外源NO对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和渗透调节能力的影响

采用水培法,研究了50、100、200μmol·L~(-1)外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和渗透调节能力的影响。结果表明,外施NO可明显缓解Na Cl胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制作用,与不施SNP的处理相比,100μmol·L~(-1)SNP处理全株干重的增加幅度达到19%。外施NO降低盐胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片及根系中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,其中叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白分别降低19.9%和7.9%,根系中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别降低9.6%和9%。外源一氧化氮(NO)使盐胁迫下玉米幼苗根系、生长叶和成熟叶叶鞘的Na~+含量分别降低38.4%、5.1%和17.2%;同时,增加根系和成熟叶叶鞘中K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量,降低玉米幼苗各器官内的Na~+/K~+、Na~+/Ca~(2+)比值,维持盐胁迫下玉米幼苗中的离子平衡,但对成熟叶片中离子含量的影响不大。研究认为,外源NO可维持盐胁迫下玉米幼苗的碳氮代谢平衡,改善玉米幼苗离子的吸收与分配,缓解Na Cl胁迫对玉米幼苗带来的伤害,其中以100μmol·L~(-1)的SNP处理效果最明显。     

钙对NaCl 胁迫下玉米幼苗保护酶活性等生理特性的影响

采用水培法研究了不同浓度钙对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、游离氨基酸含量及保护酶活性等生理特性的影响。结果表明适量的Ca2 (4 mmol/L)供应能有效促进玉米生长,抑制叶绿素含量降低,降低细胞膜透性,提高玉米叶片和根系中的SOD和POD活性,随着Ca2 浓度增加根系中CAT活性增加,叶片CAT活性有所下降。增加Ca2 浓度,根系中游离氨基酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量呈现出先升高(2~4 mmol/L)后降低(6mmol/L)趋势,叶片中可溶性蛋白含量随Ca2 浓度增加而降低。表明适量的Ca2 供应可提高玉米幼苗耐盐性。     

外源一氧化氮对玉米幼苗抗低温胁迫的影响

利用盆栽试验,用不同浓度的外源NO处理低温胁迫下的玉米幼苗,研究外源NO对玉米幼苗抗低温胁迫的影响。结果表明:低温明显抑制了玉米幼苗的生长,与常温对照相比,玉米幼苗叶片相对含水量下降了46.7%,叶绿素含量降低了19.19%,细胞膜的通透性增大,相对电导率增加了44.2%,丙二醛(MDA)含量增加了35.1%,可溶性蛋白含量下降了22.0%,可溶性糖含量下降了72.3%;适当浓度的外源NO可缓解低温胁迫造成伤害,其中浓度为0.10 mmol·L-1SNP处理效果最明显,与低温对照相比,MDA含量和相对电导率分别减少了24.4%和11.1%,相对含水量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量分别增加了40.2%、11.0%、19.25%、123.0%;外源NO能有效改善低温胁迫下玉米幼苗的光合作用,其净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均较低温胁迫条件下未加NO处理有明显的增加,细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)则明显下降。表明适当浓度的外源NO可以缓解低温胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制效应。     

外源NO对渗透胁迫下黑麦草种子萌发及活性氧代谢的影响

以黑麦草为试材,研究了一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对聚乙二醇6000渗透胁迫下种子萌发、幼苗叶片活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响,探讨外源NO对渗透胁迫下牧草生理响应的调节作用.结果表明:100μmol/L SNP显著提高了渗透胁迫下黑麦草种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,缓解了植株鲜重和干重的下降幅度,提高了幼苗叶片SOD、POD、APX、质膜H+-ATPase活性及谷胱甘肽、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸、K+、Na+含量和植株含水量,降低了O2-.产生速率及H2O2、丙二醛和可溶性蛋白含量.表明外源NO能够促进渗透胁迫下黑麦草种子的萌发,对渗透胁迫引起的黑麦草幼苗膜脂过氧化具有缓解作用.     

NO2-源的NO对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生理的影响

采用亚硝酸钠(Na NO2)在酸性条件下与还原剂还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)反应生成S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽(GSNO),GSNO能够释放出NO,合成不同浓度的GSNO(0、50、125、250μmol·L~(-1)和350μmol·L~(-1))溶液处理受Cd Cl2胁迫的玉米(Zea mays L.)幼苗,以未用Cd Cl2处理的玉米幼苗作为对照(Control),探究GSNO对玉米幼苗Cd胁迫的缓解作用及其抗氧化机制。结果表明:GSNO处理使Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗的株高、茎粗和叶面积与对照组相比显著增加,其中250μmol·L~(-1)浓度的GSNO处理效果最佳;在350μmol·L~(-1)GSNO处理下玉米幼苗各类光合色素含量在胁迫组均达到最大值,有效缓解了叶片黄化;GSNO处理(最适浓度在125~250μmol·L~(-1)之间)也显著增强了Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,相应地降低了过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O_2·)含量的积累;GSNO还可以显著提高玉米幼苗螯合重金属离子的能力,其中250μmol·L~(-1)浓度的GSNO处理效果最佳。     

重金属铅锌镉对紫茎泽兰种子萌发及幼苗根长的影响

试验以紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium coelestinum L.)种子为材料,研究了重金属铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)单一及复合胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗根长的影响.结果表明,当Pb浓度在100～4 000 μmol/L时,紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势都随着Pb浓度的增加而降低,但是当Pb浓度为100 ～200 μmol/L时,其发芽率、发芽指数及发芽势都比对照高,其中在100 μmol/L处理下其发芽率、发芽指数及发芽势都是最高的,分别为94.67％、42.25和89.67％;在Zn浓度为100 ～4 000 μmol/L范围内,紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势随着Zn浓度的增加而降低;在Cd浓度为20～1 000 μmol/L范围内,紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势都随着Cd浓度的增加而降低;在低浓度Pb(100 μmol/L)+Zn(100 μmol/L)复合胁迫下,其发芽率是最高的,为94.67％,之后随着复合浓度的增加,其发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势呈下降趋势;紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势随着复合重金属Pb +Cd、Zn+ Cd、Pb+Zn+Cd浓度的增加而降低.无论是在单一还是复合重金属处理下,紫茎泽兰的幼苗根长与对照相比明显受到抑制.     

多效唑提高玉米幼苗抗旱性的生理机制研究

以浚单20号玉米(Zea mays L var Xundan 20)为试材,利用砂培法研究了不同浓度生长延缓剂多效唑pp333对玉米幼苗抗旱性的影响.试验结果表明,提前喷施适宜浓度的pp333,能提高玉米幼苗在干旱条件下的抗旱性.干旱前喷施适宜浓度的pp333,可以减缓干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗叶片和根系膜透性的不良影响;促进玉米幼苗叶片在干旱条件下累积渗透调节物质,从而改善玉米幼苗叶片水分状态;同时降低干旱条件下玉米叶片的蒸腾速率,增加玉米叶片的水分含量;干旱条件下,提前喷施了pp333的玉米幼苗叶片叶绿素含量降低幅度减小,光合速率较高,气孔导度变小.硝酸还原酶活性降幅变小.从外部形态来看,喷施pp333的植株,叶片宽度增加,茎杆增粗,根冠比增加,单株生物量较对照水平为高.本试验结果显示,pp333 能提高玉米幼苗的抗旱性,本试验条件下pp333最适宜的喷施浓度是0.3%.     

外源一氧化氮对干旱胁迫下苜蓿幼苗抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

外源一氧化氮(NO)处理苜蓿幼苗,进行不同土壤含水量条件的干旱胁迫,探讨外源NO对提高苜蓿幼苗抗旱性的作用,结果表明:0.1 mmol/L硝普钠(SNP)减缓干旱胁迫下苜蓿幼苗细胞膜透性的增加,使过氧化氢酶(CAT)先升后降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性持续升高,减缓叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo的降低,表明外源NO处理提高了苜蓿的抗旱性。     

NaCl 胁迫对甜高粱幼苗保护酶活性等生理特性的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl溶液(100 mmol/L、200 mmol/L)胁迫处理甜高粱幼苗,测定了叶片中叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量及三种保护酶活性等生理指标。结果表明:100 mmol/L和200 mmol/L处理的甜高粱幼苗质膜相对透性、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量升高;可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量降低;保护酶系统中叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均升高,且在100 mmol/L浓度处理下达到最大,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先升高再降低趋势。NaCl胁迫对甜高粱幼苗的一些生理特性产生一定影响。     

外源一氧化氮对Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的影响

为探讨外源NO对Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢过程的影响,以银辉2号南瓜品种为材料,采用盆栽法研究了80μmol·L-1SNP对60 mmol·L-1Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长、叶绿体色素含量、碳氮代谢相关酶活性及代谢产物量的变化规律。结果表明:Na_2CO_3胁迫12 d,南瓜幼苗地上和地下部分干重、相对生长量、根冠比、Rubisco羧化活力、光合色素含量和氮代谢相关酶活性均不同程度下降;Rubisco氧化活力、游离氨基酸总量和蛋白水解酶活性显著上升。80μmol·L-1SNP外源处理能明显缓解Na_2CO_3胁迫对南瓜幼苗生长及光合作用的抑制,增加了干物质的积累和光合色素的含量。与Na_2CO_3胁迫处理相比,干物质积累量、相对生长量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素(caro)含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、Rubisco羧化酶、淀粉酶(AMY)活性和可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了26.72%、30.45%、17.69%、46.15%、46.43%、30.70%、38.75%、70.0%、65.37%;Rubisco加氧酶、蛋白水解酶活性和游离氨基酸总量分别降低了18.29%、31.76%、28.57%。外源NO通过促进淀粉酶和Rubisco羧化活性的提高和氧化活性的下降,维持了可溶性总糖含量的稳定;通过增强NR、GS和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性、抑制蛋白水解酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性,降低叶片中游离氨基酸含量,增加了蛋白质的积累。本研究结论:碱性盐胁迫下,80μmol·L-1的SNP通过增强南瓜幼苗的光合碳代谢,促进了酮酸转化为氨基酸。通过提高氮代谢相关酶NR、GS、GOGAT活性,促使碳流由光合碳代谢转向氮代谢,维持了盐害下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的正常进行,增强了南瓜幼苗抵御Na_2CO_3胁迫的能力。     

高原人体生理适应学理论在进藏旅游中的应用

青藏铁路的贯通运行,带来了国内外进藏旅游热.然而,青藏高原毕竟是世界屋脊,高海拔带来的低氧及其引发的高原疾病依然威胁着游客的身体健康.健康高原旅行是当前游客进藏旅游的基本前提,通过综合国内外高原医学工作者对高原医学生理学的研究成果,提出阶梯进藏旅游的方法.旨在对越来越多的短期赴西藏高原旅行的人群以正确的健康指导,从而减...     

重视有害蚜虫研究,确保作物安全

<正>蚜虫隶属半翅目蚜虫总科,是世界上分布最广的微小昆虫之一。世界已知4 700余种,中国分布约1 100种[1-2]。蚜虫种类多、繁殖快、世代重叠,还存在孤雌生殖与两性生殖世代交替等独特生物学现象。许多蚜虫种类是非常重要的农作物害虫,其刺吸式口器可吸食植物汁液,造成植物生长不良,其唾液也对植物有毒害作用[3-4]。受蚜虫为害的植物具有多种不同症状,如生长率降低、产生叶斑、泛黄、发     

白刺花(Sophoraviciifolia)适应土壤干旱的生理学机制

用盆栽的方法人工控制土壤干旱条件,研究白刺花天然实生幼苗适应土壤干旱的生理学机制。结果表明:随土壤含水量的减少,白刺花叶水势在胁迫前期下降缓慢,随胁迫时间的延长,水势大幅度下降。白刺花通过在叶片内积累大量渗透保护性物质可溶性糖和K ,增加细胞的保水力,维持细胞生长所需膨压。白刺花游离脯氨酸含量变化与水分关系不大,可溶性蛋白质含量随土壤含水量减少而下降,可能是水分胁迫下受伤害的表现。随土壤水分含量的减少,白刺花SOD的活性明显升高,POD活性不高但随胁迫时间延长其活性较稳定,CAT活性下降但幅度不大,且CAT活性变化趋势与POD活性相反,说明三个保护酶能够相互配合协同作用,降低膜脂过氧化程度,减少水分胁迫造成的伤害,提高质膜稳定性,维持细胞膜的完整性,表现出很强的抗旱适应性。     

稻瘟病菌对三环唑抗药性测定方法的建立

研究了稻瘟病菌对三环唑抗药性的测定方法,确定了保绿培养基的成分,建立了抗药性测定的标准化模型。4叶I心期将稻苗在三环唑系列浓度药液中浸根处理36 h,剪取稻苗叶段插于100 μg/mL苯并咪唑+0.5％水琼脂保绿培养基上,用孢子含量为10⁵个/mL的稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液喷雾接种,保湿培养8 d后调查结果,计算EC₅₀值。该测定方法与小苗测定相比较结果更加稳定且灵敏度高,重复性好。     

Heritability of Ulmus minor resistance to Dutch elm disease and its relationship to vessel size,but not to xylem vulnerability to drought

Dutch elm disease (DED) is a vascular wilt disease that causes the occlusion and cavitation of xylem vessels. Therefore, it is hypothesized that those elms that are less vulnerable to cavitation by drought might be more resistant to DED. To test this hypothesis, the relationship between xylem vulnerability to cavitation and susceptibility to DED was examined in progenies of crosses between susceptible and resistant individuals of Ulmus minor. Hydraulic conductivity and xylem vulnerability curves were evaluated and anatomical features such as vessel size, length and grouping were measured. Next, elms were inoculated with Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi, the cause of DED, and pre‐dawn and midday water potentials, stomatal conductance and wilting percentages were assessed. Progenies of R × R crosses showed significantly lower mean wilting percentages (30–50%) than the progeny of S × S crosses (75%). Fifty percent conductivity loss was reached at c. ?1 MPa, pointing out a high vulnerability of this species to drought‐induced cavitation. Crown wilting percentage as a result of inoculation and xylem vulnerability to cavitation by water stress did not show any significant correlation. Nevertheless, significant differences in theoretical hydraulic conductivity and vessel size parameters (diameter, length and size distributions) were found among the tested progenies. Susceptible trees had significantly wider and longer vessels. Xylem structure of resistant elms seems to restrict pathogen spread rather than prevent cavitation.     

A grower-friendly method to transfer predacious mites to commercial orchards

The establishment of predacious mites in commercial orchards may be accelerated by the transfer of pruned wood in winter and summer from donor orchards to release orchards. Following winter pruning, 3-year-old and older wood is collected and transported as soon as possible in bundles to a release orchard for distribution. If the release orchard is composed of dwarf trees, then one or two bundles of 5 kg each are placed vertically at the base of the trunk of every tree in the block (0.5 to 1 ha); if the trees are of standard size, then four or five bundles used. Following summer pruning, annual shoots and suckers are distributed immediately in a release orchard composed of dwarf trees by placing 12–15 branches on the foliage of fruit-bearing branches; if the release orchard is composed of standard trees, then 50 branches are used. The pruned wood should have 20–25 leaves and not less than one predator per leaf. The release orchard should have a light infestation (two or three mites per leaf) of pest tetranychids. These phytophagous mites would serve as food and help establish the predators. The release orchard grower should develop a pest management program based on the same groups of pesticides used in the donor orchard. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2005.     

Note to chew on: insect damage to musical instruments

Insects have a diverse range of ecologies that leaves many pre‐adapted to exploiting manufactured products as food sources, including musical instruments. To review what is known and to make recommendations for preventing and managing insect damage to musical instruments, we conducted a systematic search and a narrative review of the area. Of 339 papers, only eight peer‐reviewed publications met the inclusion criteria, and all were on xylophagous insects causing damage to wooden instruments. To supplement this material, we report a case of damage to the key pads (composed of felt enclosed in fish buoyancy bladder skin) of a clarinet by carpet beetles (Anthrenus verbasci (Dermestidae)), the first reported case of non‐woody damage and the first instance of insect damage rendering an instrument unplayable. To avoid such damage, regular inspection of instruments is recommended, and rapid treatment of any insect infestations in the immediate environment that could extend to affecting stored instruments. Instruments themselves can be extremely expensive, and if insects are still present these should only be treated by an expert; instrument cases can be more easily dealt with by heat treatment (black plastic bag in the sun) or application of a residual insecticide. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Contribution of Fimbrial and Afimbrial Adhesins of Xylella fastidiosa to Attachment to Surfaces and Virulence to Grape

ABSTRACT The role of fimbrial and afimbrial adhesins of Xylella fastidiosa in biofilm formation was assessed by visualization of cell aggregates of mutant strains after incubation on glass surfaces. FimA- or FimF- fimbrial mutants adhered as solitary cells at a slightly lesser frequency to glass surfaces than the parental strain; however, cell aggregates were not formed, unlike the wild-type strain. Conversely, whereas the XadA- and HxfB- nonfimbrial mutants also exhibited a much lower frequency of adherence to glass surfaces than the wild-type strain, most of the cells retained on the surfaces were in cell aggregates of different sizes, much like that of the parental strain. Neither fimbrial or afimbrial mutants formed a mature biofilm on the sides of flasks of broth cultures, unlike the dense biofilm formed by the wild-type strain. Although FimA- and FimF- mutants did not form cell aggregates on glass surfaces when incubated as individual strains, aggregates of a FimA- or FimF- mutant were observed when co-incubated with either a XadA- mutant or HxfB- mutant, respectively. These results are consistent with a model in which the fimbrial adhesins FimA and FimF are involved preferentially in cell-to-cell aggregate formation whereas the afimbrial adhesions XadA and HxfB preferentially contribute to initial cell binding to surfaces, whereupon further cell aggregation can occur. In each of five separate experiments, FimA, FimF, XadA, and HxfB mutants of X. fastidiosa all were less virulent to grape than the corresponding wild-type strain. Fimbrial and afimbrial mutants might produce a reduced biofilm within vessels of grape and, hence, be deficient in various cell-density-dependent traits required for movement through the plant and, thus, virulence.