茶树‘黄山种’自然杂交后代遗传多样性分析

 通过ISSR标记结合形态学性状,分析了茶树‘黄山种’自然杂交后代的遗传多样性。所调查形态学性状的平均变异系数为20.5%（12.5% ~ 33.2%）,Shannon-weave指数平均为1.89（1.60 ~ 2.07）。22条ISSR引物在供试样品中共扩增出402条带,其中多态性条带396条,多态性比率为98.5%,引物的多态性信息指数（PIC）平均达0.90,供试样品的基因多样性（H）和Shannon信息指数（I）分别为0.32和0.49。充分表明‘黄山种’通过自然杂交,发生了基因的分离和重组,产生了丰富的遗传变异。Mantel检测基于形态学与基因型估算的遗传距离矩阵间,存在极显著正相关（r = 0.61,P = 0.01）。基于形态学性状和ISSR标记的聚类结果显示,大多数‘黄山种’自然杂交后代的单株可聚成一大类群,只有少数单株遗传距离较远,单独聚为一类。这些单株一芽三叶长、百芽质量较大,可为今后‘黄山种’系统选种提供优异种质材料。     

苹果柱型基因的ISSR分子标记研究

 以普通型苹果品种‘富士’和柱型苹果‘舞姿’以及其杂交后代的柱型与非柱型实生苗为试材, 建立了苹果的ISSR ( Inter-Simple Squence Repeat polymorphic DNA) 分子标记体系, 并将ISSR 标记用于苹果柱型基因Co 的遗传分析。结果表明, 在20μL 反应体系中各组分的用量为Taq DNA 聚合酶1U、Mg²⁺ 的浓度为2.5 mmol·L^-1 、模板DNA 用量20 ng、引物浓度0.2μmol·L - 1及退火温度52 ℃, 80 %引物具有良好的扩增能力。调整模板DNA 的用量、引物浓度及退火温度能够优化苹果ISSR-PCR 扩增体系。从所筛选的65 个引物中获得了35 个ISSR 标记, 其中33 个标记呈现1∶1 分离, 可用于苹果柱型基因的遗传分析。     

应用InDel标记进行软枣猕猴桃杂交子代真实性鉴定

【目的】对杂交后代进行真实性鉴定是进行猕猴桃分子遗传学研究的前提。通过筛选InDel引物对软枣猕猴桃2个杂交后代群体进行InDel标记研究,以鉴定杂种后代的真实性。【方法】采用高通量磁珠法提取软枣猕猴桃‘永丰1号’(♀)、‘RB-3’(♀)、‘11-17’(♂)、‘魁绿雄’(♂)亲本基因组DNA,以及‘RB-3’ב魁绿雄’子代175株和‘永丰1号’ב11-17’子代531株的基因组DNA;根据重测序数据设计InDel引物,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳在4个亲本中进行多态性验证,选择扩增带型清晰、稳定以及在父本中出现特异性条带的引物用于杂种子代鉴定,根据所选引物中InDel片段长度选择琼脂糖凝胶电泳或聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,对‘RB-3’ב魁绿雄’和‘永丰1号’ב11-17’2个杂交F1代群体进行真实性鉴定。【结果】在‘RB-3’ב魁绿雄’的杂交组合中,共筛选出4对引物,作为杂种鉴定的标记,鉴定杂交后代的真杂种比率为92.00%。在‘永丰1号’ב11-17’杂交组合中,同样筛选到4对,杂交后代的真杂种比率为99.24%。【结论】InDel标记可有效地对猕猴桃杂交后代进行真实性鉴定,真杂种的鉴定为后续的分子标记辅助育种、遗传图谱构建等奠定基础。     

铁线莲园艺品种ISSR-PCR反应体系优化与引物筛选

以铁线莲的园艺品种Clematis‘Gravetye Beauty’为试材,采用改良CTAB法提取其基因组DNA为模板,采用单因子试验设计,研究模板DNA含量、引物浓度、Master Mix对ISSR-PCR反应的影响,以期构建基于ISSR分子标记技术的铁线莲园艺品种遗传图谱。结果表明:25μL C.‘Gravetye Beauty’ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系的模板DNA用量5ng、引物浓度0.8μmol/L、Master Mix 12μL;利用该体系从38条ISSR引物中筛选出扩增条带清晰、多态性好的11条引物。     

24个山东石榴品种遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,利用8条ISSR引物对24个山东石榴品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:共检测到178个DNA位点,平均每条引物扩增出22.25个DNA位点,其中有122个多态性DNA位点,多态性位点比率为68.54%。平均观察等位基因数、平均有效等位基因数、平均Nei’s基因多样性指数、平均Shannon信息指数分别为1.685 4、1.379 0、0.228 2、0.345 3;品种的遗传相似系数为0.674 2~0.910 1,其中‘峄城多刺’与‘峄城竹叶青’这2个品种的亲缘关系最远,而‘峄城大红皮酸’与‘峄城大青皮酸’的亲缘关系最近。通过UPGMA法构建分子树状图,以遗传相似系数约0.806为阈值,将供试的24个山东石榴品种分为6类,表明ISSR分子标记技术可有效用于石榴品种的遗传多样性分析。     

黑穗醋栗品种亲缘关系的ISSR分析

 采用ISSR标记技术对39个黑穗醋栗品种的亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明：13条ISSR引物扩增的总带数（A）从3到11条不等,平均扩增出6.77条带,平均多态性带百分比（P）为64.37%。聚类分析显示,在相似性系数为0.8496处将39个黑穗醋栗品种分为5组。第Ⅰ组包含8个起源国家的品种,说明世界各国之间基因交流较为频繁。‘Ben Lomond’和‘Kantata’同其他品种的遗传距离较远,两者又有诸多优良农艺性状,可作为黑穗醋栗的优良育种材料。     

‘蛇龙珠’葡萄新株系遗传多样性的SSR、ISSR和VvmybA1基因片段分析

【目的】探究‘蛇龙珠’8个新株系的亲缘关系和遗传多样性,选育出具有推广价值的‘蛇龙珠’新株系。【方法】以‘蛇龙珠’8个新株系(E01~E08)为样品,近缘品种‘品丽珠’‘赤霞珠’等为对照,利用SSR、ISSR分子标记和VvmybA1基因序列进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。【结果】利用14对SSR引物对10份葡萄材料进行基因组DNA的扩增,通过聚类分析得出只有‘蛇龙珠’E06与其他7个株系有差异,另外7个株系聚为一类。利用11个ISSR引物进一步研究得出,‘蛇龙珠’E02(栖霞北)和E03(栖霞南)聚为一类,遗传距离与地理距离一致,E05(莱山)和E08(开发区)聚为一类,E01、E04、E06、E07之间差异显著。分析VvmybA1基因片段的差异探讨‘蛇龙珠’8个新株系的遗传差异,得出‘蛇龙珠’E01、E02、E04、E05、E06、E07的VvmybA1基因亲缘关系较近,聚为一支。‘蛇龙珠’E08和E03的VvmybA1基因分别单独聚为一支。【结论】利用SSR和ISSR可以显示‘蛇龙珠’8个新株系的亲缘关系,在区别‘蛇龙珠’8个株系时首先考虑遗传距离而不是地理距离。这些葡萄样品的VvmybA1基因片段的遗传多样性较低,在近期进化史上VvmybA1基因较稳定,在过去一段历史未发生种群扩张。     

菜薹杂交种ISSR和SRAP的指纹图谱构建

利用ISSR和SRAP两种分子标记技术,对1份菜薹杂交组合进行分析。结果表明,3个ISSR引物和3对SRAP引物可扩增出供试材料双亲的互补特征带,将双亲及杂种F1区分开;另有2个ISSR引物也可有效鉴别双亲及杂种F1。从而建立了由ISSR和SRAP两种标记技术组成的鉴定该杂交组合的分子指纹图谱,并转化为数字指纹图谱,为菜薹种子纯度的鉴定开辟了新的技术途径,为菜薹新品种知识产权的保护提供了重要手段。     

6个新疆矮化核桃品种的指纹图谱构建及亲缘关系分析

以8个核桃品种叶片为材料,利用ISSR技术,从100条ISSR引物中筛选出2条对8份DNA进行PCR扩增,共扩增位点34个,其中多态位点24个(比例达70.58%),构建出8个核桃品种的数字化指纹图谱。以NTSYSpc2.1软件计算品种指纹图谱的相似系数(GS)并进行(UPGMA)聚类分析,样品间的GS在0.54～0.94之间,在GS=0.64处将8个核桃品种分成2组:第一组母本为‘扎343’(1号),矮化品种有‘新温724’(4号)和‘新温908’(5号);第二组母本为‘新早丰’(2号),矮化品种有‘新温609’(3号)、‘新温915’(6号)、‘新温916’(7号)和‘新温917’(8号),与田间表现基本一致。     

紫牡丹远缘杂交后代幼苗的形态标记和ISSR标记鉴定

 以栽培牡丹‘秋发1号’（Paeonia suffruticosa‘Qiufa 1’）为母本,以野生紫牡丹（Paeonia delavayi Franch.）为父本进行远缘杂交,并利用形态标记结合ISSR分子标记对杂交后代2年生幼苗进行早期鉴定。结果显示,形态标记方法可将16株F₁代幼苗分为偏父型3株、偏母型5株和中间型8株;ISSR标记鉴定在L = 0.65时将F₁代幼苗分为偏父型6株、偏母型5株和中间型5株。16株杂交幼苗中有12株表现为ISSR标记与形态标记分组结果一致,另有4株分组结果不一致。认为形态标记结合分子标记的评价方法有利于牡丹杂交后代的早期鉴定。     

Determination of graft compatibility in sweet cherry by a co-culture method

Summary

Cell suspensions of two sweet cherry cultivars (Prunus avium L.) ‘Sam’ and ‘Sweetheart’, and four cherry rootstocks: ‘Edabriz’ and ‘Weiroot 10’ (P. cerasus L.), ‘P. avium seedlings’ (Alkavo selection) and ‘Gisela 5’ (a P. cerasus P. canescens hybrid) were co-cultured for 14 d and their mass increase used to calculate an affinity index and the degree of compatibility between pairs of genotypes. Synergistic as well as antagonistic growth responses were observed among the various genotype combinations. The effect on growth was never significantly negative, or resulted in cell mortality. Co-culture of ‘P. avium seedlings’ and ‘Sweetheart’ had a significantly positive influence on the growth of ‘P. avium seedling’ cell suspensions, and co-culture with either of the sweet cherry cultivars had a very positive effect on the growth increase (GI) of ‘Edabriz’ cell suspensions. The GI of the sweet cherry cultivar ‘Sam’ was positively influenced by the presence of both ‘Weiroot 10’ and ‘Gisela 5’ in the co-culture chamber. The GI for the combination of ‘Sweetheart’ with ‘Gisela 5’ or ‘Edabriz’ was significantly lower than in the control, and none of the combinations with ‘P. avium seedlings’ or ‘Weiroot 10’ gave an increase in GI greater than controls of the scion cultivar ‘Sweetheart’ alone. The calculated degree of compatibility (DC_cc) showed that the cultivar ‘Sam’ had no compatibility problems with the four rootstocks tested, whereas the combination of ‘Sweetheart’ and ‘Gisela 5’ had the lowest DC_cc (= 0.80) which was concluded to be on the border between a compatible and an incompatible relationship. It was therefore concluded that a calculated value of DC_cc < 0.80 would indicate an incompatible combination, and that values of DC_cc > 1.00 would indicate healthy and strong combinations.Virus-induced incompatibility appeared to play a much larger role in explaining unsuccessful grafts observed in the nursery than previously assumed.     

金叶植物色素含量对光强的响应

以14种金叶植物为试材, 测定了各自的光饱和点、光补偿点, 分析了叶片中的色素组成及含量, 同时探讨了叶片色素变化对光照强度的响应。研究结果显示: 供试金叶植物叶片的总叶绿素含量(Chl. 普遍偏低, 叶绿素/类胡萝卜素(Chl. /Car.) 比值低于绿叶植物; 同一枝条随着叶位的降低, Chl.和Chl. /Car.值均呈上升趋势, 叶色加深。金叶植物的叶色表达受环境光强影响, 在强光下叶色金黄, 弱光下由于叶绿素含量增加, 导致叶色转变为黄绿。根据叶片色素变化对光强响应的敏感程度, 将供试金叶植物分为光强不敏感型、光强敏感型、光强高度敏感型3类: 光强不敏感型的有金叶红薯和金叶绿萝, 光强敏感型的有金叶珊瑚朴、金叶皂荚、金叶国槐、金叶风箱果、金叶红瑞木、金叶女贞、金山绣线菊、金叶小檗, 光强高度敏感型有金叶接骨木、金叶莸、金叶连翘。     

特定土壤条件下“新温185”核桃根施氮磷钾肥细根根长密度效应研究

以"新温185"核桃(Juglans regia'Xinwen185')为试验材料,通过"3414"肥料效应田间试验,采用根钻取样法和图像扫描分析法,研究了特定土壤养分条件下根施氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)肥对"新温185"核桃细根根长密度的影响,以期为"新温185"核桃土壤养分的科学管理提供依据。结果表明:"新温185"核桃细根根长密度(C)的正平方根(Sqrt C)同P肥与K肥的交互作用(P×K)、N肥的施用量(纯氮量,N)、N肥施用量的自乘(N^2)存在极显著(P=0.000)的线性相关关系,即■。特定土壤条件下(碱解N 77.7 mg·kg^-1,有效P 14.3 mg·kg^-1,速效K 77.3 mg·kg^-1),根施P、K肥对核桃的细根根长密度效应不显著,P、K肥的交互作用对细根根长密度存在负效应,当N肥施用量(纯量)小于1.34 kg·株^-1时,对"新温185"核桃细根根长密度存在正效应,反之则存在负效应。     

Rootstock influence on leaf and fruit mineral status of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’ pear

In a test with ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’ pear on 8 Pyrus (P.) rootstocks, leaves of ‘Bartlett’ were high in S and Fe on ‘Bartlett’ seedlings (BS), in Zn on P. ussuriensis Maxim. seedlings (USS), and in B on seedlings of P. calleryana Decne (Cal). Leaves of ‘d'Anjou’ were high in P, Zn and B on BS, in N on USS, and in S on Cal. Both ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’ were high in K and Ca on P. betulaefolia Bunge seedlings (Bet). Fruit of both ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’ were high in N, K and Mg on Bet and Cal and high in Ca on Cal and USS. With both ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’, moderately high correlations were found between leaf and fruit concentrations of K and Mg; positive correlations were high for Ca and S with ‘Bartlett’ and for Zn and B with ‘d'Anjou’. There was a very high negative correlation between leaf and fruit Ca with ‘d'Anjou’.     

报春苣苔属杂交新品种‘花苹果’、‘猫的花环’、‘小喇叭’

报春苣苔属杂交品种‘花苹果’（‘Piebald Apple’）是从‘紫苹果’（‘Lavender Apple’）× 硬叶报春苣苔（P. sclerophylla）,‘猫的花环’（‘Cat’s Garland’）是从永福报春苣苔（P. yungfuensis）× 阳朔小花苣苔（P. glandulosa var. yangshuoensis）,‘小喇叭’（‘Dan’s Trumpet’）是从条叶报春苣苔（P. ophiopogoides）× 齿苞报春苣苔（P. beiliuensis var. fimbribracteata）杂交后代中选育出的新品种,开花量大,花梗直立,栽培适应性好,花为分别为薰衣草紫色、粉白色和蓝紫色。     

The interaction of a dormancy-breaking cold treatment,ancymidol, and ethephon in relation to stem elongation and flower production of Lilium cultivars

Stem elongation of Lilium cultivars ‘Black Beauty’, ‘Jamboree’ and ‘Nutmegger’ was lessened by treating the bulbs with ancymidol (10 p.p.m.) or ethephon (500 p.p.m.). Ancymidol was the more effective inhibitor of stem elongation, although applied at a much lower concentration. Application of the growth regulators prior to a dormancy-breaking cold treatment provided more effective control of stem elongation than post cold-treatment application. The total number of flowers and the number of secondary flowers per stem of ‘Black Beauty’ and ‘Nutmegger’ were increased by treating the bulbs with ancymidol. However, unlike the optimal time for lessening stem elongation, enhancement of flower production was greatest when ancymidol was applied after completion of the cold treatment. Ethephon was unsatisfactory, since it inhibited flower production by ‘Black Beauty’ and ‘Nutmegger’, while ‘Jamboree’ was relatively insensitive to it, as indicated by a lack of inhibition of flower production and a small degree of inhibition of stem elongation.     

Increasing yields of ‘Topaz’ mandarin by gibberellin and girdling in the presence of ‘Minneola’ pollinizers

Yields of ‘Topaz’ mandarin, a self-incompatible local selection of ‘Ortanique’, were substantially increased by spraying with 20 p.p.m. gibberellin or by girdling at blossom time. The number of seeds increased with decreasing distance from ‘Minneola’ pollinizers, while fruit size and yields were not clearly affected.     

石榴新品种‘白玉石籽’

 ‘白玉石籽’石榴是通过RAPD标记辅助选育出的‘三白’石榴大籽粒营养系变异新品种。平均单果质量469.1 g, 最大单粒质量1.02 g, 可溶性固形物含量16.4% , 出汁率81.4% , 平均核硬度3.29 kg·cm ^-2 , 软籽。植株抗褐斑病、干腐病, 丰产, 在皖中地区9月下旬成熟。     

梨品种果肉石细胞含量比较研究

对保存于“国家果树种质兴城梨、苹果圃”的5个梨主要栽培种304个品种的果肉石细胞含量进行了测定分析,包括白梨（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.）品种117个、砂梨〔P. pyrifolia （Burm.f.） Nakai〕89个、秋子梨（P. ussuriensis Maxim.）35个、新疆梨（P. sinkiangensis Yü）8个、西洋梨（P. communis L.）16个以及种间杂交品种39个。结果表明：梨栽培品种每百克果肉石细胞含量平均值为0.684 g, 范围为0.010 ~ 6.678 g,其中主要栽培种白梨、西洋梨、砂梨和秋子梨品种分别为0.462、0.524、0.552和1.887 g,变化范围分别是0.020 ~ 1.479、0.027 ~ 1.136、0.010 ~ 2.018和0.256 ~ 6.678 g。秋子梨品种果肉石细胞含量总体最高,白梨最低。通过3年鉴定,筛选出早酥、德胜香、赤穗、玛丽娅、泗阳青梨、康佛伦斯、巴梨、青魁等8个石细胞含量极低的品种。