Effects of land use and cover change on surface wind speed in China

The surface wind speed(SWS) is affected by both large-scale circulation and land use and cover change(LUCC). In China, most studies have considered the effect of large-scale circulation rather than LUCC on SWS. In this study, we evaluated the effects of LUCC on the SWS decrease during 1979–2015 over China using the observation minus reanalysis(OMR) method. There were two key findings:(1) Observed wind speed declined significantly at a rate of 0.0112 m/(s·a), whereas ERA-Interim, which can only capture the inter-annual variation of observed data, indicated a gentle downward trend. The effects of LUCC on SWS were distinct and caused a decrease of 0.0124 m/(s·a) in SWS;(2) Due to variations in the characteristics of land use types across different regions, the influence of LUCC on SWS also varied. The observed wind speed showed a rapid decline over cultivated land in Northwest China, as well as a decrease in China's northeastern and eastern plain regions due to the urbanization. However, in the Tibetan Plateau, the impact of LUCC on wind speed was only slight and can thus be ignored.     

Impact of land use/cover changes on carbon storage in a river valley in arid areas of Northwest China

Soil carbon pools could become a CO_2 source or sink, depending on the directions of land use/cover changes. A slight change of soil carbon will inevitably affect the atmospheric CO_2 concentration and consequently the climate. Based on the data from 127 soil sample sites, 48 vegetation survey plots, and Landsat TM images, we analyzed the land use/cover changes, estimated soil organic carbon(SOC) storage and vegetation carbon storage of grassland, and discussed the impact of grassland changes on carbon storage during 2000 to 2013 in the Ili River Valley of Northwest China. The results indicate that the areal extents of forestland, shrubland, moderate-coverage grassland(MCG), and the waterbody(including glaciers) decreased while the areal extents of high-coverage grassland(HCG),low-coverage grassland(LCG), residential and industrial land, and cultivated land increased. The grassland SOC density in 0–100 cm depth varied with the coverage in a descending order of HCGMCGLCG.The regional grassland SOC storage in the depth of 0–100 cm in 2013 increased by 0.25×1011 kg compared with that in 2000. The regional vegetation carbon storage(S_(rvc)) of grassland was 5.27×10~9 kg in2013 and decreased by 15.7% compared to that in 2000. The vegetation carbon reserves of the under-ground parts of vegetation(S_(ruvb)) in 2013 was 0.68×10~9 kg and increased by approximately 19.01%compared to that in 2000. This research can improve our understanding about the impact of land use/cover changes on the carbon storage in arid areas of Northwest China.     

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10⁸ m³ from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10⁸ m³/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10⁸ m³ from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10⁸ m³/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed anincrease-decrease-increasefluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.     

土地利用/覆被变化模型研究面临的几个问题

文中主要针对模型研究的土地利用/覆被变化类型、模型分析的尺度与层次、建模的理论框架和模型的精度检验这4个方面,对当前土地利用/覆被变化模型研究所面临的问题进行了深入探讨和分析。结果表明:1)土地利用/覆被变化包括转换和渐变两种主要类型,而且通常的土地利用/覆被变化大多属于渐变类型,但是目前的模型多是研究土地利用/覆被变化的转换过程,而对渐变过程的研究相对较少,因而应该加强对土地利用/覆被变化渐变过程的模拟与分析。2)土地利用/覆被变化是一个多尺度过程,模型研究应该探索包括经济学中的均衡分析和统计学中的多层次分析在内的多种建模方法,而不是局限于某一种方法,以便更加深入地认识不同尺度或层次之间的相互作用及反馈关系。3)土地利用/覆被变化具有很强的复杂性,应该对复杂的土地利用/覆被变化过程进行分解和集成,多视角地探索建模的理论框架。4)精度检验是模型研究的重要组成部分,应该构建多时间尺度与多空间尺度的土地利用/覆被变化模型,探讨在多个时间尺度和多个空间尺度上进行精度检验及不确定性分析的方法与技术。     

Land use/land cover change responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River,China

The Tarim River is the longest inland river in China and is considered as an important river to protect the oasis economy and environment of the Tarim Basin. However, excessive exploitation and over-utilization of natural resources, particularly water resources, have triggered a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as the reduction in the volume of water in the main river, deterioration of water quality, drying up of downstream rivers, degradation of vegetation, and land desertification. In this study, the land use/land cover change (LUCC) responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were investigated using ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) and GIS (Geographic Information System) data analysis software for the period of 1990-2018. Multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecological water conveyance data from 1990 to 2018 were used. The results indicate that LUCC covered an area of 2644.34 km² during this period, accounting for 15.79% of the total study area. From 1990 to 2018, wetland, farmland, forestland, and artificial surfaces increased by 533.42 km² (216.77%), 446.68 km² (123.66%), 284.55 km² (5.67%), and 57.51 km² (217.96%), respectively, whereas areas covered by grassland and other land use/land cover types, such as Gobi, bare soil, and deserts, decreased by 103.34 km² (14.31%) and 1218.83 km² (11.75%), respectively. Vegetation area decreased first and then increased, with the order of 2010<2000<1990<2018. LUCC in the overflow and stagnant areas in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was mainly characterized by fragmentation, irregularity, and complexity. By analyzing the LUCC responses to 19 rounds of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to the end of 2018, we proposed guidelines for the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources and formulation of strategies for the sustainable development of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. This study provides scientific guidance for optimal scheduling of water resources in the region.     

新疆精河县近20年土地利用/覆被变化动态研究

选择新疆精河县1990年、1999年和2007年三期TM卫星影像数据,通过"3S"集成技术,提取土地利用解译数据,并分别对1990～1999年和1999～2007年的土地利用数据进行插值运算,得到1990～2007年近20 年连续的各土地利用类型面积.在此基础上,采用土地利用动态度、土地利用数量变化模型等研究方法对研究...     

Response of ecosystem service value to land use/cover change in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang, China

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is becoming more and more frequent and extensive as a result of human activities, and is expected to have a major impact on human welfare by altering ecosystem service value (ESV). In this study, we utilized remote sensing images and statistical data to explore the spatial-temporal changes of land use/cover types and ESV in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China from 1975 to 2018. During the study period, LUCC in the study region varied significantly. Except grassland and unused land, all the other land use/cover types (cultivated land, forestland, waterbody, and construction land) increased in areas. From 1975 to 2018, the spatial-temporal variations in ESV were also pronounced. The total ESV decreased by 4.00×10⁸ CNY, which was primarily due to the reductions in the areas of grassland and unused land. Waterbody had a much higher ESV than the other land use/cover types. Ultimately, understanding the impact of LUCC on ESV and the interactions among ESV of different land use/cover types will help improve existing land use policies and provide scientific basis for developing new conservation strategies for ecologically fragile areas.     

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau,China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore, integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change (LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess Plateau of China in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios (historical scenario (HS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), and urban expansion scenario (UES)) and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10³ km²/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess Plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10⁶ mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10⁶ mm in the historical period (2000-2015), especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future (2020-2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (95.46 mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10⁶ mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have enhanced soil and water retention. However, more attention needs to be paid not only to the simultaneous increase in water retention services and evapotranspiration but also to the type and layout of restored vegetation. Furthermore, urbanization needs to be controlled to prevent uncontrollable LUCCs and climate change. Our findings provide reference data for the regional water and land resources management and the sustainable development of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau under LUCC and climate change scenarios.     

近40a来精河流域绿洲土地利用/土地覆被时空动态演变

以1972-2010年精河绿洲的遥感影像及相关资料为依据通过对LUCC的对比分析发现:(1)近40a年来,研究区的未利用土地、水域、低覆盖度植被区面积始终保持前三位。(2)LUCC类型发生了显著变化,耕地、建设用地、未利用土地呈增势,其中建设用地和未利用地为主要转入类型;水域和植被覆盖区呈减势,其中水域和低、高覆盖度植被区为主要转出类型。(3)植被退化和水域面积减少主要受到年均温上升、年蒸发量增大等自然因素影响;建设用地和耕地面积增大主要受到人口增长、城市快速发展等人文因素的影响。     

干旱区土地利用/覆盖时空动态变化分析——以准格尔旗为例

为评估植被恢复以及土地利用变化对生态脆弱地区的影响,文中选取准格尔旗为研究区,基于1990、2000、2009年三期美国陆地卫星遥感影像提取各时期的土地利用类型,在30m栅格尺度上定量评价并分析其动态变化。变化的驱动因素主要有自然因素、人口增长和城市化、过度矿产资源开发等负面因素和生态恢复政策的正面因素。结果表明:过去20年间,人类活动及资源开采对生态环境的干扰增加,植被恢复的过程是有效而缓慢的。     

基于TM的陕北农牧交错带土地利用覆盖动态变化遥感监测

以1986、1993及2000年3期Landsat TM遥感影像为基础数据,应用遥感技术与地理信息系统相结合的方法,分析了陕北农牧交错带1986～2000年土地利用的数量变化和空间变化特征.结果显示,该区近15 a来耕地面积减少,城乡用地逐年扩大,林、草地明显增加;但土地荒漠化的趋势还在加剧.     

Assessment of ecological quality in Northwest China (2000-2020) using the Google Earth Engine platform: Climate factors and land use/land cover contribute to ecological quality

The ecological quality of inland areas is an important aspect of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). The ecological environment of Northwest China is vulnerable to changes in climate and land use/land cover, and the changes in ecological quality in this arid region over the last two decades are not well understood. This makes it more difficult to advance the UN SDGs and develop appropriate measures at the regional level. In this study, we used the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products to generate remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to examine the relationship between ecological quality and environment in Xinjiang during the last two decades (from 2000 to 2020). We analyzed a 21-year time series of the trends and spatial characteristics of ecological quality. We further assessed the importance of different environmental factors affecting ecological quality through the random forest algorithm using data from statistical yearbooks and land use products. Our results show that the RSEI constructed using the GEE platform can accurately reflect the ecological quality information in Xinjiang because the contribution of the first principal component was higher than 90.00%. The ecological quality in Xinjiang has increased significantly over the last two decades, with the northern part of this region having a better ecological quality than the southern part. The areas with slightly improved ecological quality accounted for 31.26% of the total land area of Xinjiang, whereas only 3.55% of the land area was classified as having a slightly worsen (3.16%) or worsen (0.39%) ecological quality. The vast majority of the deterioration in ecological quality mainly occurred in the barren areas Temperature, precipitation, closed shrublands, grasslands and savannas were the top five environmental factors affecting the changes in RSEI. Environmental factors were allocated different weights for different RSEI categories. In general, the recovery of ecological quality in Xinjiang has been controlled by climate and land use/land cover during the last two decades and policy-driven ecological restoration is therefore crucial. Rapid monitoring of inland ecological quality using the GEE platform is projected to aid in the advancement of the comprehensive assessment of the UN SDGs.     

Impact of large-scale vegetation restoration project on summer land surface temperature on the Loess Plateau,China

A large-scale afforestation project has been carried out since 1999 in the Loess Plateau of China. However, vegetation-induced changes in land surface temperature (LST) through the changing land surface energy balance have not been well documented. Using satellite measurements, this study quantified the contribution of vegetation restoration to the changes in summer LST and analyzed the effects of different vegetation restoration patterns on LST during both daytime and nighttime. The results show that the average daytime LST decreased by 4.3°C in the vegetation restoration area while the average nighttime LST increased by 1.4°C. The contributions of the vegetation restoration project to the changes in daytime LST and nighttime LST are 58% and 60%, respectively, which are far greater than the impact of climate change. The vegetation restoration pattern of cropland (CR) converting into artificial forest (AF) has a cooling effect during daytime and a warming effect at nighttime, while the conversion of CR to grassland has an opposite effect compared with the conversion of CR to AF. Our results indicate that increasing evapotranspiration caused by the vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau is the controlling factor of daytime LST change, while the nighttime LST change is affected by soil humidity and air humidity.     

Hydrological response to land use and land cover changes in a sub-watershed of West Liaohe River Basin,China

In recent years, the streamflow of the Laohahe Basin in China showed a dramatic decrease during the rainy season as a result of climate change and/or human activities. The objective of this work was to document significant streamflow changes caused by land use and land cover （LULC） changes and to quantify the impacts of the observed changes in Laohahe Basin. in the study area, the observed streamflow has been influenced by LULC changes, dams, and irrigation from rivers, industry, livestock and human consumption. Most importantly, the growth of population and gross domestic product （GDP） accompanied by the growth in industrial and agricultural activities, which led to LULC changes with increased residential land and cropland and decreased grassland since 2000s. Statistical methods and Variable Infiltration Capacity （VIC） hydrological model were used to estimate the effects of climate change and LULC changes on streamflow and evaportranspiration lET）. First, the streamflow data of the study area were divided into three sub-periods according to the Pettitt test. The hydrological process was then simulated by VIC model from 1964 to 2009. Furthermore, we compared the simulated results based on land use scenarios in 1989, 1999 and 2007, respectively for exploring the effect of LULC changes on the spatio-temporal distribution of streamflow and ET in the Laohahe Basin. The results suggest that, accompanied with climate change, the LULC changes and human water consumption appeared to be the most likely factors contributing to the sig- nificant reduction in streamflow in the Laohahe Basin by 64% from1999 to 2009.     

中国北方农牧交错带土地利用变化及预测分析

中国北方农牧交错带是我国重要的生态脆弱区和生态屏障,土地利用变化迅速。文中基于遥感数据探讨了20年来北方农牧交错带的土地利用变化;基于2008年的土地利用现状并运用CA-Markov模型,模拟了未来10年（2018）后的土地利用变化情况。结果表明：近20年随着耕地比例下降、林地比例升高,农牧交错带土地利用结构比例趋于合...     

冀北山区不同土地利用类型的坡面产流产沙与降雨的关系研究

针对京津地区重要水源地的冀北山区区位的特殊性,以及生态环境脆弱、水土流失严重等问题,于河北围场县曹家沟布设土地利用分别为乔木林地、疏林地、天然草地的三个径流小区,通过对降雨特征及其对产流产沙的影响进行分析,得到如下结论:引起产流的次降雨以中雨和大雨为主,平均次降雨强度为5.83 mm/h;乔木林、疏林地、天然草地的次径...     

河北坝上地区土地利用/覆盖遥感动态监测

以两期TM遥感图像为数据源,在遥感图像处理和地理信息系统技术的支持下,获取了坝上地区1987-1999年的土地利用/覆盖变化信息。结果表明:12 a间,增加的面积是居民地、林地、高覆盖度草地和耕地;减少的面积是沙盐碱地、水体和低覆盖度草地。研究区的沙盐碱地面积从1985.89 km2减少到1250.75 km2,减少了37.02％,年动态度为-3.08％。坝上东部沙漠化得到遏制,而西部张北、康保一带沙盐碱化土地有所扩展。研究成果为合理准确分析坝上地区的土地沙化成因机制及环境变化趋势提供了有效的数据支持,同时为政府制定改善坝上地区生态环境的措施提供有力的决策支持。     

西宁市30多年来土地利用/土地覆被变化及城市扩展研究

基于Landsat MSS/TM/ETM＋卫星遥感影像,结合地形图、人口、社会和经济统计数据作为辅助数据,采用土地利用动态度、转移矩阵和城市扩展强度指数等方法,研究西宁市1977-2007年土地利用/土地覆被变化及城市扩展过程,以及两者的驱动机制。结果表明：①1977-2007年,耕地和林地是西宁市面积变化最大的2种土...     

Study of the intensity and driving factors of land use/cover change in the Yarlung Zangbo River,Nyang Qu River,and Lhasa River region,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China

Land use/land cover (LULC) is an important part of exploring the interaction between natural environment and human activities and achieving regional sustainable development. Based on the data of LULC types (cropland, forest land, grassland, built-up land, and unused land) from 1990 to 2015, we analysed the intensity and driving factors of land use/cover change (LUCC) in the Yarlung Zangbo River, Nyang Qu River, and Lhasa River (YNL) region, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, using intensity analysis method, cross-linking table method, and spatial econometric model. The results showed that LUCC in the YNL region was nonstationary from 1990 to 2015, showing a change pattern with fast-slow-fast and U-shaped. Built-up land showed a steady increase pattern, while cropland showed a steady decrease pattern. The gain of built-up land mainly came from the loss of cropland. The transition pattern of LUCC in the YNL region was relatively single and stable during 1990-2015. The transition pattern from cropland and forest land to built-up land was a systematic change process of tendency and the transition pattern from grassland and unused land to cropland was a systematic change process of avoidance. The transition process of LUCC was the result of the combined effect of natural environment and social economic development in the YNL region. This study reveals the impact of ecological environment problems caused by human activities on the land resource system and provides scientific support for the study of ecological environment change and sustainable development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

南疆典型绿洲土地利用空间格局变化特征分析——以疏勒县为例

利用新疆疏勒县三期遥感影像解译得到的数据,对疏勒县土地利用空间格局变化进行深入分析。分析结果表明:(1)研究区内耕地、林地、草地和建设用地四者之和面积占该区总面积的52.97%,盐碱地和沙地等未利用地占44.35%。1990～2006年间,林地、草地、建设用地面积大幅度增加;盐碱地和沙地面积大幅度减少。其充分说明人类活动对土地利用/覆被类型变化影响越来越强烈。(2)研究区土地利用/覆被类型转移的主要方向是耕地转化为林地和草地,草地和沙地转化为耕地,耕地和草地转化为建设用地,草地转化为沙地。土地利用变化经历了"显著变化-缓慢变化-显著变化"的过程。(3)景观格局分析表明,在人类活动的影响下,研究区景观破碎度、多样性增大,优势度减小。驱动力分析表明,人口增长和经济发展因素是研究区土地利用/覆被变化的最直接驱动力,同时还受产业结构和政策因素及人类干扰强度的影响。