一种新型对虾白斑综合症病毒和桃拉综合症病毒复合快速检测技术-二温式多重PCR的建立

摘要：本研究建立了一种二温式多重PCR技术，用于对虾白斑综合症病毒（white spot syndrome virus ,WSSV）和桃拉综合症病毒(taura syndrome virus ,TSV)的复合检测。根据对虾白斑综合症病毒和桃拉综合症病毒的基因序列分别设计了两对特异引物F1 、R1和 F1、 R2，利用该PCR能特异扩增出WSSV和TSV基因片段，结果表明：二温式多重PCR技术具有较高的特异性和敏感性，最低能检测到WSSV核酸模板10pg,TSV核酸模板100pg，且对其它一些对虾病原呈现阴性。     

三种对虾病毒多重实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

根据基因库中白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）、传染性皮下及造血器官坏死病毒（IHHNV）和桃拉综合征病毒（TSV）的基因序列,设计了WSSV 、IHHNV和TSV的三对特异性引物和三条用不同荧光基团标记的TaqMan探针。对反应条件和试剂浓度进行优化,建立了能够同时检测WSSV 、IHHNV和TSV的三重实时荧光PCR方法。该方法特异性好,对WSSV 、IHHNV和TSV的检测敏感性分别达到20000、20和20000个模板拷贝数;此外抗干扰能力强,对WSSV 、IHHNV和TSV不同模板浓度进行组合,仍可有效地同时检测这三个病毒。对保存的45份经常规PCR检测仅为WSSV 、IHHNV和TSV阳性的样品进行二重实时荧光PCR检测,结果都为阳性,其中2份为WSSV和IHHNV混合感染。本研究建立的三重实时荧光PCR方法用于WSSV、IHHNV和TSV的检测具有特异、敏感、快速、定量等优点。     

环介导恒温扩增技术快速检测对虾白斑综合征病毒方法的建立

DNA环介导恒温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术是一种特异、灵敏、快速的新型基因检测技术,其检测结果可以通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察,也可以通过加入核酸染料SYBR GreenⅠ进行肉眼观察。本研究根据对虾白斑综合征病毒(White spot syndrome virus,WSSV)的结构蛋白VP26基因序列,设计一套引物,成功建立了针对WSSV的LAMP检测方法。应用该方法,在65℃温育1h的条件下快速扩增病毒基因组DNA,琼脂糖凝胶电泳得到特异性梯度条带;在反应体系中添加SYBR GreenⅠ染料后,可通过肉眼观察有无荧光直接判定结果。该研究建立的LAMP法能特异性检出WSSV,其检测下限比PCR法低一个数量级,相当于0.563pg/μL的质粒(pMD19-T-VP26)浓度。表明所建立的WSSV LAMP检测法特异性好、灵敏度高、操作简单方便,有望作为WSSV快速诊断的常规方法。     

常温核酸探针点杂交法检测对虾白斑综合征病毒的PCR扩增产物

聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术和核酸探针杂交技术已成为十分重要的病原检测手段,在对虾白斑综合征病毒(white spotsyndrome virus,WSSV)的检测中,已得到广泛的应用[1～3].     

对虾白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白VP28 基因的克隆及序列分析

自1990年来,世界各地的对虾养殖业受对虾白斑综合征的严重威胁[1].对虾白斑综合征的病原是对虾白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)[2],WSSV的宿主主要是海洋甲壳类动物,经口感染[3].     

对虾白斑综合征病毒可视化环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测技术的建立与应用

针对当前对虾(Penacus orientalis)养殖业亟需研究开发一种简便快速、敏感特异的检测技术来实现对对虾白斑综合征病毒(White spot syndrome virus,WSSV)进行检测监控的现状,本研究根据WSSV基因组ORF120保守区序列,设计合成6条环介导等温扩增(loop mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)特异性引物,分别为外引物F3/B3、内引物FIP/BIP和环引物LF/LB。利用钙黄绿素/氯化锰作为检测指示剂,通过对反应条件优化,建立了可视化WSSV-LAMP检测方法。在检测中未发生扩增反应时,钙黄绿素被氯化锰螯合,呈淬灭状态。当样品中有WSSV靶基因存在时,大量DNA被合成,并产生同样大量的焦磷酸根离子,此时焦磷酸根离子竞争性与Mn2+结合,形成稳定的不溶性焦磷酸盐沉淀,钙黄绿素被释放而发出肉眼可见的黄绿色荧光。该扩增一次性反应约60min即可完成对待检样品的检测。经测定,本方法能特异性地检测出阳性样品中的WSSV目的基因,并能通过扩增产物所产生的黄绿色变化与阴性样品区别;本技术对目的基因的最低检测量为1fg。在临床检测试验中,WSSV-LAMP与世界动物卫生组织(OIE)推荐的WSSV-PCR检测方法均能从250份对虾样品中,同时检测到15份编号相同的阳性样品,符合率达100%。除此之外,WSSV-LAMP还能从另外3份PCR检测为阴性的样品中检测到目的基因。比较这两种方法的阳性检出率,WSSV-LAMP为7.2%(18/250),WSSV-PCR为6.0%(15/250),WSSV-LAMP对自然感染的临床样品阳性检出率要比WSSV-PCR高。说明WSSV-LAMP在病毒含量较低的临床样品检测中比OIE推荐的PCR方法具有更高的技术优势,能在对虾养殖生产上的临床诊断、育种及口岸检疫,甚至海洋生态监测中对WSSV进行现场检疫。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒基因组片段的测序、亚克隆与表达

取对虾（Penaeid shrimp)白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）基因组DNA随机文库中1个约8kb的克隆片段进行测序，DNA序列用DNAstar软件进行分析，共发现43个100bp以上阅读框（ORF），其中1条链31个，互补链12个，用BLAST软件将43个ORF及其推导的氨基酸序列分别与GenBank中核酸蛋白数据序列进行相似性比较，结果无显著同源性。从白斑综合征病毒基因组的测序片段中，发现一个810bp阅读框，其编码氨基酸序列与海栖热袍菌（Thermotoga maritima) 外膜蛋白有24％的同源性，设计一对引物，扩增出该阅读框，用T载体克隆并按正确阅读框连接到E.coli表达载体pGEX-6p－1上。重组菌经IPTG诱导后，菌体SDS－PAGE显示有1条大小为56kD的融合表达蛋白产生。     

利用侧流核酸试纸条快速检测非洲猪瘟病毒

为满足基层普通实验室或养殖场等资源有限的实验室对非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)的检测需求,该研究开发了一种简单、快速、低成本的检测技术,可以用肉眼观察检测结果。研究将传统聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)与胶体金试纸条技术结合,开发一种低成本的侧流核酸测定试纸条(lateral flow nucleic acid assay,LFNAA)。该体系设计了独特的尾引物,避免了传统核酸试纸条的半抗原标记及抗体的使用。经过PCR扩增后产生一端带着单链寡核苷酸尾巴的双链DNA产物,能够与胶体金标记的寡核苷酸捕获探针结合,从而在试纸条上形成可以用肉眼观察的目标产物。该LFNAA试纸条能够在猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CFSV)、猪瘟病毒猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒1型(Porcine circovirus 1,PCV1)、猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus 2,PCV2)、猪伪狂犬病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)、猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus virus,PPV)中特异的鉴定出ASFV的存在,其灵敏度与琼脂糖凝胶电泳的分析结果一致,均能达到103 copies/μL。因此,仅需要一台普通PCR仪,即可对ASFV进行快速灵敏的鉴定(<2 h),其低成本、操作简便的特点非常适合资源有限的实验室中非专业人员的操作。此外,该技术可进一步结合等温扩增技术,能够在食品安全和医学诊断中实现更快更简便的现场检测。     

多重连接探针扩增(MLPA)技术同时检测五种病毒的研究

现有的动物疫病诊断技术多是针对单一病原进行的,而动物疫病的流行却出现了多种病毒混合感染,现有诊断技术不能很好地满足国境口岸快速、高通量检疫的需求,动物疫病多重检测新技术的研究近来已经成为动物疫情监测、疫病控制领域关注的焦点。本研究利用多重连接探针扩增(MLPA)技术特异、敏感、高通量等技术优势,以猪流感病毒(SIV)、伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)、猪传染性胃肠炎(TGEV)和猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒(PRRSV)为研究对象,分别设计了这5种病毒的MLPA探针,将这5种探针混合,建立了可以同时检测这5种病毒的MLPA扩增方法。方法特异性试验表明,针对每种病毒的探针都只能扩增出其对应的病毒模板,其余病毒模板的扩增都是阴性结果;而且,5种探针混合物都只能从单个目的病毒中扩增出单一的特异性条带,而猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)和猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的扩增均为阴性。敏感性试验结果表明,5重MLPA扩增的最低检测限可以达到单个病毒核酸3000~6000个拷贝。本研究建立的5种病毒MLPA检测方法在国内外首次实现一次采样,一次分析,检测5种猪病的目的,该技术特异性强,敏感性高,加之其多重性检测优势,有望成为未来疫病检测的新方向。     

禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒、猪瘟病毒和口蹄疫病毒多联RT-PCR诊断技术的建立

选择禽流感病毒(AIV)、新城疫病毒（NDV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)和口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)基因组序列高保守区，按照多联PCR引物的设计要求，利用DNAsis计算机软件设计并合成了4对特异性扩增引物，扩增片段大小分别为470、320、200和140bp。以AIV、NDV、CSFV和FMDV的培养物提取RNA并反转录，进行RT-PCR特异性扩增。结果表明，各单项RT-PCR扩增产物与设计的4对引物之间的序列大小一致。在分别建立了各病毒单项RT-PCR及AIV与NDV、CSFV与FMDV二联RT-PCR的基础上，进一步优化各种多联PCR扩增条件，成功建立了上述4种病毒的四联RT-PCR技术。经特异性和灵敏度实验证明，本方法具有高度的特异性和灵敏性，其灵敏度为10pg总RNA。在3h内即可完成样品的检测。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒ORF5基因的融合表达

根据GenBank公布的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus , PRRSV)ORF5基因的核苷酸序列设计3对特异性引物，从重组质粒pMD- ORF5中扩增去除ORF5基因中包括全部信号肽在内的N端跨膜区(28 residues)和中部跨膜区(60 residues)。改造后的ORF5基因分别命名为ORF5-1和 ORF5-2。将2个基因片段定向克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a(+),构建重组质粒pET-ORF5-1和pET-ORF5-2,转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)感受态细胞，经IPTG诱导表达和SDS-PAGE电泳分析，ORF5-1和ORF5-2基因获得融合表达，表达量分别为12.2%和39%，证明删除双跨膜区能明显提高ORF5基因的表达量。经Western blot分析，融合蛋白具有一定的免疫学活性，表明摘除跨膜区对该蛋白的抗原性影响不大。     

猪蓝耳病病毒RT-LAMP快速可视化检测方法的建立

为建立能快速检测猪蓝耳病病毒（PRRSV）的检测方法,本研究根据基因库中PRRSV非结构蛋白NSP2基因的保守序列,设计了一套特异性环介导等温扩增（RT-LAMP）引物,建立了PRRSV的RT-LAMP可视化检测方法。该方法的敏感性可达10 copies RNA,高于常规PCR方法 10倍;全部反应可以在50 min内完成;可通过肉眼观察钙黄绿素（calcein）颜色变化直接判定结果;对其它常见病原体的检测结果均为阴性,同时应用实时浊度仪对反应体系浊度及浊度的变化速率进行实时测量,结果相一致。结果表明建立的RT-LAMP方法简便、快速、灵敏、特异,可用于PRRSV感染的快速检测。     

狂犬病病毒SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

狂犬病病毒为不分节段单链负股的RNA病毒,属弹状病毒科狂犬病病毒属。世界上几乎所有国家都有狂犬病发生,狂犬病病毒能够使所有温血动物发病致死,死亡率高达100%。本研究根据GenBank中的狂犬病病毒M基因序列,选择保守区域设计引物,通过对SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR反应条件进行优化,建立了用于检测狂犬病病毒的SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR方法。结果显示,建立的狂犬病病毒实时荧光定量PCR方法,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好的优点,是开展狂犬病的临床检测的有力工具。     

Qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis for genetically modified maize MON863

Qualitative and quantitative analytical methods were developed for the new event of genetically modified (GM) maize, MON863. One specific primer pair was designed for the qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The specificity and sensitivity of the designed primers were confirmed. PCR was performed on genomic DNAs extracted from MON863, other GM events, and cereal crops. Single PCR product was obtained from MON863 by the designed primer pair. Eight test samples including GM maize MON863 were prepared at 0.01 approximately 10% levels and analyzed by PCR. Limit of detection of the method was 0.01% for GM maize MON863. On the other hand, another specific primer pair and probe were also designed for quantitative method using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. As a reference molecule, a plasmid was constructed from a taxon-specific DNA sequence for maize, a universal sequence for a cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter used in most genetically modified organisms, and a construct-specific DNA sequence for the MON863 event. Six test samples of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0% of GM maize MON863 were quantitated for the validation of this method. At the 3.0% level, the bias (mean vs true value) for MON863 was 3.0%, and its relative standard deviation was 5.5%. Limit of quantitation of the method was 0.5%. These results show that the developed PCR methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect GM maize MON863.     

Qualitative and quantitative PCR methods for detection of three lines of genetically modified potatoes

Qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have been developed for the detection of genetically modified (GM) potatoes. The combination of specific primers for amplification of the promoter region of Cry3A gene, potato leafroll virus replicase gene, and potato virus Y coat protein gene allows to identify each line of NewLeaf, NewLeaf Y, and NewLeaf Plus GM potatoes. Multiplex PCR method was also established for the simple and rapid detection of the three lines of GM potato in a mixture sample. For further quantitative detection, the realtime PCR method has been developed. This method features the use of a standard plasmid as a reference molecule. Standard plasmid contains both a specific region of the transgene Cry3A and an endogenous UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene of the potato. The test samples containing 0.5, 1, 3, and 5% GM potatoes were quantified by this method. At the 3.0% level of each line of GM potato, the relative standard deviations ranged from 6.0 to 19.6%. This result shows that the above PCR methods are applicable to detect GM potatoes quantitatively as well as qualitatively.     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction based assays for quantitative detection of barley, rice, sunflower, and wheat

Quality assurance is a major issue in the food industry. The authenticity of food ingredients and their traceability are required by consumers and authorities. Plant species such as barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) are very common among the ingredients of many processed food products; therefore the development of specific assays for their specific detection and quantification are needed. Furthermore, the production and trade of genetically modified lines from an increasing number of plant species brings about the need for control within research, environmental risk assessment, labeling/legal, and consumers' information purposes. We report here the development of four independent real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays suitable for identification and quantification of four plant species (barley, rice, sunflower, and wheat). These assays target gamma-hordein, gos9, helianthinin, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase sequences, respectively, and were able to specifically detect and quantify DNA from the target plant species. In addition, the simultaneous amplification of RALyase allowed bread from durum wheat to be distinguished. Limits of detection were 1 genome copy for barley, sunflower, and wheat and 3.3 copies for rice real-time PCR systems, whereas limits of quantification were 10 genome copies for barley, sunflower, or wheat and approximately 100 haploid genomes for rice real-time PCR systems. Real-time PCR cycling conditions of the four assays were stated as standard to facilitate their use in routine laboratory analyses. The assays were finally adapted to conventional PCR for detection purposes, with the exception of the wheat assay, which detects rye simultaneously with similar sensitivity in an agarose gel.     

Reliable detection and identification of genetically modified maize, soybean, and canola by multiplex PCR analysis

Multiplex PCR procedures were developed for simultaneously detecting multiple target sequences in genetically modified (GM) soybean (Roundup Ready), maize (event 176, Bt11, Mon810, T14/25), and canola (GT73, HCN92/28, MS8/RF3, Oxy 235). Internal control targets (invertase gene in corn, lectin and beta-actin genes in soybean, and cruciferin gene in canola) were included as appropriate to assess the efficiency of all reactions, thereby eliminating any false negatives. Primer combinations that allowed the identification of specific lines were used. In one system of identification, simultaneous amplification profiling (SAP), rather than target specific detection, was used for the identification of four GM maize lines. SAP is simple and has the potential to identify both approved and nonapproved GM lines. The template concentration was identified as a critical factor affecting efficient multiplex PCRs. In canola, 75 ng of DNA template was more effective than 50 ng of DNA for the simultaneous amplification of all targets in a reaction volume of 25 microL. Reliable identification of GM canola was achieved at a DNA concentration of 3 ng/microL, and at 0.1% for GM soybean, indicating high levels of sensitivity. Nonspecific amplification was utilized in this study as a tool for specific and reliable identification of one line of GM maize. The primer cry1A 4-3' (antisense primer) recognizes two sites on the DNA template extracted from GM transgenic maize containing event 176 (European corn borer resistant), resulting in the amplification of products of 152 bp (expected) and 485 bp (unexpected). The latter fragment was sequenced and confirmed to be Cry1A specific. The systems described herein represent simple, accurate, and sensitive GMO detection methods in which only one reaction is necessary to detect multiple GM target sequences that can be reliably used for the identification of specific lines of GMOs.     

口蹄疫重组鸡痘病毒在豚鼠体内的毒性、分布、抗体消长规律的研究

以病毒为重组疫苗的载体构建的活载体基因重组疫苗免疫哺乳动物,抵抗传染病的研究已获得成功,其中鸡痘病毒存在着很大的潜在优势。然而,作为非复制的载体其安全性迫切需要检验。选择重组鸡痘病毒vUTAL 3CP1分别以正常剂量、超大剂量,肌肉注射、静脉注射接种豚鼠,第一次免疫后间隔14 d分别进行二免、三免;对妊娠豚鼠的不同阶段进行免疫,通过PCR、RT-PCR、EL ISA、中和抗体检测和免疫组化等检测方法,对疫苗在豚鼠体内的基因和蛋白分布、抗体消长规律以及毒性,和对妊娠豚鼠和子代体内的基因和蛋白分布、抗体消长规律以及毒性进行研究。实验结果表明:肌肉接种FMD重组疫苗株后,临床观察、病理组织学和检测表明在整个试验期间,试验组免疫动物精神状态良好、饮水、采食等临床表现一切正常;病毒培养表明只在接种的部位免疫3 h可以培养出病毒,其他组织和其他时间点均未能培养出病毒,证明重组鸡痘病毒vUTAL 3CP1在体内是一过性感染,免疫3 h的病毒是未完全吸附的病毒,而不是复制的病毒;通过PCR,RT-PCR检测,可在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、肌肉、脑、肠系膜淋巴结内检测到了FPV 4b DNA和FMDV VP1 DNA,且在大部分组织能存留5 d左右;增加免疫剂量和进行多次免疫,其在体内存留时间仍然很短,重组疫苗可诱导豚鼠产生较高水平的抗FMDV特异性抗体和中和抗体;静脉注射也在体内检测到病毒的DNA,但其在体内的分布和存留时间短,诱导豚鼠产生的抗FMDV特异性抗体和中和抗体水平比肌肉注射低、且持续时间短,病毒培养表明只在任何组织和任何时间点均未能培养出病毒;对妊娠豚鼠的不同阶段均无毒性,未造成流产、早产、死胎等不良反应,子代未检测到病毒的DNA。以上均证明重组鸡痘病毒vUTAL 3CP1在豚鼠体内存留时间短,对妊娠豚鼠、子代无毒性,且能产生良好的免疫反应,且对环境无污染,为后期其他哺乳动物实验提供必要的基础数据,从而更进一步验证所构建的重组鸡痘活载体疫苗的生物安全性及免疫原性,对免疫动物无安全威胁。