宝鸡地区典型农田土壤中微塑料赋存特征及其环境效应研究

地膜覆盖被普遍应用于农业生产中,形成大量的微塑料,对农田土壤环境产生重要的影响。本文通过野外调查取样与室内实验分析相结合的方法,研究了宝鸡地区辣椒地、玉米地和猕猴桃地三种典型农田土壤中微塑料赋存特征及其对土壤环境的影响。研究结果显示:不同农田土壤中微塑料41%~48%为<1mm粒径,其次为1-2mm和2-5mm粒径。其丰度范围为1974~3656个/kg,丰度值随着土层深度的加深而减小;农田土壤中赋存形态各异的微塑料,如薄膜碎片状、粒状、丝状和孔隙状,其中以薄膜碎片占到70.6%~85.7%,微塑料类型78%为黑色,其次21%为白色,1%为蓝色;微塑料丰度与农田土壤饱和导水率(Ks)之间呈负相关关系;经X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS),发现微塑料表面吸附了土壤中常见Si、Al、Mg、O等元素之外,还聚集了肥料中的主要成分N、C的氧化物和一些重金属元素Cd、Fe。由此可见,微塑料的赋存不仅降低了土壤水分的入渗能力,而且导致了土壤肥料和重金属物质的局部富集,影响了土壤溶质迁移过程,加剧了土壤污染。研究结果将在揭示微塑料对区域农田土壤面源污染及农田环境治理具有一定的指导意义。     

Geochronology,geochemistry, and Sr-Nd isotopes of Early Carboniferous magmatism in southern West Junggar,northwestern China: Implications for Junggar oceanic plate subduction

West Junggar is a key area for understanding intra-oceanic plate subduction and the final closure of the Junggar Ocean. Knowledge of the Carboniferous tectonic evolution of the Junggar Ocean region is required for understanding the tectonic framework and accretionary processes in West Junggar, Central Asian Orogenic Belt. A series of Early Carboniferous volcanic and intrusive rocks, namely, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, and diorite, occur in the Mayile area of southern West Junggar, northwestern China. Our new LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb geochronological data reveal that diorite intruded at 334 (±1) Ma, and that basaltic andesite was erupted at 334 (±4) Ma. These intrusive and volcanic rocks are calc-alkaline, display moderate MgO (1.62%-4.18%) contents and Mg# values (40-59), and low Cr (14.5×10^-6-47.2×10^-6) and Ni (7.5×10^-6-34.6×10^-6) contents, and are characterized by enrichment in light rare-earth elements and large-ion lithophile elements and depletion in heavy rare-earth elements and high-field-strength elements, meaning that they belong to typical subduction-zone island-arc magma. The samples show low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (range of 0.703649-0.705008), positive ε_Nd(t) values (range of 4.8-6.2 and mean of 5.4), and young T_DM Nd model ages ranging from 1016 to 616 Ma, indicating a magmatic origin from depleted mantle involving partial melting of 10%-25% garnet and spinel lherzolite. Combining our results with those of previous studies, we suggest that these rocks were formed as a result of northwestward subduction of the Junggar oceanic plate, which caused partial melting of sub-arc mantle. We conclude that intra-oceanic arc magmatism was extensive in West Junggar during the Early Carboniferous.     

Grazing alters sandy soil greenhouse gas emissions in a sand-binding area of the Hobq Desert,China

Deserts are sensitive to environmental changes caused by human interference and are prone to degradation. Revegetation can promote the reversal of desertification and the subsequent formation of fixed sand. However, the effects of grazing, which can cause the ground-surface conditions of fixed sand to further deteriorate and result in re-desertification, on the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from soils remain unknown. Herein, we investigated GHG fluxes in the Hobq Desert, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, at the mobile (desertified), fixed (vegetated), and grazed (re-desertified) sites from January 2018 to December 2019. We analyzed the response mechanism of GHG fluxes to micrometeorological factors and the variation in global warming potential (GWP). CO₂ was emitted at an average rate of 4.2, 3.7, and 1.1 mmol/(m²•h) and N₂O was emitted at an average rate of 0.19, 0.15, and 0.09 µmol/(m²•h) at the grazed, fixed, and mobile sites, respectively. Mean CH₄ consumption was as follows: fixed site (2.9 µmol/(m²•h))>grazed site (2.7 µmol/(m²•h))>mobile site (1.1 µmol/(m²•h)). GHG fluxes varied seasonally, and soil temperature (10 cm) and soil water content (30 cm) were the key micrometeorological factors affecting the fluxes. The changes in the plant and soil characteristics caused by grazing resulted in increased soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions and decreased CH₄ absorption. Grazing also significantly increased the GWP of the soil (P<0.05). This study demonstrates that grazing on revegetated sandy soil can cause re-desertification and significantly increase soil carbon and nitrogen leakage. These findings could be used to formulate informed policies on the management and utilization of desert ecosystems.     

不同类型农药中重金属分布特征及风险分析

为探明不同类型农药中重金属分布特征及农药被使用后其中重金属在土壤和蔬菜中的累积风险，从市场采集54个常用农药制剂品种并开展田间试验，研究不同农药制剂中重金属的含量分布及其使用安全风险。结果表明:农药制剂中存在一定量的重金属，其中Cr、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的平均含量分别为21.2、3.23、0.78、0.85和3.43 mg/kg；在非Cu/Zn农药制剂中，Cu和Zn的平均含量分别为9.22 和18.1 mg/kg；每种农药中检出重金属元素在3~7种；在Cu制剂中有较高含量的Zn，而在Zn制剂中伴随有较高含量的Cu和Cd。农药制剂中Zn-Cd、Cr-Pb-As、Hg-As的含量显著相关，来源具有同源性。在农药使用当年，土壤中重金属含量增加约5.74 × 10?8~5.46 × 10?5 mg/kg，其中施用杀虫剂后Cr、As、Hg及施用杀菌剂后Cu、Zn、Cd在土壤中的增量相对高于施用其他类型农药，但相比中国国家标准 GB15618 — 2018《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》，由农药使用带来的土壤中重金属的年累积量可忽略不计；相比未喷施农药的对照，施用噻森铜5次，可使白菜中的Pb含量显著增加，施用丙森锌3次和5次均可使白菜中的Cd含量显著增加，但Cd、Pb均未超过国家标准限量值，最高含量约为限量值的20%和10%，风险较低。     

关中平原土壤重金属生态风险评价——以杨凌示范区为例

将田间调查与分析相结合,测定了杨凌示范区164个农田土壤样品和88个主要农作物样品中重金属As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu和Zn的含量,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法、地质积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价了重金属的积累和风险,用ArcGIS技术对重金属的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明：杨凌示范区土壤中上述8种重金属的平均含量分别为15.67、0.18、0.08、51.40、27.34、43.25、28.08、79.32 mg·kg^-1,除Hg和Cr外,其余重金属的平均含量均超过陕西关中塿土背景值,说明其在土壤中有一定累积;但8种重金属的平均含量均低于土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准规定的风险筛选值。Cd和Cr的点位超标率分别为10.98%和3.05%,其他重金属均未超标。所有土壤样品中As、Cr、Hg、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn的潜在生态危害指数Eⁱ_r均低于40,为轻度风险。土壤样品中Cd的Eⁱ_r值范围为0.00～49.00,平均值为22.76±7.60,有3.66%的土壤样品中Cd含量达到轻度生态危害。农作物中上述8种重金属含量均值分别为0.016、0.019、0.005、0.108、0.033、0.090、4.880、29.272 mg·kg^-1,均低于我国食物中污染物的卫生限量标准。在谷物、蔬菜和水果内,同一种重金属的含量无显著差异,作物的重金属污染指数MPI为0.11。重金属的内梅罗指数为0.89,达到警戒水平范围;潜在生态危害综合指数RI=36.5,存在轻度生态危害。这些研究结果表明,杨凌示范区的农田土壤整体仍处于清洁安全水平,属于应予优先保护类土地。     

聚酰胺和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯微塑料对异菌脲土壤环境行为的影响

微塑料可以吸附环境中的有机污染物,可能会影响农药在土壤中的降解、吸附和迁移等环境行为,其影响与微塑料和农药的类型有关。为明确微塑料对异菌脲在土壤中环境行为的影响,通过室内模拟试验,研究了聚酰胺 (PA) 和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA) 微塑料对异菌脲在土壤中吸附、迁移、淋溶和降解的影响。研究结果表明:含2% (质量分数,下同) PMMA土壤和含2% PA土壤的土壤吸附常数 (K_f) 分别是对照土壤的2.9倍和1.2倍;在pH 4 ~ 7范围内,土壤对异菌脲的吸附容量随pH值的增加而增加;异菌脲在对照土壤、含2% PA土壤、含2% PMMA土壤中的比移值 (R_f) 分别为0.12、0.097和0.091,在第一段土柱中的含量分别为85.4%、100%和100%;异菌脲在对照土壤、含2% PA土壤和含2% PMMA土壤中的降解半衰期分别为19.8、26.7和40.8 d。研究表明,微塑料通过提高土壤对农药异菌脲的吸附能力,抑制了异菌脲在土壤中的迁移和淋溶,延长了其在土壤中的降解半衰期,因而可能会加剧其对表层土壤环境的威胁。     

Monitoring rock desert formation caused by two different origins (ice-snow melting and drying) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China by considering topographic and meteorological elements

Monitoring rock desert formation caused by two different origins (ice-snow melting and drying) through remote sensing is crucial to our understanding of the interaction between the underlying surface of different rock desert and land-atmosphere types, as well as the relationship between bare land and soil erosion. A number of achievements have been made in remote sensing monitoring of desert areas, but there is a lack of accurate classification and remote sensing identification of rock desert types based on formation mechanism. In this study, the north and south sides of the eastern Kunlun Mountains in the northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China were taken as the study areas. Landsat operational landscape imager, digital elevation model, and precipitation and temperature grid data were used as data sources. By identifying the bare areas based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), we used the multi-element fusion method of contours, isotherms, and isohyets to identify the rock desert types in the ice-snow melting and dry areas. The results showed that: (1) the rock desert areas identified by remote sensing based on topographic and meteorological elements were highly accurate, with an overall accuracy of 88.45% and kappa coefficient of 0.77. The multi-element fusion method of contours, isotherms, and isohyets could effectively identify the rock desert types in the ice-snow melting and dry areas; (2) the optimal segmentation range of the ice-snow melting and dry areas was 3600 m contour, -2°C-2°C isotherms, and 100-130 mm isohyets. The areas with elevation less than 3600 m, annual average temperature higher than 2°C, and average annual precipitation less than 100 mm were rock desert in the dry areas. The range of -2°C-2°C isotherms and 100-130 mm isohyets was the transition area between the ice-snow melting and dry areas. The areas with elevation higher than 3600 m, annual average temperature less than -2°C, and average annual precipitation higher than 130 mm were rock desert in the ice-snow melting areas; and (3) the identification accuracy of the bare areas based on the NDVI method was better, specifically, the identification accuracy of plain bare areas was generally better than that of mountain bare areas. The remote sensing identification method considers not only the topographic factors that have great influence on the spatial distribution of the two types of rock desert areas, but also the meteorological factors, which can provide a scientific reference for the effective identification of the two types of rock desert areas.     

Risikoabschätzung von Schadelementen (Schwermetallen) im System Boden/Pflanze

In rural areas, representing about 97% of the agricultural and horticultural area, the content of heavy metals in harvested products does not create a significant risk to consumers. In urban areas with about 3% of the horticultural area and on agricultural production fields with corresponding history, local contaminations may exceed the precautionary values for soils. For these areas, an estimation of possible risks is advisable and necessary. On the base of investigations of transfer of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb as well as Zn) via the path soil to plant “bio concentration factors” (BCF) have been determined for various horticultural crops (leaf-vegetable, shoot-vegetable, fruit-vegetable, root-vegetable, kitchen herbs and fruit). By use of these BCFs in combination with human toxicological values of the heavy metals (TDI), guiding values can be derived for tolerable soil contamination with the respective metals. These guiding values allow a simple risk assessment of the respective contaminated soils for cultivation and consumption of crops or crop products.     

无公害猕猴桃生产基地土壤中重金属累积状况研究

对陕西省周至县猕猴桃生产基地土壤中砷、铅、汞、镉和铜的累积状况进行了研究,结果表明:(1)土壤中砷、铅、汞、镉和铜的平均含量分别为14.22±12.38、21.27±4.26、0.65±0.50、0.32±0.09和20.22±16.69 mg/kg,土壤重金属积累不明显,均没有超过GB15618-1995土壤环境质量标准.但是,有4个样点的砷和1个样点的汞含量超标;(2)应用土壤质量环境单因子污染指数进行评价,所有土样的平均土壤重金属单因子污染指数都小于1,故所检测果园在重金属元素方面适合发展无公害猕猴桃生产,也符合其土壤环境要求,土壤各元素污染指数的高低排列顺序为:汞>砷>镉>铜>铅,其中镉、砷、汞平均指数达到0.54～0.655,尤其以汞单项污染指数很高.     

Isotope implications of groundwater recharge,residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China

Groundwater plays a dominant role in the eco-environmental protection of arid and semi-arid regions.Understanding the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge,the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the hydrogeochemical evolution and transport processes of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China,is of importance for water resources management in this ecologically sensitive area.In this study,71 groundwater samples(mainly distributed at the Dongzhi Tableland and along the Malian River)and 8 surface water samples from the Malian River were collected,and analysis of the aquifer system and hydrological conditions,together with hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques were used to investigate groundwater sources,residence time and their associated recharge processes.Results show that the middle and lower reaches of the Malian River receive water mainly from groundwater discharge on both sides of valley,while the source of the Malian River mainly comes from local precipitation.Groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland is of a HCO3-Ca-Na type with low salinity.The reverse hydrogeochemical simulation suggests that the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange between Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺and Na+are the main water-rock interactions in the groundwater system of the Dongzhi Tableland.Theδ¹⁸O(from-11.70‰to-8.52‰)andδ2H(from-86.15‰to-65.75‰)values of groundwater are lower than the annual weighted average value of precipitation but closer to summer-autumn precipitation and soil water in the unsaturated zone,suggesting that possible recharge comes from the summer-autumn monsoonal heavy precipitation in the recent past(≤220 a).The corrected 14C ages of groundwater range from 3,000 to 25,000 a old,indicating that groundwater was mainly from precipitation during the humid and cold Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods.Groundwater flows deeper from the groundwater table and from the center to the east,south and west of the Dongzhi Tableland with estimated migration rate of 1.29-1.43 m/a.The oldest groundwater in the Quaternary Loess Aquifer in the Dongzhi Tableland is approximately 32,000 a old with poor renewability.Based on theδ¹⁸O temperature indicator of groundwater,we speculate that temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Longdong Loess Basin was 2.4℃-6.0℃ colder than the present.The results could provide us the valuable information on groundwater recharge and evolution under thick loess layer,which would be significative for the scientific water resources management in semi-arid regions.     

干旱区绿洲土壤镉-锌-铅复合污染物在芹菜中的富集迁移规律

以干旱区绿洲土壤为供试土壤,采用盆栽实验研究了镉-锌-铅复合污染物在土壤/芹菜系统中的迁移富集特征.结果表明:随着外源添加重金属量的增大,芹菜根和叶中重金属含量也增大;芹菜根对Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量与土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn含量、外源添加Cd、Pb、Zn量之间都达到极显著正相关,芹菜叶对Cd 、Zn的吸收量与土壤中Cd、Zn含量、外源添加Cd、Zn量之间都达到极显著正相关;多元线形回归分析可知,芹菜根吸收Cd、Pb、Zn并没有受到共存元素的影响;重金属元素从土壤中分别向芹菜根/叶的富集能力顺序都为Cd＞Zn＞Pb,重金属元素在芹菜体内的迁移能力顺序为Zn＞Cd＞Pb.     

连续施用农业废弃物组合肥制种玉米田理化性质及酶活性和重金属变化特征

在甘肃省进行了连续4 a施用农业废弃物组合肥制种玉米田理化性质及酶活性和重金属变化特征研究。 结果表明：农业废弃物组合肥施用量比例为秸秆组合肥18 t·hm^-2∶畜禽粪便组合肥36 t·hm^-2∶废渣组合肥15 t·hm^-2。施用农业废弃物组合肥4 a与不施肥比较,制种玉米田容重、pH值和真菌数量分别降低6.77%、6.20%和26.19%;总孔隙度、水稳性团聚体、总持水量、EC值、可溶性盐和CEC分别增加6.63%、18.95%、6.62%、5.23%、5.36%和36.10%;有机质、有机碳、有机碳密度、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别增加23.72%、24.10%、15.48%、28.44%、49.92%和27.97%;细菌数量、放线菌数量、蔗糖酶、 脲酶、磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性分别增加38.20%、86.60%、63.46%、38.89%、61.48%和58.82%;Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb和Zn含量分别增加21.74%、30.00%、24.49%、27.55%和31.81%。农业废弃物组合肥施用年限与制种玉米田容重、pH值和真菌数量之间呈显著负相关关系,与总孔隙度、水稳性团聚体、CEC、EC值、可溶性盐、总持水量、有机质、有机碳密度、速效氮磷钾含量、细菌数量、放线菌数量、酶活性、重金属含量之间呈显著正相关关系。 虽然连续4 a施用农业废弃物组合肥重金属含量比不施肥高,但重金属含量小于土壤污染临界值,说明研究区域农业废弃物组合肥重金属含量较低,不会对作物造成风险。     

新疆准噶尔盆地未开垦盐碱地土壤重金属评价及其来源

为了解新疆准噶尔盆地未开垦盐碱地土壤中重金属的污染状况,在未开垦盐碱地采集土壤样品,测定汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)和硒(Se)7种重金属元素的含量。运用多元统计分析方法、污染指数评价方法,并结合新疆土壤背景值(Se采用乌鲁木齐市背景值)对不同土层(020cm,2040cm)进行调查和评价,并对重金属的来源进行分析。结果表明:研究区土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、As、Se7种重金属元素在020cm土层平均值为0.023、0.165、17.999、62.587、29.928、16.325mg·kg^-1和0.696mg·kg^-1;在2040cm土层土壤中平均值为0.021、0.148、17.497、61.091、29.995、17.384mg·kg^-1和0.634mg·kg^-1。除Pb元素外,其他元素均不同程度超过对应的新疆土壤背景值,7种元素在2个土层中无污染、轻度污染样点所占比例分别为66.2%100%和74.7%100%;内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果以轻度污染为主,2个土层轻度污染样点占比均为78.4%。Cd、As、Se重金属元素的来源以自然因素为主,主要与土壤母质的组成和性质有关,影响因素包括山地岩石风化和季节性洪水搬运等;Cr、Pb、Hg元素的来源主要受人为因素的影响,工业开发、交通运输、煤炭燃烧产生的烟气中所携带的重金属沉降到土壤中,是造成未被开垦和破坏的自然盐碱地土壤背景值升高的主要原因;而Ni元素的来源可能是人为因素和自然因素共同作用的结果。     

Migration and accumulation of heavy metals in disturbed landscapes in developing ore deposits,East Kazakhstan

This paper studied the contents of heavy metals and their accumulation in the disturbed landscapes in ore deposits of East Kazakhstan. A total of 14 sites were examined in Zyrynovsky and Tishinsk deposits and Ridder town, and 50 soil samples were taken. Results indicated that the contents of heavy metals in the soil reached the maximum permissible concentration. Emissions of the zinc plant negatively affected the soil of nearby territories. In the remediated areas, a high concentration of heavy metals was observed at a depth where the bulk soil borders the rock. Accumulation of heavy metals on the surface of the remediated areas occurred due to biological accumulation in the plant. Plants transmitted heavy elements through the root system to the upper vegetative organs, making them accumulate in the upper layers of the soil. The heavy metals migrated and accumulated from the lower layers to the surface layers of the soil. The absence of soil meso-fauna resulted in the contamination of soil by heavy metals. The analysis of water samples, taken from the waste storages and the waste waters with heavy metals in the Zyryanovsk deposit and Ridder town, revealed severe water contamination.     

泾河流域农业土壤重金属污染调查与评价

通过对泾河流域主要农业区土壤样品的采集、监测,依据泾河流域土壤重金属元素背景值和国家<土壤环境质量标准>(GB15618-1995)二级标准作为评价标准,分析了对土壤环境及人体危害较大的Cd,As,Cr,Pb等重金属元素的累积和污染程度.结果表明:以泾河流域土壤重金属元素背景值为评价标准,泾河流域农业土壤重金属累积污染程度具有Pb＞As＞Cd＞Cr的特征;泾河流域农业土壤重金属Pb,As,Cd累积污染程度较高,主要是由于人类长期不合理使用化肥所致.以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为评价指标,泾河流域农业土壤重金属污染程度具有As＞Cd＞Cr＞Pb的特征;泾河流域农业土壤样品重金属单项污染指数Pi和综合污染指数P均小于0.7,土壤环境中的重金属含量现状适宜于无公害农产品和果品基地建设的要求.     

尾菜再生水灌溉对土壤酶活性与重金属含量的影响

为探究尾菜再生水灌溉对土壤酶活性和重金属含量的影响，采用室内土柱模拟试验，分别以尾菜再生水(VW)和自来水(TW)为灌溉水，设置充分灌溉(90%田间持水量，09FC)和非充分灌溉(70%田间持水量，07FC)2个灌水水平，以18 d为1个灌水周期，累计灌溉16期，分别在第72、144、216、288 d进行分层取样，测定土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脲酶(UE)、蔗糖酶(IA)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性及重金属(Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu)含量的时空变化特征，并对各处理进行相关性分析和潜在生态风险评价。结果显示，与TW-07FC处理相比，长期再生水非充分灌溉0～20 cm土层土壤UE、IA活性分别显著提高了31.36%和6.55%;与TW-09FC处理相比，再生水充分灌溉ALP活性显著提高了15.63%,CAT活性无显著性变化；随着灌溉次数的增加，再生水2个灌水水平均会增加土壤Pb、Cr、Zn含量，但增加效果不显著，土壤Cd含量与自来水灌溉相比无显著变化(P>0.05),土壤Cu含量有降低的趋势；由相关性分析可知，CAT活性与Cu、Zn含量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);...     

Climate change impacts on the streamflow of Zarrineh River,Iran

Zarrineh River is located in the northwest of Iran, providing more than 40% of the total inflow into the Lake Urmia that is one of the largest saltwater lakes on the earth. Lake Urmia is a highly endangered ecosystem on the brink of desiccation. This paper studied the impacts of climate change on the streamflow of Zarrineh River. The streamflow was simulated and projected for the period 1992-2050 through seven CMIP5 (coupled model intercomparison project phase 5) data series (namely, BCC-CSM1-1, BNU-ESM, CSIRO-Mk3-6-0, GFDL-ESM2G, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM and MIROC-ESM-CHEM) under RCP2.6 (RCP, representative concentration pathways) and RCP8.5. The model data series were statistically downscaled and bias corrected using an artificial neural network (ANN) technique and a Gamma based quantile mapping bias correction method. The best model (CSIRO-Mk3-6-0) was chosen by the TOPSIS (technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution) method from seven CMIP5 models based on statistical indices. For simulation of streamflow, a rainfall-runoff model, the hydrologiska byrans vattenavdelning (HBV-Light) model, was utilized. Results on hydro-climatological changes in Zarrineh River basin showed that the mean daily precipitation is expected to decrease from 0.94 and 0.96 mm in 2015 to 0.65 and 0.68 mm in 2050 under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively. In the case of temperature, the numbers change from 12.33°C and 12.37°C in 2015 to 14.28°C and 14.32°C in 2050. Corresponding to these climate scenarios, this study projected a decrease of the annual streamflow of Zarrineh River by half from 2015 to 2050 as the results of climatic changes will lead to a decrease in the annual streamflow of Zarrineh River from 59.49 m³/s in 2015 to 22.61 and 23.19 m³/s in 2050. The finding is of important meaning for water resources planning purposes, management programs and strategies of the Lake's endangered ecosystem.     

新乡小冀工业区周边土壤重金属污染评价与形态分析

通过实地调查和实验分析,对小冀工业区周边土壤中六种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)进行了总量测定。参照GB15618-1995二级标准,采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤质量进行了现状评价,并采用Tessier五步连续萃取法对超标重金属Cd、Ni和Zn进行了形态分析及生物活性分析。结果表明:1)Cr、Cu和Pb含量均未超过国标二级标准,Cd、Ni和Zn三种重金属含量均超标,工业区综合污染非常严重,主要污染元素是Cd;2)Cd、Ni和Zn在土壤中的形态分布差异性较大,Cd主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Ni和Zn主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在;3)金属生物活性系数大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Ni,迁移系数的大小顺序是Cd>Zn>Ni,其中Cd的生态风险很大。     

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.     

Manipulated precipitation regulated carbon and phosphorus limitations of microbial metabolisms in a temperate grassland on the Loess Plateau,China

Manipulated precipitation patterns can profoundly influence the metabolism of soil microorganisms. However, the responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient turnover to microbial metabolic limitation under changing precipitation conditions remain unclear in semi-arid ecosystems. This study measured the potential activities of enzymes associated with carbon (C: β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) and β-D-cellobiosidase (CBH)), nitrogen (N: β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) and L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)) and phosphorus (P: alkaline phosphatase (AP)) acquisition, to quantify soil microbial metabolic limitations using enzymatic stoichiometry, and then identify the implications for soil microbial metabolic limitations and carbon use efficiency (CUE) under decreased precipitation by 50% (DP) and increased precipitation by 50% (IP) in a temperate grassland. The results showed that soil C and P were the major elements limiting soil microbial metabolism in temperate grasslands. There was a strong positive dependence between microbial C and P limitations under manipulated precipitation. Microbial metabolism limitation was promoted by DP treatment but reversed by IP treatment. Moreover, CUE was inhibited by DP treatment but promoted by IP treatment. Soil microbial metabolism limitation was mainly regulated by soil moisture and soil C, N, and P stoichiometry, followed by available nutrients (i.e., NO- 3, NH+ 4, and dissolved organic C) and microbial biomass (i.e., MBC and MBN). Overall, these findings highlight the potential role of changing precipitation in regulating ecosystem C turnover by limiting microbial metabolism and CUE in temperate grassland ecosystems.