型和BT型细胞质雄性不育系的PCR标记鉴别

中国用于杂交粳稻生产的细胞质雄性不育系仅有滇Ⅰ型和BT型,它们的不育系产生的花粉都为染败型,而且具有相同的恢保关系、同为配子体不育。因此,基于花粉败育特点和恢保关系等常规技术无法鉴别这两种不育系。本研究利用线粒体特异引物LD24对27个滇Ⅰ型不育系和9个BT型不育系进行PCR扩增,结果显示滇Ⅰ型不育系无扩增片段,BT型不育系具有1个605 bp的片段。该片段的DNA序列与水稻LD型雄性不育细胞质线粒体基因组的一个604 bp片段相似性达99%,该片段包括一个位于rps1基因下游的一段230 bp序列及rps1与orf187基因间隔区上游的一个374 bp序列。本研究的结果说明利用LD24标记的PCR产物可以有效地鉴别水稻滇Ⅰ型和BT型雄性不育细胞质。     

甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育系ZWAB的遗传差异分析

利用50对多态性位点丰富的SSR引物对甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育系ZWAB与21份不同来源的甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育两系材料进行遗传差异分析.50对引物在22份材料间共检测到139个多态性位点,每对引物检测到1～6个多态性位点,平均2.8个,多态性比率为51.3％.聚类分析表明ZWAB与国内来源于S 45 AB、117 AB的隐性核不育两系材料间的遗传差异较大,遗传背景来源于国外的甘蓝型油菜,属一种新型的甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育材料.     

甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育材料ZWA的遗传利用研究

通过遗传测交试验表明:甘蓝型油菜核不育系ZWA的不育性由两对隐性重叠基因和一对上位抑制基因共同控制.当两对重叠隐性基因呈双隐性纯合体(m1m1m2m2),而另一对抑制基因的基因型为RfRf或Rfrf时,植株表现为不育(m1m1m2m2RfRf或m1m1m2m2Rfrf,其相应临保系的基因型为三对隐性纯合体(m1m1m2m2rfrf.纯合两型系不育株(m1m1m 2m2RfRf与可育株(M1m1m2m2RfRf或m1m1M2m2RfRf兄妹交,后代可育株与不育株的分离比例为1:1;可育株自交,其可育株与不育株比例为3:1.利用纯合两型系中m1m1m2m2RfRf不育株与临保系(m1m1m2m2rfrf测交可获得基因型为(m1m1m2m2Rfrf全不育系,全不育系与相应恢复系(M1M1 或M2M2 )杂交可获得全可育杂交种,从而将隐型核不育系ZWA的三系杂交种应用于生产.     

甘蓝型油菜显性细胞核雄性不育基因的AFLP标记

用甘蓝型油菜双基因显性细胞核雄性不育系Rs1046A和欧洲油菜品种Samourai构建了一个回交分离群体。在群分法（BSA）构建的不育池和可育池中共筛选了256对AFLP引物组合,找到了与不育基因紧密连锁的两个AFLP标记(EA03MC1599和EA07MC01235), 它们与不育基因的遗传图距分别是3.5 cM和5.5 cM,而且位于不育基因的同一侧,标记间相     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.