Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Yield Components of Tropical Maize Cultivars

Six tropical maize cultivars were grown in Thailand on a reddish brown latosol under three nitrogen regimes, 0, 40 and 80 kg N/ha. With regard to biomass and economic yield several "cultivar by N fertilization response types" were discriminated. The low fertilization type was represented by an early and a late maturing cultivar, both yielded comparatively well without additional N and responded little to N fertilization. An opaque 2 cultivar and a commercial hybrid belonged to the high fertilization type, they had a very low yield without N and needed high N fertilization to produce a high yield. The other genotypes were of an intermediate type with comparatively high yields without N, a considerable increase in yield at 40 kg N/ha and some increase from 40 to 80 kg N/ha. Genotypic variability for the harvest index was high but values were at the usual low level of tropical cultivars. High fertilization types reacted to an additional N supply with a marked increase in kernel number/plant and little increase in kernel weight. The early maturing low fertilization type reacted quite the opposite way. All other genotypes predominantly increased kernel number from 0 to 40 kg N/ha and kernel weight from 40 to 80 kg N/ha.     

玉米杂交种水分利用效率及相关性状分析

为充分发挥玉米杂交种的水分利用效率,实现玉米高产、高效的目的,本研究以中国生产和推广应用的玉米杂交种为材料,在多变低水条件下,根据成熟期产量水分利用效率剖析其高效性。研究结果表明,不同玉米杂交种间其水分利用效率存在较大的变异范围,玉米杂交种水分利用效率存在着丰富多样的类型;水分利用效率相关性状方差分析结果表明,产量水分利用效率各构成性状在品种间存在着较大差异,不同玉米品种可利用不同性状达到水分的高效利用;简单相关和偏相关分析结果表明,与水分利用效率密切相关的性状是穗行数、行粒数和百粒重。因此,在生产应用中应因地制宜选用不同玉米杂交种,在品种选育过程中应重视相关性状的选择。     

Seedling Development of Maize Genotypes at Constant and at Fluctuating Temperatures

Four maize genotypes from North West Europe, tropical highlands and tropical lowlands were grown at constant temperatures (14°C; 24°C), diurnal temperature variations (18°/10°C; 28°/20°C) and at temperatures alternating every three days (18°+ 10°C; 28°+ 20°C) until the three leaves stage. Fluctuating temperatures were generally favourable for growth with most marked effects at an average of 14°C when 18°/10°C were applied. Temperature situation had pronounced effects on morphological and biochemical traits like area of second leaves and activity of phosphofructokinase but between these traits and growth rates no close relationship existed. For all traits genotype specific reaction patterns to temperature situation existed. One tropical highland variety excelled by fast growth, especially at low fluctuating temperatures. A specific chilling susceptibility of the tropical lowland variety was only marked for growth at constant 14°C.     

不同基因型玉米籽粒类胡萝卜素与花色苷色素积累规律

以黄色(特爆2号)、红色(西星赤糯1号)、紫色(紫糯香)和黑色(西星黑糯1号) 4种颜色的玉米为材料,通过徒手切片以及分光光度法,研究了玉米籽粒色素的组成、分布和积累规律。结果显示,西星赤糯1号玉米籽粒色素主要由花色苷和类胡萝卜素构成,花色苷主要存在于果种皮中,类胡萝卜素主要存在于胚与胚乳中;特爆2号玉米籽粒色素主要由类胡萝卜素构成,分布于胚与胚乳中;紫糯香及西星黑糯1号玉米籽粒色素主要由花色苷构成,主要存在于糊粉层中。除西星赤糯1号的花色苷积累首先出现于胚上方的花柱遗迹附近外,其余品种色素均首先在籽粒顶端出现,随后向四周延伸。玉米籽粒色素(除紫糯香)吸收峰随时间的变化先升高后降低。灌浆前期玉米果穗色素含量上部>中部 >下部,到灌浆后期,中部色素含量大于其他两部分色素含量。     

不同生态环境下玉米产量性状QTL分析

以玉米（Zea mays L.）自交系黄早四和Mo17为亲本得到的191个F₂单株为作图群体,衍生的184个F_2∶3 家系作为性状评价群体,分析了单株穗数、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重和单株籽粒产量在北京和新疆2个生态环境下的表现和数量性状基因位点的定位结果。QTL检测结果表明,2个环境共检测出47个QTL,分布于除第10染色体以外的9条染色体,其中与单株穗数相关的QTL共10个,可解释的表型变异为5.3%~25.6%;与穗行数相关的QTL共13个,可解释的表型变异为4.5%~23.2%;与行粒数相关的QTL有9个,解释的表型变异为5.4%~13.7%;与百粒重相关的QTL达10个,可解释的表型变异为4.9%~13.3%;与单株籽粒产量相关的QTL有5个,可解释的表型变异为6.1%~35.8 %。大部分产量QTL只在单一环境下被检测到,说明产量相关QTL与环境之间存在明显的互作。表型相关显著的产量性状,它们的QTL容易在相同或相邻标记区间检测到。研究还发现了若干个QTL富集区域,可能是发掘通用QTL的候选位点。     

西南及四川区试玉米组合遗传多样性分析

采用表型性状分析、SSR标记和系谱分析对186个区试及引种试验玉米组合进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,各组合间20个表型性状都变异在一个较小的范围内;利用筛选出的60对扩增条带清晰、具明显多态性的SSR引物,共检测到608个等位基因,每对引物检测到3~23个等位基因,平均为10.1个;SSR多态信息量（PIC）分布范围为0.5179~0.9256,平均值为0.7826;186个组合的遗传相似系数变幅在0.6067~0.9162之间,平均值为0.7722,相似系数在0.7000以上的组合有16 499对,占96.9%,供试材料分为10类,且88.2%的组合集中在第4、8、10类;51个系谱清楚的组合中有36个（占70.58%）与美国的PN种质有密切关系。以上结果均表明,供试组合相似程度较高,遗传差异较小,遗传基础相对单一,进一步拓展玉米种质遗传基础仍然显得十分必要。     

Agronomic Performance and Nutrient Concentration of Maize (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilization and Plant Density

A field experiment was conducted at Samaru, Nigeria to study the influence of nitrogen fertilization and plant density on the agronomic performance and nutrient concentration of maize ( Zea mays L.). The treatments were factorial combinations of five nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha) and three plant density levels (25000, 50000 and 75000 plants/ha).
Nitrogen fertilization up to 150 kg N/ha enhanced grain and stover yields and increased kernel number and weight up to 100 kg N/ha. Nitrogen supply also increased maize ear length. Increased N fertilization rates increased concentrations of N, K and Mg but had no effect on P and Ca concentrations. Higher grain yield was closely associated with higher N concentration in ear leaf; with 0.1 % change in N concentration causing 177 kg/ha change in grain yield. Increased plant density increased stover yield up to 50 or 75 thousand plants/ha but depressed kernel number and weight and ear length.     

Alternate Row Spacing and Plant Density Effects on Forage and Dry Matter Yield of Corn Hybrids (Zea mays L.)

Irrigated field experiments were conducted in the Marmara region of Turkey in 2002 and 2003 to compare alternate 40 : 25 cm row spacings and conventional 65 cm with four different plant densities (65 000, 85 000, 105 000 and 125 000 plants ha⁻¹) of three corn hybrids (DK-585, ADA 95–10 and C-955) in some morphological traits and forage and dry matter yield. Morphological traits such as plant height, leaf per plant, stem diameter, ear per plant and ear percentage were measured, forage and dry matter yield was also determined in this study. Hybrids, row spacings and plant densities significantly affected some morphological traits, forage and dry matter yield at 0.01 level. Later maturing hybrids tended to produce taller and thicker stemmed plants. Row spacings and plant densities did not affect plant height. Average stem diameter increased significantly with population density. Row spacings did not influence leaf number, whereas leaf number increased slightly with plant density. On average, all corn plants had slightly more than 1.0 ear per plant in our experiment. Row spacings and plant densities did not affect significantly number of ear per plant. Early maturing DK-585 had the highest ear percentage whilst late maturing C-955 lowest. Yields usually increased with hybrid maturity. When averaged across years, row spacings and plant densities, late maturing C-955 performed significantly better in forage and dry matter yield in all experimental years and combined years. The studies showed favourable advantage for alternate 40 : 25 cm rows over conventional 65 cm row spacings at all plant densities. Average forage and dry matter yields were greater for alternate 40 : 25 cm row spacings than for 65 cm row spacings. However, strong hybrid × row spacing interactions for both forage and dry matter yield were detected.     

Growth Patterns of Early Maturing Maize Cultivars

Growth patterns of two early maturing maize cultivars were analyzed, harvesting shoots twice weekly in 1983. Until the end of leaf expansion the leaf dry matter accumulation was highly synchronized in both hybrids. After a short cessation leaf dry weight accumulation was resumed at low to medium rates during the main part of August, during September losses prevailed. During these two months fluctuations in rates were frequent and synchronisation between genotypes small. For stems no transitory cessation of dry matter accumulation occurred; synchronisation between genotypes and fluctuation in rates were less than observed for leaf dry matter accumulation. Losses in stem dry weight mostly coincided with rapid ear growth. Ear dry weight accumulation steeply increased during the first three weeks of August. Fluctuations in rates were large during the following 30 days of rapid growth. This period ended by a sharp decline in rates. Phosphofructokinase activity of upper leaves was maximum in early July followed by a first minimum shortly before anthesis; thereafter the average activity did not change much. The hybrid with higher initial shoot growth rates had a higher phosphofructokinase activity at the same time.     

Yield and Yield Components from Intercropping Improved Bush Bean Cultivars with Maize

Bush bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is widely intercropped with maize ( Zea mays L.) in North-west Spain. Little information is available on the relative performance of elite bush bean cultivars when intercropped or on the effect of bush bean on performance of the maize crop. This two-environment study presents the interactions between improved bush bean cultivars and maize on yield and yield components. Eight treatments (four bean/maize intercrops and four sole crops, two of bean and two of maize) were tested using a randomized complete block design with four replications in two environments. Bean and maize were planted simultaneously in alternate rows when intercropped. Significant treatment differences were observed for bean and maize moisture, pod and cob percentage, bean and maize yield, ears per plant and ear length. Location effects were significant for bean and maize moisture and pod percentage. Significant treatment by location interactions occurred for pod percentage and ear length. Intercropping reduced yield by between 40 and 60 % for bush bean cultivars, and by 45 % for both maize cultivars. Mean yields were used to calculate the land equivalent ratio (LER), which averaged 1.01 in Pontevedra but 0.93 in La Coruña. Intercropping of bush bean with maize did not make better use of land than conventional sole cropping under these environmental conditions. It is suggested that this was probably due to the amount and distribution of rain in relation to crop growth. Approaches that might be expected to result in improved land usage are presented.     

利用SSR标记快速鉴定玉米杂交种农大108和豫玉27的种子纯度

本文利用SSR标记技术分别筛选出玉米杂交种农大108和豫玉27的特异性引物,结合单籽粒DNA快速提取方法,建立了两个品种的种子纯度鉴定试剂盒.实验表明,应用此试剂盒可快速、有效地鉴定两个杂交种的种子纯度.     

玉米小孢子高频再生培养技术程序研究

以大田种植的玉米供体植株为实验材料,以提高游离小孢子存活率及成胚率为重点进行了技术优化研究。摸索出了一些行之有效的技术措施,提高了游离小孢子的离体培养反应,获得了一批再生植株。通过技术优化,建立玉米小孢子离体培养高频再生技术程序,在此基础上构建了玉米DH育种技术平台。应用这一技术平台,可以在当年获得玉米DH纯系的种子,第二年即可安排大田纯系鉴定。     

玉米小孢子培养高频再生技术程序的研究

以大田种植的玉米供体植株为实验材料，以提高游离小孢子存活率及成胚率为重点进行了技术优化研究。摸索出了一些行之有效的技术措施，提高了游离小孢子的离体培养反应，获得了一批再生植株。通过技术优化，建立玉米小孢子离体培养高频再生技术程序，在此基础上构建了玉米DH育种技术平台。应用这一技术平台，可以在当年获得玉米DH纯系的种子，第二年即可安排大田纯系鉴定。     

玉米株高主效QTL qPH3.2精细定位及遗传效应分析

株高是影响玉米产量的重要因子之一, 节间数目和节间长度是导致株高差异的主要因素。本研究发现2个高代回交重组自交系W₁和W₂株高差异显著(P<0.001), 二者穗上部和穗下部节间数目都相同, 细胞形态分析发现节间细胞长度是引起二者株高差异的主要原因; 外源GA试验结果表明控制株高差异的QTL/基因是GA途径之外的新基因。因此, 利用来源于W₁和W₂的F₂及F_2:3家系群体在2年3个环境中将控制株高的主效QTL qPH3.2共定位在第3染色体标记C42-P17之间20 Mb范围内, 最高可解释22.22%的表型变异。进一步利用目标区段重组交换单株及自交后代家系将qPH3.2分解为2个主效QTL qPH3.2.1和qPH3.2.2; 随后利用目标区段的跨叠系将qPH3.2.1和qPH3.2.2分别精细定位在YH305-Y72 (2 Mb)及YH112-Y150 (1.6 Mb)之间。本研究的结果为玉米株高的遗传改良提供了真实可靠的遗传位点, 也为后续株高QTL的克隆奠定了良好的工作基础。     

不同密度下玉米抗倒性相关性状的探究

倒伏是影响玉米产量和玉米机械化收获的主要限制因素,因此深入研究玉米倒伏问题对玉米生产的发展具有重要意义。本试验以PH6WC、M03、KW9F591、J1495、JD108为母本,以PH4CV、J9D207、J1673、J1668、KW6F600、M5972为父本,并组配30个杂交组合,对其在不同种植密度下抗倒伏相关性状的遗传特性进行研究。结果表明,KW9F591、J1495和JD108的茎秆拉力表现好;组合S1、S15、S16的茎秆拉力表现好。M03和J1495的茎粗表现好;组合S5、S10、S28的茎粗表现好。PH6WC和M5972的穗高系数表现好;组合S3、S5、S6、S10、S12、S13、S23、S24、S26、S29的穗高系数表现好。茎秆拉力与茎粗呈极显著正相关;茎秆拉力与穗高系数和密度呈极显著负相关。     

Somatic Embryogenesis in Maize and Comparison of Genetic Variability Induced by Gamma Radiation and Tissue Culture Techniques

Sixteen inbred lines and one hybrid of manse were tested for their capability of somatic embryogenesis, and fully developed plants could be regenerated, from ten inbred, lines. The highest frequency of plant regeneration was expressed in the inbred line CHI 31, and when this line was crossed with a recalcitrant, non-regenerating line, the F₁ and BC hybrids were regenerable. The results of reciprocal crosses demonstrated that dominant nuclear genes and cytoplasmic factors are primarily responsible for the heritable determination of embryogenic callus proliferation and in vitro regeneration of maize plants. Somaclonal and radiation-induced variability was studied in maize to assess their nature and potential contribution to plant breeding., The inbred line CHI 31 possessing a high in vitro capacity of somatic embryo formation was used as experiments.] material. CHI 31 plants were selfed and twelve-day old zygotic embryos irradiated with ⁶⁰Co gamma radiation in situ. Mature caryopses were harvested and assigned as M₁ material. In another series, immature zygotic embryos (size 1.2—1.5 mm) were cultured in vitro on N-6 medium supplemented with 2,4-D (2.5 μM), and somatic embryos regenerated into plants; these were transplanted into soil and self-pollinated. Regenerants from non-irradiated cultures were grown as R₁ generation, while regenerants from irradiated explants were considered as M₁R₁ generation. The genetic variability was evaluated in the M₂, R₂ and M₂R₂ generations, respectively, and compared with a non-treated seed control. Irradiation induced a variety of chlorophyll and morphological variants segregating in the M; generation; however, the frequency of deviant types obtained in the R: generation (somaclonal variation) was significantly exceeding the one derived from the M₂ populations. The combination of expert irradiation and in vitro regeneration was most effective for the manifestation of chlorophyll and morphological o if types in the M₂R₂ generation, and increased drastically the frequency of early flowering variants. Differences in the segregation patterns of mutant phenotypes amonsister somaclones in the R₃ and M₃R₃ generations indicate a different genetic basis, of plants originating from the same explant. This phenomenon suggests a mutational sectoring of the callus during culture. Radiation induced and somaclonal variation exerted a similar spectrum of chlorophyll and morphological deviants.     

Effects of Simulated Hail Damage on the Yield of Forage Maize

Hail damage was simulated with defoliation, leaf tearing and damage to ears and stems, applied at five stages and three levels of intensity on forage maize grown in Belgium. Leaf tearing alone had little effect on total dry matter yield. Decrease of yield was the highest when treatments were applied around tasseling-anthesis. Effects on total dry matter content were small.     

高油、高淀粉玉米籽粒主要品质成分积累及其生理生化特性

以普通玉米为对照, 探讨了高油、高淀粉玉米籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分的分布、积累动态及与其相关的部分生理生化特性, 结果表明, 高油玉米胚/胚乳比较大, 含油率高, 淀粉含量低; 高淀粉玉米反之. 籽粒中淀粉、蛋白质和油分积累高峰的时间存在明显的差异, 积累强度为淀粉>蛋白质>油分. 高油玉米籽粒油分、蛋白质积累速率较高,     

Allometric Relationships of Growth Components in Maize (Zen mays L.) Cultivars

Allometric relationship (W₁=αW₂^β, where α and β are the parameters) was fitted among growth components in two maize cultivars viz., Decani hybrid and Deccan 101 in order to obtain estimates of other components of the plant system which are time consuming measurements. The results of the agronomic field trial conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore were used. This model's predictability was compared with linear regression model. In both the cultivars, allometric model using leaf area (LA - W₂.) and leaf dry matter (LDM - W₂) simulated total dry matter production (DMP - W₂) by 79 to 98 % of actual values. Further allometric model fitted well to predict stem dry matter by 91 to 93 % using LDM and LA 89 to 92 % using LDW. Whereas linear regression model estimated total DMP by 95 to 96 % using cob dry matter. In case of LDM - LA association, linear regression model was found to be the best than other model. The leaf area decreased after silking in both the cultivars and the ratio of growth rates of DMP – LA ( β ₂) was negative. Between cultivars, cv. Deccan 101 had higher R² values in most of the relationships than cv. Deccan hybrid indicating the varietal difference.