Synergistic effects of multiple driving factors on the runoff variations in the Yellow River Basin,China

River runoff plays an important role in watershed ecosystems and human survival, and it is controlled by multiple environmental factors. However, the synergistic effects of various large-scale circulation factors and meteorological factors on the runoff on different time-frequency scales have rarely been explored. In light of this, the underlying mechanism of the synergistic effects of the different environmental factors on the runoff variations was investigated in the Yellow River Basin of China during the period 1950-2019 using the bivariate wavelet coherence (WTC) and multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) methods. First, the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) method was used to analyze the multiscale characteristics of the runoff. The results of the CWT indicate that the runoff exhibited significant continuous or discontinuous annual and semiannual oscillations during the study period. Scattered inter-annual time scales were also observed for the runoff in the Yellow River Basin. The meteorological factors better explained the runoff variations on seasonal and annual time scales. The average wavelet coherence (AWC) and the percent area of the significant coherence (PASC) between the runoff and individual meteorological factors were 0.454 and 19.89%, respectively. The circulation factors mainly regulated the runoff on the inter-annual and decadal time scales with more complicated phase relationships due to their indirect effects on the runoff. The AWC and PASC between the runoff and individual circulation factors were 0.359 and 7.31%, respectively. The MWC analysis revealed that the synergistic effects of multiple factors should be taken into consideration to explain the multiscale characteristic variations of the runoff. The AWC or MWC ranges were 0.320-0.560, 0.617-0.755, and 0.819-0.884 for the combinations of one, two, and three circulation and meteorological factors, respectively. The PASC ranges were 3.53%-33.77%, 12.93%-36.90%, and 20.67%-39.34% for the combinations one, two, and three driving factors, respectively. The combinations of precipitation, evapotranspiration (or the number of rainy days), and the Arctic Oscillation performed well in explaining the variability in the runoff on all time scales, and the average MWC and PASC were 0.847 and 28.79%, respectively. These findings are of great significance for improving our understanding of hydro-climate interactions and water resources prediction in the Yellow River Basin.     

黄河流域潜在蒸散量时空格局变化分析

根据国家气象局整编的1957-2001年黄河流域93个气象站点的气象资料,应用1998年FAO最新推荐的Penman-Monte ith法计算潜在蒸散量,在此基础上使用克里格（Kriging）插值法生成黄河流域潜在蒸散量的分布图。结果显示：黄河流域多年平均潜在蒸散量空间分布格局受气候、地形地貌等多种因素的影响,具有明显的地域性差异。潜在蒸散量总的特点是东高西低,北高南低,由东北向西南逐渐递减;从时间尺度上看,自1957年以来,潜在蒸散量总体上呈＂下降-稳定-上升＂趋势,在20世纪90年代末增到最高;季节变化为夏季〉春季〉秋季〉冬季;具体到各月的变化趋势,黄河流域上、中、下游潜在蒸散均以5-7月份最多,11月至翌年2月最低,且不同区域之间存在着明显的差别。     

Assessment of river basin habitat quality and its relationship with disturbance factors: A case study of the Tarim River Basin in Northwest China

The status of regional biodiversity is determined by habitat quality.The effective assessment of habitat quality can help balance the relationship between economic development and biodiversity conservation.Therefore,this study used the InVEST model to conduct a dynamic evaluation of the spatial and temporal changes in habitat quality of the Tarim River Basin in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China by calc ulating the degradation degree levels for habitat types that were caused by threat factors from 1990 to 2018(represented by four periods of 1990,2000,2010 and 2018).Specifically,we used spatial autocorrelation analysis and Getis-Ord Gi*analysis to divide the study area into three heterogeneous units in terms of habitat quality:cold spot areas,hot spot areas and random areas.Hemeroby index,population density,gross domestic product(GDP),altitude and distance from water source(DWS)were then chosen as the main disturbance factors.Linear correlation and spatial regression models were subsequently used to analyze the influences of disturbance factors on habitat quality.The results demonstrated that the overall level of habitat quality in the TRB was poor,showing a continuous degradation state.The intensity of the negative correlation between habitat quality and Hemeroby index was proven to be strongest in cold spot areas,hot spot areas and random areas.The spatial lag model(SLM)was better suited to spatial regression analysis due to the spatial dependence of habitat quality and disturbance factors in heterogeneous units.By analyzing the model,Hemeroby index was found to have the greatest impact on habitat quality in the studied four periods(1990,2000,2010 and2018).The research results have potential guiding significance for the formulation of reasonable management policies in the TRB as well as other river basins in arid areas.     

黄河流域水分盈亏量时空变化及其影响因素

基于1960-2013年黄河流域66个气象站点的实测数据,利用Morlet函数、Mann-Kendall检验、偏相关分析,探讨水分盈亏量的时空变化及影响因子.结果表明:流域多年平均水分盈亏量在-1 252.4～134.2 mm,全流域均值为-603.4 mm,并呈现出“南高北低、东高西低”的空间分布特征.秋季水分亏缺量最大,夏季、冬季次之,春季最小.全流域水分盈亏量年、春、夏、秋、冬季的线性倾向率为-6.39 mm·(10a)-1、-4.48 mm·(10a)-1、-4.96 mm·(10a)-1、2.68 mm·(l0a)-1、-0.59 mm·(10a)-1;年水分盈亏量有42个站点下降,22个上升,2个无变化.变化第一主周期依次为26 a、12 a,流域平均水分盈亏量在1993年发生了一次减少突变,存在突变年份的站点共45个.降水量是年水分盈亏的主导因子,偏相关系数达0.94,其次为湿度、水汽压,日照时数、平均气温和风速.     

Quantitative distinction of the relative actions of climate change and human activities on vegetation evolution in the Yellow River Basin of China during 1981-2019

Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities, vegetation ecosystem has undergone profound changes. It can be seen that there are obvious differences in the evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of vegetation ecosystem in different historical periods. Therefore, it is urgent to identify and reveal the dominant factors and their contribution rates in the vegetation change cycle. Based on the data of climate elements (sunshine hours, precipitation and temperature), human activities (population intensity and GDP intensity) and other natural factors (altitude, slope and aspect), this study explored the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of vegetation NDVI in the Yellow River Basin of China from 1989 to 2019 through a residual method, a trend analysis, and a gravity center model, and quantitatively distinguished the relative actions of climate change and human activities on vegetation evolution based on Geodetector model. The results showed that the spatial distribution of vegetation NDVI in the Yellow River Basin showed a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest. During 1981-2019, the temporal variation of vegetation NDVI showed an overall increasing trend. The gravity centers of average vegetation NDVI during the study period was distributed in Zhenyuan County, Gansu Province, and the center moved northeastwards from 1981 to 2019. During 1981-2000 and 2001-2019, the proportion of vegetation restoration areas promoted by the combined action of climate change and human activities was the largest. During the study period (1981-2019), the dominant factors influencing vegetation NDVI shifted from natural factors to human activities. These results could provide decision support for the protection and restoration of vegetation ecosystem in the Yellow River Basin.     

渭河流域蒸发皿蒸发量时空变化与驱动因素

以渭河流域为研究区,获取流域内21个气象站1978-2002年20cm口径蒸发皿和1985-2015年E-601型蒸发器日观测资料,采用线性回归模型重构各站点蒸发皿蒸发数据资料,Mann-Kendall趋势检验与空间插值法分析流域蒸发皿蒸发量的时空变换特征,敏感性分析法定量评估各气象要素对蒸发皿蒸发量变化的贡献。结果表明:流域多年平均蒸发皿蒸发能力低于黄河流域的平均水平,蒸发皿蒸发量介于1015.51705.6mm,其空间分布状况表现为由北向南逐渐减少;年蒸发皿蒸发量总体呈增加趋势,变化率为1.371mm·a^-1;蒸发皿蒸发量对实际水汽压最敏感;气温是影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主导因子,其贡献率为304.5%。     

Ecosystem service values of gardens in the Yellow River Basin,China

Studies on the ecosystem service value(ESV) of gardens are critical for informing evidencebased land management practices based on an understanding of the local ecosystem. By analyzing equivalent value factors(EVFs), this paper evaluated the values of 11 ecosystem services of gardens in the Yellow River Basin of China in 2019. High-precision land use survey data were used to improve the accuracy of the land use classification, garden areas, and spatial distribution of the ESVs of gardens. The re...     

玛纳斯河流域生态环境质量时空分异评价

利用3S空间分析和地学统计分析方法,选取植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤等归一化生态指数,采用生态要素及功能叠加的转移矩阵模型,研究了新疆玛纳斯河流域生态要素及环境质量时空分异规律。研究得出:①总体上玛纳斯河流域仍保持山地、绿洲、荒漠的空间分异格局,生态环境整体质量较差,但转好趋势明显,城乡建设格局变化决定着局地环境动态演变。②人工绿洲、山前缓冲区生态质量最好但变化较快,农田内部的盐渍化虽然得到很好控制,但大量盐分被排入下游及周边,对自然绿洲造成新的危害。中山林草带植被覆盖、土壤恢复、水土保持较好。③2000-2008年流域生态环境质量缓慢好转,其中以生态环境质量由差转中为主,集中在古尔班通古特沙漠,虽然绿洲-荒漠过渡带生态恢复明显,但高山冰雪带不断萎缩;2008-2016年流域生态环境质量明显转好,其中以生态环境质量由中变良为主,集中在山前缓冲区,虽然山地-绿洲过渡带生态改善进程加快,但高山冰雪带仍持续退缩。     

黄河源区现代沙漠化过程影响因素定量分析

以青海玛多县为例,通过数学模型和因子分析法对黄河源区现代沙漠化过程的影响因素进行了定量分析.基于对该区的实际调查,认为年平均相对湿度、年均气温、年降水量、年均风速、总人口、牲畜数量和工业总产值可能是影响该区沙漠化的因素.1976-1994年期间,研究区沙漠化总面积呈迅速扩展趋势,沙漠化程度呈加重趋势.研究表明:研究区沙...     

Spatiotemporal variation of forest land and its driving factors in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China

As an important natural resource,forest land plays a key role in the maintenance of ecological security.However,variations of forest land in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China(AENC)have attracted little attention.Taking the AENC as an example and based on remote-sensing images from 2000,2010 to 2020,we explored the spatiotemporal variation of forest land and its driving factors using the land-use transfer matrix,spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial error model.The results showed that from 2000 to 2020,the total area of forest land in the AENC increased from 75,547.52 to 77,359.96 km² and the changes were dominated by the transformations among forest land,grassland and cropland,which occurred mainly in areas with the elevation of 500-2000 m and slope of 15°-25°.There was obvious spatial agglomeration of forest land in the AENC from 2000 to 2020,with hot spots of forest land gathered in the southern marginal areas of the Yanshan Mountains and the low mountainous and hilly areas of the Loess Plateau.The sub-hot spots around hot spots moved southward,the sub-cold spots spread to the surrounding areas and the cold spots disappeared.The spatiotemporal variation of forest land resulted from the interactions of natural environment,socioeconomic and policy factors from 2000 to 2020.The variables of average annual precipitation,slope,terrain relief,ecological conversion program and afforestation policy for barren mountains affected the spatial pattern of forest land positively,while those of annual average temperature,slope and road network density influenced it negatively.     

黄河流域典型城市水资源社会可再生性评价研究

黄河流域主要位于我国干旱、半干旱区 ,流域内许多城市都面临着水资源短缺问题。水资源社会可再生性是水资源在利用过程中所表现出的特性 ,其值的增强对于实现水资源的高效利用具有重要意义。本文针对黄河流域提出了基于若干指标来综合表征缺水城市水资源社会可再生性的方法 ,并在此基础上对该流域 8个典型城市的水资源社会可再生性进行了评价 ,得出了这些城市水资源社会可再生性的差异 ,最后提出了增强这些城市水资源社会可再生性的途径。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域绿洲景观生态脆弱性时空分异

以2000年、2005年和2014年3期Landsat TM影像为基础数据,运用景观敏感度和景观适应度指数构建景观生态脆弱度评价模型,采用空间分析方法和统计学方法研究其时空分异特征以及空间关联格局,结果表明:(1)2000—2014年,耕地、建设用地和未利用地增加、林地减少较快,水域和草地缓慢减少,流域景观生态脆弱性呈上升趋势。其中,2005年以后脆弱性上升明显,结构性因素对景观格局变化的影响逐渐增大,但非结构性因素始终居于主要地位。(2)流域景观生态脆弱性具有高度的空间自相关性,表现为明显的空间关联性和空间依赖性,呈高-高集聚和低-低集聚、趋同空间正相关格局。(3)脆弱性空间分异较为显著。2000年以较低和中等脆弱区为主,两者所占面积比例为57.36%,较高和高脆弱区分布在西北部;2005年大部分地区处于较低和中等脆弱区,流域中下游较高脆弱区向东部延伸;2014年脆弱度水平明显增大,高脆弱区所占面积比例为10.9%,较高和高脆弱区向中游以及中上游扩张,城市空间扩张和建设用地扩大是导致脆弱度增大的主要动因。(4)中上游脆弱性空间扩张强度、方向、趋势与中下游脆弱性变化密切相关,说明人工绿洲建设进入高强度集聚规模和大规模生态外部性的空间发展阶段,应加强全流域统筹、全要素规划、全过程管理的生态建设与重构。     

黄河流域退耕还林有关技术问题研究

本文重点论述了三方面问题 ( 1 )退耕还林的必要性与紧迫性。黄河流域坡耕地量大面广 ,是水土流失的主要源地 ,是生态环境恶化、人民生活贫困的主要原因 ;退耕还林不仅必要、潜力巨大 ,而且十分紧迫。 ( 2 )退耕还林的具体办法 ,包括实施途径 ,分期实施规模。提出近期应重点实施 2 5°以上陡坡耕地、中远期实施 2 5°以下缓坡耕地。 ( 3)退耕还林应注意的问题。因地制宜是关键 ,建设基本农田、保证粮食自给是基础 ,是前提。     

汾河流域降水及旱涝时空结构特征

利用汾河流域39个测站1956-2000年各月降水资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)分解技术分析年降水的空间结构特征与变化.结果表明:汾河流域年降水主要有3种典型分布类型,即"全体一致型"、"南北反相型"、"上下游与中游反相型".其中,第1种分布型占主导作用,其相应的时间序列和年均降水序列形状基本相似,趋势皆减少.此外,采用Z指数旱涝指标划分了汛期旱涝状况和等级,结果显示,汛期异常旱涝主要发生在8月和6月.     

Spatiotemporal evolution and prediction of habitat quality in Hohhot City of China based on the InVEST and CA-Markov models

With the acceleration of urbanization, changes in the urban ecological environment and landscape pattern have led to a series of prominent ecological environmental problems. In order to better coordinate the balanced relationship between city and ecological environment, we selected land use change data to evaluate the habitat quality in Hohhot City of China, which is of great practical significance for regional urban and economic development. Thus, the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) and Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) models were used to analyze, predict, and explore the Spatiotemporal evolution path and characteristics of urban land use, and forecast the typical evolution pattern of land use in 2030. The results showed that the land use types in Hohhot City changed significantly from 2000 to 2020, and the biggest change took place in cultivated land, grassland, shrub, and artificial surface. The decrease of cultivated land area and the increase of artificial surface area were the main impact trend of land use change. The average value of habitat quality had been decreasing continuously from 2000 to 2020, and the values of habitat degradation were 0.2605, 0.2494, and 0.2934 in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively, showing a decreasing trend. The decrease of habitat quality was caused by the needs of economic development and urban construction, as well as the impact of land occupation. During this evolution, many cultivated land and urban grassland had been converted into construction land. The simulated land use changes in 2030 are basically the same as those during 2000-2020, and the habitat quality will still be declining. The regional changes are influenced by the urban rapid development and industrial layout. These results can provide decision-making reference for regional urban planning and management as well as habitat quality evaluation.     

Study of the intensity and driving factors of land use/cover change in the Yarlung Zangbo River,Nyang Qu River,and Lhasa River region,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China

Land use/land cover (LULC) is an important part of exploring the interaction between natural environment and human activities and achieving regional sustainable development. Based on the data of LULC types (cropland, forest land, grassland, built-up land, and unused land) from 1990 to 2015, we analysed the intensity and driving factors of land use/cover change (LUCC) in the Yarlung Zangbo River, Nyang Qu River, and Lhasa River (YNL) region, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, using intensity analysis method, cross-linking table method, and spatial econometric model. The results showed that LUCC in the YNL region was nonstationary from 1990 to 2015, showing a change pattern with fast-slow-fast and U-shaped. Built-up land showed a steady increase pattern, while cropland showed a steady decrease pattern. The gain of built-up land mainly came from the loss of cropland. The transition pattern of LUCC in the YNL region was relatively single and stable during 1990-2015. The transition pattern from cropland and forest land to built-up land was a systematic change process of tendency and the transition pattern from grassland and unused land to cropland was a systematic change process of avoidance. The transition process of LUCC was the result of the combined effect of natural environment and social economic development in the YNL region. This study reveals the impact of ecological environment problems caused by human activities on the land resource system and provides scientific support for the study of ecological environment change and sustainable development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

黄河流域农业干旱时空演变规律及其自然恢复期特征

以黄河流域为例,基于1970—2014年气候数据,构建了修正的帕默尔干旱指数(sc_PDSI),探究了不同气候区农业干旱的时空演变规律;其次,以0.25°×0.25°栅格为响应单元,耦合农业干旱诊断和陆地水储量数据精准识别了农业干旱自然恢复期,并利用全局和局部Moran's I指数,探明了农业干旱自然恢复期的空间分布格...     

2000-2010年黄河源区植被覆盖率时空变化及其影响因素

黄河源区是对环境变化敏感的重要冻土区,监测黄河源区内植被的动态变化,并分析其对相关环境影响因子的响应机制,对了解该区近年来冻土及水资源变化机理有着重要意义.基于2000-2010年的MOD44B植被盖度(Vegetation Continuous Field-MOD44B)产品对黄河源区内植被覆盖率的变化进行分段线性回归及趋势转折分析,从时间和空间角度揭示植被覆盖率的变化特征,探讨降水、坡度、高程等因素对植被覆盖率变化的影响,并选择主要影响因素建立模型对黄河源区内的植被覆盖率进行预测.结果表明:2000-2010年黄河源区内植被覆盖率呈现较强的纬度地带性,并在年际间表现出波动上升趋势;植被改善区域主要分布在扎陵湖和鄂陵湖以南地区,退化区域则主要分布在两湖以北,空间上存在明显的分界线;研究时间段的气温和降水均呈波动上升趋势,线性增长率分别为0.09℃·a-1和8.9 mm·a-1,整个区域内植被变化对于气温更加敏感.与植被改善区相比,植被退化区平均坡度和海拔更低,表明人类活动可能对植被退化产生了影响.     

塔里木河下游水生态安全评价及驱动要素分析

随着塔里木河流域水资源统一管理不断加强,塔里木河下游生态输水量增加,生态保护取得了阶段性成效.然而,水资源严格管理下的塔里木河下游水生态安全状况及变化过程如何,相关研究缺乏科学的评估.对此,本文利用塔里木河下游2000—2017年的水量、监测断面地下水埋深、胡杨新增生物量、植被覆盖度、干旱指数等指标数据,运用主成分分析...     

Spatial-temporal variations of ecological vulnerability in the Tarim River Basin,Northwest China

As the largest inland river basin of China, the Tarim River Basin (TRB), known for its various natural resources and fragile environment, has an increased risk of ecological crisis due to the intensive exploitation and utilization of water and land resources. Since the Ecological Water Diversion Project (EWDP), which was implemented in 2001 to save endangered desert vegetation, there has been growing evidence of ecological improvement in local regions, but few studies have performed a comprehensive ecological vulnerability assessment of the whole TRB. This study established an evaluation framework integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy method to estimate the ecological vulnerability of the TRB covering climatic, ecological, and socioeconomic indicators during 2000-2017. Based on the geographical detector model, the importance of ten driving factors on the spatial-temporal variations of ecological vulnerability was explored. The results showed that the ecosystem of the TRB was fragile, with more than half of the area (57.27%) dominated by very heavy and heavy grades of ecological vulnerability, and 28.40% of the area had potential and light grades of ecological vulnerability. The light grade of ecological vulnerability was distributed in the northern regions (Aksu River and Weigan River catchments) and western regions (Kashgar River and Yarkant River catchments), while the heavy grade was located in the southern regions (Kunlun Mountains and Qarqan River catchments) and the Mainstream catchment. The ecosystems in the western and northern regions were less vulnerable than those in the southern and eastern regions. From 2000 to 2017, the overall improvement in ecological vulnerability in the whole TRB showed that the areas with great ecological improvement increased by 46.11%, while the areas with ecological degradation decreased by 9.64%. The vegetation cover and potential evapotranspiration (PET) were the obvious driving factors, explaining 57.56% and 21.55% of the changes in ecological vulnerability across the TRB, respectively. In terms of ecological vulnerability grade changes, obvious spatial differences were observed in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the TRB due to the different vegetation and hydrothermal conditions. The alpine source region of the TRB showed obvious ecological improvement due to increased precipitation and temperature, but the alpine meadow of the Kaidu River catchment in the Middle Tianshan Mountains experienced degradation associated with overgrazing and local drought. The improved agricultural management technologies had positive effects on farmland ecological improvement, while the desert vegetation in oasis-desert ecotones showed a decreasing trend as a result of cropland reclamation and intensive drought. The desert riparian vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was greatly improved due to the implementation of the EWDP, which has been active for tens of years. These results provide comprehensive knowledge about ecological processes and mechanisms in the whole TRB and help to develop environmental restoration measures based on different ecological vulnerability grades in each sub-catchment.