捻转血矛线虫冷冻保藏研究

用人工感染捻转血矛线虫单一种试验羊粪便培养收集感染性幼虫。经０．０６％和０．０８％次氯酸钠脱鞘，脱鞘率可达９０％以上，慢速致冷后幼虫的存活率为６４．５％。加入冷冻保护剂不能提高冷冻感染性幼虫的存活率。用正常的感染性幼虫感染试验羊后第１７ｄ即可查到虫卵，剖杀后成虫的回收率为２．６％，而相同数量的冷冻保藏的感染性幼虫感染后第２１ｄ才查到虫卵，成虫回收率为０．８％。表明冷冻保藏后的感染性幼虫发育受阻，成     

绵羊夏伯特线虫外生性发育的研究

把绵羊夏伯特线虫虫卵置于消毒粪便培养基内，于２５℃温箱内及及室内进行培养。结果表明：在２５℃下经４０－４４ｈ第一期幼虫逸出卵壳，６２－６９ｈ完成第一次蜕皮成为第二期幼虫，１６２－１８９ｈ完成第二次蜕皮成为第三期幼虫，第三期幼虫肠细胞呈矩 ，共３２个，尾鞘长０．１７５－０．２２０ｍｍ，生殖原基距头端０．３４５－０．３８１ｍｍ；在室内培养的虫卵发育缓慢，经经１０ｄ才发育为第三期幼虫。     

阿维菌素和乌梅汤防治犊牛新蛔虫病

牛新蛔虫与其它动物的蛔虫生活史比较具有特殊性．它必须经胎盘感染．具体感染方式为：寄生在犊牛小肠中的成虫产卵。并随粪便排出体外，在适宜的温度（27℃）和湿度下．经过7—8天发育为幼虫．再经过13-15天在卵壳内进行第一次脱化．变为第二期幼虫．即感染性虫卵。牛吞食感染性虫卵后．幼虫在小肠内逸出．穿透肠壁．移行至肝、肺、肾等器官组织．并在其中进行第二次脱化，变化第三期幼虫．停留在这些组织器官里。当母牛怀孕8．5个月左右．幼虫即移行到子宫．进入胎盘羊膜液中，进行第三次脱化，变为第四期幼虫。由于胎盘的蠕动作用，幼虫被胎儿吞入肠中发育．犊牛出生后．幼虫在小肠内进行第四次脱化、长大．经25—31天变为成虫．成虫在小肠内可生活2—5个月．以后逐渐从宿主体内排出。另外．幼虫也可从胎盘移行到胎儿的肝、肺．以后沿一般蛔虫的移行途径转入小肠，犊牛出生时小肠中已有成虫．所以称之为犊牛新蛔虫病。     

嗜线虫真菌捕食绵羊粪便中捻转血矛线虫幼虫的效果观察

采集感染捻转血柔线虫等胃肠道线虫绵羊粪便培养、分离三期幼虫，加入嗜线虫真菌纯培养物中，72h后84％的幼虫被真菌丝绕和捕获；将该真菌培养物与感染捻转向矛线虫等胃肠道线虫的绵羊粪便便混合后共同培养10d，粪便培养物中的三期幼虫减少82％。     

双管鲍杰线虫的研究——I、双管鲍杰线虫早期发育史及其发育型的研究

本实验用人工的方法培养了双管鲍杰线虫(Bourgelatia diducta Railliet,Henry andBauche,1919)的虫卵和幼虫。虫卵在培养液中孵化后,经第一、第二期幼虫,发育成为第三期幼虫,第三期幼虫具有感染性。说明双管鲍杰线虫的早期发育史,与其亲缘关系较近的同科其他线虫的早期发育史,有着相似的发育规律。 本实验在显微镜下,全面地观察了双管鲍杰线虫从虫卵至第三期幼虫在培养液中的发育情况,同时比较详细地描述了各期虫卵和幼虫的形态特征。 本实验还用人工培养的第三期幼虫经口作动物感染试验。感染后39～42天,幼虫在猪体内发育至性成熟,从而证实了双管鲍杰线虫的发育型为直接发育型。     

单一种细颈线虫感染羊只模型的建立

将有细颈线虫（ＮｅｍａｔｏｄｉｒｕｓＳＰ．）混合感染的绵羊粪便用饱和盐水漂浮法收集混合虫卵,用２００目网筛分离纯化细颈线虫卵,在２６℃条件下培养３周后,获得细颈线虫感染性幼虫。给经过丙硫咪唑驱虫后的无虫羔羊一次口服１万条该幼虫,于感染后第１６天试验羊粪便检查到纯细颈线虫卵,４９天达到产卵高峰,ＥＰＧ＝２７５,在保持感染羊不受污染条件下,建立了单一种细颈线虫感染羊模型。     

羊捻转血矛线虫幼虫的培养试验

培养捻转血矛线虫卵及幼虫的常用方法是以粪便为培养基,孵化的第三期幼虫含在粪便内。这种方法在培养中途不易观察培养情况,收获第三期幼虫必须经过特殊处理才能获得较洁净的虫体,费时费力。据Ko-     

苏云金芽孢杆菌毒素对羊捻转血矛线虫第三期幼虫毒力研究

从人工感染捻转血矛线虫山羊的直肠内取出粪便，在２５℃温箱中培养７ｄ，用贝尔曼法分离出第三期幼虫，将它们加入含苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列亚种伴孢晶体毒素的培养液中，置２５℃下培养。当伴孢晶体蛋白含量为４００ｇ／ｍｌ时，幼虫的死亡率２４ｈ后为９４．７％，４８ｈ后为９７．３％。毒素对幼虫作用２４ｈ与４８ｈ，其毒力无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），并且作用２４ｈ与４８ｈ，其ＬＤ５０值伴孢晶体蛋白含量分别为８４．０５μ     

Rintal片驱除绵羊消化道线虫的试验

用Ｒｉｎｔａｌ片进行了驱除绵羊消化道线虫试验。结果表明当５ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重剂量时对捻转血矛线虫、哥伦比亚线虫、羊仰口线虫、细预属线虫和奥斯特线虫等绵羊消化道线虫的虫卵减少率,虫卵转阴率、虫卵孵化第三期幼虫减少率和第三期幼虫转阴率均可达到１００％,且安全,无任何毒副作用。     

东北虎寄生虫病综合防制的研究（I）狮弓蛔虫驱虫的研究

对33只人工饲养条件下的东北虎肠道寄生虫的调查表明，狮弓蛔虫为主要寄生虫，阳性率达63．64％，盐酸左旋咪唑以3mg/kg体重剂量，肠虫清以6－8mg/kg体重剂量的驱虫效果较好， 转阴率和虫卵减少率均达100％，对试验虎无任何不良反应，驱虫半年后重复感染率高达64．28％，试验证明粪便处理不当，虎舍周围土壤中含有大量感染性虫卵是重复感染的主要原因，提出结合驱虫做好粪便无害处理防止再感染的综合防制措施。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -