强盛31玉米新品种的选育

强盛31杂交种是由山西省农业科学院1998年以自选系盛918玉米自交系为母本,盛919自交系为父本杂交组配而成.在1998～2003年各级产量试验示范中该品种表现为坚秆、大穗、抗旱、抗病和抗倒等特点,丰产稳产性好.全生育期需≥10℃积温2 700℃·d,该品种属早熟品种。     

优质高产早熟玉米新品种忻黄单78的选育

忻黄单78是山西省农业科学院玉米所以自选系BR27为母本,W314作父本杂交育成的半紧凑型玉米新品种。生育期120 d,适于≥10℃有效积温2 400℃.d以上地区种植,种植密度60 000～75 000株/hm2。种子拱土能力强,易抓苗。该品种具有蛋白含量高、商品品质优、抗病性强、增产潜力大的特点,深受广大农户欢迎。     

高温对甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育稳定性的影响

为深入了解生产中出现的微粉现象,研究了人工高温和分期播种情况下甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育纯合型不育系9012A和杂合型不育系12-204A的不育稳定性。结果表明,两种类型不育系在一定高温胁迫下,均出现育性转换现象,但对高温的敏感性有明显差异。对于9012A系,育性转换临界温度介于30~35℃之间;40℃持续处理16~32h,或者间歇处理3h/d×6d、6h/d×5d、9h/d×4d、12h/d×3d、15h/d×2-4d(累计40℃处理18~60h),或35℃间歇处理15h/d×2-4d(即35℃累计30~60h)均发生育性转换,其中35℃时15h/d×3d(即35℃累计45h)处理育性转换最为明显,说明高温对9012A育性转换具有累加效应。自然条件下6个播期(从2014年10月16日到2015年2月9日,即秋冬播种,避开30℃以上持续高温)的不育性彻底稳定。对于12-204A系,育性转换临界温度为29℃,不低于29℃时育性发生转换,其中35℃15h连续处理育性转换效果最为明显;自然条件下6个播期均发生育性转换。当高温胁迫下育性发生转换时,9012A和12-204A均可自交结实,但是结实性差。     

籼型光(温)敏核不育系绵9S育性转换研究

对绵9S育性转换期光温反应的研究结果表明,绵9S不育系在日光照14 h,日均温28.0℃、23.5℃、22.5℃、21.5℃,处理天数15 d、11 d、7 d的光温时组合下,表现完全不育;在日光照13 h,日均温22.5℃、21.5℃,处理天数15 d的光温时组合下,育性部分恢复;在日光照12 h,日均温28.0℃、23.5℃、22.5℃、21.5℃,处理天数15 d、11 d、7 d的光温时组合下育性恢复。对自交结实率的三因子方差分析表明,其光周期效应达到极显著,光温互作效应达到显著,其余效应均未达到显著水平,说明其育性主要受日光照长度的影响,其光温互作也会对其育性产生一定影响。绵9S在四川省绵阳市自然条件下,表现出较长的稳定不育期(约70 d),繁殖抽穗期安排在9月15～25日较为适宜。     

早熟春玉米新品种苏玉13的选育及高产栽培技术

早熟春玉米新品种苏玉13系江苏沿江地区农科所采用自选系274作母本,自选骨干系414的姐妹系A6作父本杂交育成.2000年春经江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定定名.该品种春播出苗至成熟约97～98 d,需≥10℃积温2 320℃·d,具有高产、稳产、优质、抗倒性强、抗病性好等特点,适宜江苏及东南玉米产区春播纯作或套作种植.一般露地直播以4月初开播为宜,也可在3月中旬育苗移栽或3月下旬地膜覆盖栽培,种植密度一般纯作以每公顷7.5万株左右为宜。     

适宜低温锻炼对棉苗中SOD活性及抗冷性的影响

研究了棉苗经不同低温(12℃、14℃、16℃)锻炼7d后对较长时间(7d)的低温(4℃)胁迫的耐受情况;分析了不同低温锻炼对棉苗抗冷性的影响,并从理论上探讨了与其相关的可能机理。结果表明,经不同低温(12℃、14℃、16℃)锻炼7d后,随着低温胁迫时间的延长,所有参试棉花品种的幼苗较之于对照,其冷害指数都有所降低,超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性都有不同程度的增加,抗冷性明显提高,其中锻炼温度以12℃效果最佳。     

玉米新品种陕单308的选育报告

玉米新品种陕单308是西北农林科技大学农学院玉米研究所于1998年以自选系H201为母本,K12(514)为父本杂交选育而成.该品种株型紧凑、早熟、抗逆性强、适应性广.1999～2001年在各级试验及生产示范中表现高产和稳产.全生育期夏播95 d,出苗至成熟需≥10℃的积温2 250℃·d.适宜在夏玉米区或无霜期较短的春播区及同类地区推广种植。     

温度对燕麦孢囊线虫（Heterodera avenae）侵入与发育的影响

为给燕麦孢囊线虫的综合治理提供理论依据,在室内条件下分析了温度对燕麦孢囊线虫侵入、发育与孢囊形成的影响。结果表明,接种3d后,在18℃下燕麦孢囊线虫侵入数量最多;接种6～9d后,16℃处理的线虫侵入数量明显高于其他温度处理;在12、14℃下线虫侵入数量分别于接种15、12d达到最大值。在16～18、20、22、24℃下线虫完成生活史分别需要34、30、27和18d;在10～12℃下,于2个月后尚未发现雌虫形成。线虫在18～22℃下形成的孢囊数量最多。综合线虫的侵染数量与速度,认为线虫的最适宜侵染温度为16℃,最适宜的发育温度为18～22℃。     

大豆红丰12的选育及栽培要点

“红丰12”是高产、高脂肪中熟品种，生育日数平均120d，需活动积温2351．1℃。主茎结荚为主，三四粒荚粒多，节间短，结荚密，株高75cm左右，秆强抗倒伏，适宜垄作及密植栽培。     

玉米新品种绥玉16的高产栽培技术研究

玉米新品种绥玉16由黑龙江省农科院绥化农科所玉米育种研究室以自交系绥系SGY22为母本、自交系绥系SGy46为父本杂交育成。该品种生育日数126 d,需≥10℃积温2 600℃.d,具有幼苗生长势强、苗期耐低温、耐旱能力强的特点,适宜黑龙江省第一积温带种植。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).