Morphological and histochemical characteristics of the epithelium of ovarian lamellae of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Genypterus blacodes</Emphasis> (Schneider, 1801)

The physiological significance of the glycoproteins (GPs) secreted by the epithelium of ovarian lamellae is discussed in reference to the reproductive biology of G. blacodes. Histochemical procedures for localising and characterising GPs were used to determine the cytoplasmic components of cells of the epithelium that covers the ovarian lamellae of pink cuskeel, Genypterus blacodes (Schneider, 1801) (Pisces, Ophidiidae), during spawning. This species is one of the most valuable demersal fish resources in the Argentine Sea, mainly due its large size and flesh quality. GPs with oxidizable vicinal diol groups, sialic acid with or without O-acyl substituents, O-acyl sugars, neutral sugars and GPs with carboxyl and sulphate groups were detected. Light microscope examination showed morphological changes in the epithelium of ovarian lamellae during the spawning season, associated with a secretory activity of mucus. Optical density studies revealed the presence of polyploid cells encompassing those morphological changes. Results of the present study suggest that the epithelium of ovarian lamellae of G. blacodes performs a secretory role, which is intensified during ovarian maturity, suggesting that G. blacodes could release masses of eggs enveloped in mucus.     

野生与养殖黄鳍鲷消化道中粘液细胞的类型及分布

采用常规石蜡组织切片及AB-PAS的染色方法对野生和养殖黄鳍鲷（Sparus latus）消化道中粘液细胞的类型及分布情况进行了比较观察研究。黄鳍鲷粘液细胞在消化道各部位均有分布,不同部位粘液细胞的类型和分布均有差异。食道中以Ⅰ、Ⅱ型粘液细胞为主;贲门部和胃体部只有Ⅰ、Ⅱ型粘液细胞分布,幽门部只有Ⅰ型粘液细胞;幽门盲囊、肠道及直肠都是Ⅱ型粘液细胞最多。野生与养殖黄鳍鲷粘液细胞的区别在于消化道的相同部位养殖鱼比野生鱼粘液细胞数量更多。根据研究结果推测粘液细胞的类型和分布与鱼的生活环境及食物相关,也可能与消化道中各种菌群的分布有关。     

3种珍珠贝的外套膜小片外表皮细胞的超微结构

用透射电子显微镜对合浦珠母贝（Ｐｉｎｃｔａｄａｆｕｃａｔａ）、大珠母贝（Ｐｉｎｃｔａｄａｍａｘｉｍａ）和企鹅珍珠贝（Ｐｔｅｒｉａｐｅｎｇｕｉｎ）的外套膜小片外表皮超微结构进行比较观察,发现都是单层柱状表皮,由３类细胞构成,即柱状表皮细胞、粘液细胞和嗜酸性粒分泌细胞。柱状表皮细胞是贝壳和珍珠组份的主要合成和转运者,据其结构和功能的差异可细分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ３型。粘液细胞和嗜酸性粒分泌细胞呈杯状或不规则,体积巨大,细胞质稀少,核的形态亦不固定,前者的胞体全由电子透明泡占据,后者含有大量嗜酸性的电子稠密颗粒。这２类细胞的主要功能是参与物质转运,它们在邻近表皮的结缔组织中也有分布,可作变形运动穿越基膜进入上皮层。     

黄斑篮子鱼消化道组织学和组织化学研究

采用HE和AB—PAS染色方法分别从组织学和组织化学方面对黄斑篮子鱼（Siganus oramin）消化道进行了研究。结果显示,黄斑篮子鱼口小,口咽腔不宽阔。上颌具细长、尖锐齿,下颌齿短,排列紧密。犁骨、腭骨和舌上无齿。鳃耙齿分叉,食道细长,胃部稍膨大,“V”型,幽门盲囊5～6条,肠长比为2．73。胃腺发达,为管状腺体,开口于胃小凹。幽门部粘膜褶高度降低,褶皱上开始出现类似肠绒毛结构。前肠均分布有许多长条形粘膜褶,空泡状杯状细胞丰富。依据AB—PAS的染色结果将该鱼}肖化道的粘液细胞分为4种类型：I型呈红色,Ⅱ型呈蓝色,Ⅲ型呈紫红色,Ⅳ型呈蓝紫色。食道以Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型为主,胃、肠道和幽门盲囊主要以Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型为主,后肠中Ⅱ型〉III型〉IV型,其中中肠和后肠Ⅱ型占总粘液细胞的比率最大。     

Characterization of the pattern of cytokeratin proteins in the epidermal cells of loach,Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cyprinformes)

The pattern of cytokeratin proteins in the epidermal cells of loach was studied by immunotechniques and partial separation of the epidermal cells. Two monoclonal antibodies, namely 8F7 and 1C45, against the cytokeratin proteins of the loach epidermis were prepared. these two monoclonal antibodies exhibit distinctive results in immunohistochemical staining. The 8F7 monoclonal antibody stains mainly with the epithelial cells, while the 1C45 monoclonal antibody stains specifically with the club cells. The pattern of cytokeratin proteins in the club cells and the epithelial cells of various epidermal layers was further determined by partial separation of these cells. Immunoblotting analysis of the cell fractions confirms the cytokeratin proteins to be differentially expressed in the club cells and the epithelial cells. However, the cytokeratin proteins expressed in the epithelial cells of the basal, middle and outer layers are same. The results indicate that differentiation of the epithelial cells seems limited during their translocation from basal to upper layers, but in those cells that do differentiate into club cells, the cytokeratin pattern changes.     

Fluorescence localization of epidermal cathepsins L and B in the Japanese eel

Histochemical localization of proteolytic activities in the dorsal epidermis of Japanese eel was demonstrated by fluorescent microscopy utilizing 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (4M$\beta$NA) derivatives as substrates and 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde as a trapping agent. Carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginyl-4M$\beta$NA (Cbz-Phe-Arg-4M$\beta$NA) and Cbz-Arg-Arg-4M$\beta$NA were used for direct detection of cathepsins L and B activities, respectively, in fresh frozen sections and unfixed cells of the eel epidermis. The fluorescing areas, where Cbz-Phe-Arg-4M$\beta$NA was hydrolyzed by cathepsin L, were shown in mucus secretory cells and club cells and broadly around skin surface. The fluorescing areas due to Cbz-Arg-Arg-4M$\beta$NA hydrolysis by cathepsin B were localized similarly in these tissues. The fluorescing intensity for both catheptic activities in mucus secretory cells was higher than that in club cells, where small fluorescing granules were distributed. These results indicate that eel cathepsins L and B are stored in epidermal secretory cells at different levels and probably serve as defense factors before or after secretion by these cells. Abbreviations: Cbz – carbobenzoxy; 4M$\beta$NA – 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide; NSA – 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde.     

皱纹盘鲍食道的结构与功能

以组织学，组织化学，扫描电镜和透射电镜观察及酶活性测定等方法研究了皱纹盘鲍的食道，食道可分为前，中后，三段，中段又可分为食物通道和食道侧囊，食道粘膜上皮由纤毛柱状细胞，粘液细胞，闰状腺细胞，微绒毛细胞和分泌细胞组成，纤毛柱状细胞参与运输食物和分泌物，并呈现吸收细胞的结构特征；粘液细胞分泌中性和酸性粘多糖；颗粒状腺细胞内充盈分泌颗粒；微绒毛细胞呈现吸收细胞的特征；分泌细胞具有强的蛋白酶等酶活性，能以楔浆分泌形式分泌消化酶，该细胞还具有吸收和细胞内消化作用。食道中段还呈现3种植物多糖酶活性。     

褐菖鲉消化道的组织学和组织化学

褐菖鲉消化道的组织学和组织化学=Study on histology and histochemistry of digestive tract in Sebastiscus marmoratus[刊,中]/石戈（浙江海洋学院海洋科学学院,浙江 舟山 316004）,王健鑫,刘雪珠,王日昕//水产学报.－2007,31（03）.－293～302 利用光镜技术对褐菖鲉消化道进行了组织学和组织化学研究。组织学研究表明：褐菖鲉消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃和肠4部分组成。口咽腔较大,上下颌,犁骨及腭骨均有细齿带,粘膜由复层鳞状上皮组成,并含有大量黏液细胞和少量杯状细胞;食道粗而短,上皮组织包括扁平上皮层区域和单层柱状上皮层区域,上皮含有大量杯状细胞和黏液分泌细胞,粘膜层的固有膜中含有腺体;胃呈Y型,包括贲门、胃体和幽门3个区域,胃粘膜由单层柱状上皮组成,在贲门和胃体部的粘膜层中有厚的结实层,上皮有大量的胃小凹和胃腺组织;胃幽门部括约肌明显,幽门上皮不含胃小凹;胃与肠相接处有8～9个指状幽门盲囊,其形态学和组织学特征与前肠类似;肠道上皮由单层柱状上皮细胞组成,丰富的微绒毛形成明显的纹状缘,上皮中含有大量杯状细胞,肠道系数为0.54。组织化学研究显示：幽门、幽门盲囊和肠上皮细胞顶端胞质和纹状缘具碱性磷酸酶活性;幽门盲囊及肠道上皮细胞顶端胞质中检测到酸性磷酸酶活性;在贲门部和胃体部的固有层以及幽门上皮还检测到酯酶活性,且酯酶定位于幽门柱状上皮细胞胞质的上半部。整个消化道的粘膜层中存在许多粘液细胞：食道上皮含大量酸性粘液细胞,胃上皮细胞均含有中性粘液,而肠道由前向后中性粘液物质逐渐减少,酸性粘液物质逐渐增多。组织学和组织化学的结果表明褐菖鲉食道有润滑和微弱的消化作用,胃有消化脂类和吸收糖类的功能;幽门和盲囊有较强的吸收脂类的功能;前肠、中肠和后肠有活跃的细胞内消化和吸收功能,整个消化道结构与其肉食性功能密切相关。图3参29     

Morphometric and histochemical assessment of the branchial tissue response of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), associated with chloramine-T treatment

Twelve tanks of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were treated twice weekly for an 11- week period with a one-hour static bath of chloramine-T (10 mg l^–1). The morphometric indices of gill damage and the histochemical characteristics of gill mucous cells of fish from treated and paired untreated tanks were compared. The use pattern of chloramine-T in this study evoked a slight increase in mean lamellar width, but it did not induce a greater degree of lamellar oedema, lamellar fusion, tissue infiltration, epithelial hyperplasia, chloride cell metaplasia or thrombosis of pillar channels in treated fish. Treatment caused a trend towards an increased number of mucous cells on lamellae, associated with a significant shift from neutral mucin to acid mucin production based on histochemical characteristics.     

Histological and hormonal changes in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) after exposure to environmental cocaine concentration

The aim of this study was the assessment of histological and hormonal changes induced in the European eel from environmental concentrations of cocaine. Silver eels were exposed to 20 ng L^?1 of cocaine during 50 days; at the same time, control, vehicle control and two post‐exposure recovery groups (3 and 10 days) were made. The general morphology of the skin and the intestine, and the plasma levels of prolactin, cortisol and dopamine were evaluated. In the skin, cocaine decreased the number and size of mucous cells, increased the thickness of the epidermis and altered the club cells and the basal lamina. In the intestine, cocaine increased the thickness of the epithelium and the number of mucous cells and reactivated the structure of the intestine and of the intestinal musculature. Moreover, cocaine increased plasma prolactin, cortisol and dopamine levels. These results suggest that cocaine induced histological changes, directly and/or through the hormonal changes observed. Considering the complex life cycle of the eel, the changes induced by cocaine in the skin, the intestine and the endocrine system could threaten the ability of the eel to successfully migrate and reproduce.     

长竹蛏消化系统的组织学和组织化学研究

用组织学和组织化学方法对长竹蛏的消化系统进行了研究。长竹蛏消化腺腺管上皮有消化细胞和嗜碱性细胞两种类型。消化细胞内含许多颗粒,具有酸性磷酸酶活性,表明该细胞能进行细胞内消化。消化腺导管柱状细胞亦呈现酸性磷权酶活性,并具有密集的微棋毛。消化道膜上皮由纤毛柱状细胞和少量的粘液细胞组成。食道有分泌中性和酸性混合粘液物质的上皮下粘液细胞。胃和肠上皮具帽白酶和非特异性酯酶活性。肠上皮还个酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸     

虾蛄消化系统的组织学和组织化学研究

虾蛄（ Ｓｑｕｉｌｌａ ｏｒａｔｏｒｉａ） 的消化系统由消化道和中肠腺组成,前者包括口、食道、贲门胃、幽门胃、中肠和中肠盲囊、后肠以及肛门。中肠腺甚为发达,为复管状腺,腺管上皮由分泌细胞、储存细胞、吸收细胞和胚细胞４ 种类型细胞组成。分泌细胞的顶端有一明显的分泌囊泡,呈现蛋白酶、非特异性酯酶和脂酶活性,可通过分泌囊泡外排或顶端细胞质崩解而向腺腔分泌水解酶类,后者进入消化道对食物进行细胞外消化。吸收细胞细胞质内含丰富的ＲＮＡ 和蛋白质,表明该细胞具有旺盛的蛋白质合成功能。储存细胞含有糖原和脂类,其基部质膜显示碱性磷酶酶活性,表明储存细胞可将细胞内的营养物质转运至腺管间的血窦。胚细胞体积较小,胞质嗜碱性,但细胞核大而圆。消化道粘膜上皮主要为柱状细胞,贲门胃和幽门胃上皮细胞表面有几丁质层覆盖。贲门胃肌层发达,主要起机械研磨食物的作用。幽门胃的几丁质层特化形成间壶腹脊和壶腹上脊,两者相互配合而起过滤作用。中肠粘膜上皮细胞表面无几丁质层,上皮细胞呈现蛋白酶、非特异性酯酶和脂酶活性,表明中肠也能分泌消化水解酶。中肠上皮细胞具有微绒毛,亦表明中肠可能参与食物的吸收。后肠肠腔虽宽大,但其上皮细胞仅呈现较弱的非特异性酯酶活性,故后     

Variations in mucous cell numbers in gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) presmolt in commercial freshwater farms in Norway

Fish gills are heavily exposed to the external milieu and may react against irritants with different cellular responses. We describe variations in mucous cell counts in gills from healthy Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) presmolts in five recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) farms and one flow‐through farm. Based on certain criteria, mucous cells were histologically quantified in a defined lamellar region of the gills and the counts were analysed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to investigate epithelial responses. The median number of total mucous cells in the defined region was 59 per fish. Between the farms, the medians varied from 31 to 101 with the lowest in the flow‐through farm. A regression model was fitted with “total mucous cells” as the dependent variable and with “fish length” and “fish farm” as independent variables. The proportion of variation in mucous cell counts explained by the model was twice as high when “fish farm” was included compared to only “fish length.” IHC revealed proliferative responses in coherence with high mucous cell numbers. Conclusively, the variation in mucous cell counts depends on combined farm‐related factors. Establishing a baseline for mucous cell counts is fundamental in the development of high‐throughput monitoring programmes of gill health in farmed fish.     

吉富罗非鱼sIgM基因多克隆抗体的制备及组织定位分析

为研究sIgM在吉富罗非鱼体内的组织分布及其在亚细胞水平上的定位,本实验利用纯化的SIGM融合蛋白,按照常规方法免疫新西兰大白兔,制备了兔抗吉富罗非鱼SIGM多克隆抗体;并对吉富罗非鱼肠、脾脏及鳃组织进行了免疫组织化学分析以及胶体金免疫电镜分析。结果显示,ELISA检测所获得的抗血清效价为1∶256 000,该血清能与SIGM融合蛋白发生特异性免疫反应。在肠和鳃组织中,阳性信号存在于富含黏液细胞的上皮细胞层表面,在杯状细胞和黏液细胞中则不存在;在脾脏组织中,阳性信号存在于特定的细胞中。免疫电镜结果显示SIGM主要存在于肠上皮细胞膜附近,并且在肠组织上皮细胞膜表面的微绒毛处含量较多;在鳃上皮组织中,SIGM主要存在于包围鳃丝和鳃小片的上皮细胞及部分红细胞内;而在脾脏组织淋巴细胞内部高尔基体的分泌小泡处存在大量的胶体金颗粒。研究表明,sIgM在鱼体黏膜免疫中具有重要作用,这为探讨鱼类sIgM的特性及功能奠定了基础,并丰富了鱼类黏膜免疫的研究内容。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)消化道显微与超微结构

采用解剖学、组织切片、电镜观察和2种染色技术研究了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilavis)消化道的组织结构特征.半滑舌鳎消化道可分为口咽腔、食道、食道胃、前肠、后肠5部分,观察了各部分消化道的显微和超微结构,测定了消化道各部分的黏膜褶皱数、黏膜褶皱高度、肌肉层(纵肌和环肌)厚度、黏液细胞相对密度等指标.结果显示,半滑舌鳎不具备结构特征明显的胃,摄食后,食道后部与肠道连接部形成一个囊状膨大结构,称之为食道胃;食道前部开始出现杯状黏液细胞,整个食道以Ⅲ型黏液细胞为主,食道胃中黏液细胞以Ⅲ型为主,前肠黏液细胞以Ⅳ型为主,后肠黏液细胞以Ⅱ型为主.研究结果为认识半滑舌鳎消化与吸收生理机制及研制人工养殖用饲料提供参考资料.     

缢蛏消化盲囊的组织学与组织化学

运用光镜、透射电镜及组织化学方法研究了缢蛏消化盲囊的结构与功能。消化盲囊为复管泡状腺，以导管与胃腔相通。腺上皮由胚性细胞(E-细胞)、纤维细胞(F-细胞)、吸收细胞(R-细胞)和分泌细胞(B-细胞)组成，它们在分布位置、结构及功能等方面各有其特点：E-细胞主要存在于近端(与导管相连处)，体积较小、核质比大，能分化为其它类型的腺细胞；F-细胞内含发达的粗面内质网和游离核糖体，功能是合成、分泌消化酶；R-细胞以脂肪滴和糖原粒的形式储存丰富的能量；B-细胞只见于远端，游离端具发达的微绒毛，内含大量的次级溶酶体和消化残体，有很强的吸收和细胞内消化功能；B-细胞和R-细胞消化脂类的能力较强。导管壁由单层短柱状纤毛细胞和丰富的粘液细胞构成，纤毛柱状细胞能合成、分泌消化酶。消化盲囊参与无机盐代谢。     

栉江珧消化系统组织学与组织化学的研究

运用组织学和组织化学方法对栉江珧消化系统的结构和功能进行了研究.栉江珧消化管的粘膜上皮由纤毛柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成,唇瓣、中肠和上行肠的上皮层还有嗜酸性粒分泌细胞;消化盲囊的腺上皮由分泌细胞和消化(吸收)细胞组成.皮下结缔组织中富含血腔隙,结缔组织和血腔隙中有"颗粒细胞".食道、胃、中肠、晶杆囊及消化盲囊能分泌消化酶,对食物进行消化和吸收;结缔组织、"颗粒细胞"也参与了食物的消化吸收.唇瓣、食道、晶杆囊和中肠的上皮细胞及结缔组织中的"颗粒细胞"内含铁,结缔组织中含钙.     

Heritability of skeleton abnormalities (lordosis, lack of operculum) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) supported by microsatellite family data

Body abnormalities constitute an important problem to fish aquaculture. Pigmentation, scale and skeleton abnormalities have been reported in different cultured fish species. Environmental and genetic factors or their interaction have been suggested to explain their origin. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is one of the most important European cultured species. Lordosis and lack of operculum are common abnormalities in this species, and can reach frequency of 80% or more of commercial batches. In spite of an important body of data suggesting environmental factors related with their origin, scarce and not conclusive genetic data have been reported to date. In our study, a large number of families originating from the usual production process of a commercial farm were used to estimate the heritabilities of both characters. Two independent experiments were carried out for each abnormality. Nine hundred and ninety four (5.6% lordotics; 157 full-sib families; 6.3 offspring/family) and 808 (7.9% lacking operculum; 83 families; 9.7 offspring/family) individuals were used for lordosis and lacking operculum heritability estimations, respectively. The results obtained adjusting an animal model indicated non significant heritabilities for both characters (0.021 (s.e. 0.019) and 0.032 (s.e. 0.023) for lordosis and lack of operculum, respectively). The corresponding values when a threshold model was used, though higher (0.152 and 0.203, respectively), evidenced large standard errors (0.119 and 0.146, respectively) suggesting h² = 0 as the most confident hypothesis (P = 0.838 and 0.766, respectively). A non-parametric permutation test was also applied to evaluate if more related individuals had a higher phenotypic resemblance. The results obtained suggested only a slight familiar association (P < 0.05) when comparing individuals lacking operculum, but neither between lordotics nor between normal ones. These results suggest that most phenotypic variation observed for lordosis and lack of operculum in gilthead seabream is due to environmental factors.     

Wound‐healing potential of curcumin in the carp,Labeo rohita

In this investigation, the effect of dietary administration of curcumin on the healing of skin wound in fish, Labeo rohita, has been reported. Fish were divided into three groups: control group (fish without skin wound), sham group (fish with skin wound without curcumin treatment) and curcumin‐treated group (fish with skin wound and subjected to dietary administration of 1% curcumin). Experiments were conducted for 30 days to assess the healing of skin wounds at different time intervals using scanning electron microscopy, histology, and mucopolysaccharide and enzyme histochemistry. In the curcumin‐treated group, healing of skin wounds was found to be enhanced than in the sham group as indicated by early restoration of morphology of the surface layer of epithelial cells; the density of the mucous goblet cells; the density of club cells in epidermal layer; and early granular tissue formation, collagen deposition and tissue remodelling in dermal layer. Furthermore, peroxidase and catalase enzyme activity showed increased endogenous defence system in the curcumin‐treated group compared with the sham group. It could be concluded that dietary administration of curcumin is beneficial in rapid healing of skin wounds in fish. Early healing of wounds could be considered to prevent the invasion of pathogens and to maintain the integrity of the surrounding tissue.