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回顾和综述了甜菜育种的主要动向:群体选择(类型选种)、品质育种、远缘杂交育种、抗病育种、多系品种的培育及形态特征的遗传规律研究。讨论了甜菜育种技术上的主要变异特点:积极创新和寻找新的遗传变异,突出杂交和选择是甜菜育种的基本手段,选种过程中注意个体间在群体的表现,加速世代繁殖、缩短育种年限,组织培养技术的发展是提高育种的新途径。并根据多年育种实践提出宝贵经验和策略:确定甜菜育种目标要有的放矢,从育种目标需要出发、有针对性地研究;探索育种目标简便有效的测定技术;发挥多学科联合攻关及协作、选育新品种。 相似文献
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从国内外甜菜品种的表现谈我国甜菜育种目标的调整马亚杯(中国农业科学院甜菜研究所)以“丰产、高糖、抗病”为目标的我国甜菜育种工作已进行了将近半个世纪,育成品种100多个,但这些品种绝大多数属“标准、偏高糖型”多芽种,丰产性仅达外国单芽种的70%~80%... 相似文献
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甜菜是一种重要的制糖原料,制糖所剩余的残渣还具有一定的附加价值,甜菜种植和制糖产业逐渐发展为我国北方地区的支柱性产业。本文回顾了甜菜育种产业发展历程,简介了甜菜传统育种与现代分子辅助标记育种方法。发现我国甜菜育种产业发展与国外存在较大差距,在种质资源多样性和抗性育种方面存在一定劣势,因此未来育种方向应致力于研发具有耐贫瘠、抗旱、抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂等特性的品种。结合我国现阶段甜菜育种产业发展现状,提出发展建议:(1)加强宏观调控,提供政策和资金支持;(2)联合研究机构、高校、企业等共同进行关键技术攻关;(3)积极引进甜菜种质资源,创新资源性状;(4)进一步促进产学研结合,加速研究成果的应用。 相似文献
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甜菜种质的性状改良与创新 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
通过“七五”至“十五”期间甜菜种质资源的主要农艺性状鉴定、品质分析和种质创新研究,鉴定、筛选出一大批丰产、高糖、抗病的种质资源材料,同时对其性状改良,创造出一些经济性状优良、适应性强、配合力高、遗传稳定的新型优异种质,有的已做为预选种应用于我国的育种实践中,并育成新品种在生产上大面积推广应用。 相似文献
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甜研301是在改进多倍体育种技术的基础上育成的甜菜多倍体新品种。抗褐斑病、根腐病,含糖较高,稳产,优于当地推广品种及引进的国外多倍体良种。由于采用重点选择四倍体新本、早代定向培育、多点鉴定和南繁北育等手段,优良性状迅速稳定。种植面积已遍布黑龙江中、北部、吉林西部、辽宁、内蒙东部及北京延庆等地,至1987年已累计推广90余万亩。 相似文献
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我国甜菜病虫草害种类分布及化学防治历程 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
我国甜菜三北产区,苗期发生的主要害虫有5种,其中以象虫为害最重,东北产区的优势种为蒙古土象,华北、西北产区的优势种为甜菜象;生长中期发生的主要害虫有8种;生长后期发生的主要害虫有7种,其中以甘蓝夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾为害最重。各甜菜主产区普遍发生的病害种类有:立枯病、根腐病、丛根病、褐斑病;普遍发生的甜菜草害种类有:稗草、柳叶刺蓼、反枝苋。在今后一段时期内,甜菜病虫草害的防治应以化学防治为主,生物防治为辅;化学防治应以高效低毒农药为主导;应加强种衣剂的研制、开发、应用,提倡混合施药。 相似文献
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Ourania I. PavliPiergiorgio Stevanato Enrico BiancardiGeorge N. Skaracis 《Field Crops Research》2011,122(3):165-172
Economic viability of a sugar beet crop largely depends on its successful protection against rhizomania, a most devastating disease that causes severe losses in root yield, sucrose content and quality. Rhizomania disease is caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), a virus present in most sugar beet growing regions being vectored by the widely spread soil borne protoctist Polymyxa betae Keskin. The only practical means to control the disease is the use of genetically resistant varieties and, to date, such resistance is mainly based on a dominant gene (Rz1) that when present confers a sufficiently high level of protection against BNYVV. However, the emergence of virus strains capable of compromising the resistance employed in commercial varieties as well as a possible spread of more pathogenic isolates threatens crop's protection efficiency in the future. All these point to the necessity for exploiting new and more effective genetic sources of rhizomania resistance, both by classical and molecular breeding approaches, a practice that is being pursued by the relevant breeding firms. This article critically reviews the various issues related to the disease and its management and particularly to the ones pertaining to pathogen genetic diversity, types of genetic resistance currently employed, as well as to novel biotechnological approaches aiming at the development of better resisting cultivars. 相似文献
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本文报道了甜菜属Vugares组中B.patula Ait.、B.cicla L.Tyrkey、B.cicla L.China、B.vulgaris L.三个物种间三个组合杂交后代的分离情况。三个组合间F_2、F_3具有相似的分离情况,说明B.Patula及B.cicla正反交中核构成是一致的,染色体基本上是同源的。一年生生长习性及野生种根型表现为显性,F_2服从孟德尔分离,但有的表现偏离。三个组合F_2、F_3的花粉育性、株型等表现具有广泛的方离,从中可分离出极少量高糖、高抗病等各种有益材料。 相似文献
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拓宽甜菜育种途径与方法 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
目前我国甜菜育成品种存在变异系谱和遗传基础狭窄的局限性。实践证明,通过引进国外种质资源并导入野生种质、诱变育种、航天育种、生物技术育种等途径方法,能拓宽遗传基础,创造不同类型新品种,使甜菜育种工作上一新台阶。 相似文献
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Root and crown rot is the major soil-borne fungal disease in sugar beet. In Europe, the disease is mainly caused by the anastomosis group (AG) 2-2IIIB of the basidiomycete Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn). No chemical fungicide to control the disease has been registered in Europe. Therefore, agronomic measures must be optimized to keep the disease severity below an economic damage threshold and to minimize white sugar yield losses. R. solani AG 2-2IIIB infects many other crops besides sugar beet, including maize, where it causes root rot. Sugar beet and maize are frequently grown in the same crop rotation. The proportion of cultivated maize in several European sugar beet growing areas is expected to rise due to a projected increase in demand for renewable resources over the next few years. Although the susceptibility to and tolerance of the disease varies among cultivars in both crops, little is known about the effects of cultivar susceptibility in the pre-crop on a subsequent susceptible crop. The cultivation of R. solani-resistant maize genotypes in rotation with resistant sugar beet might therefore be a useful tool in an integrated control strategy against R. solani, eliminating the need to restrict the desired crop rotation for phytosanitary reasons. A crop rotation experiment with artificially inoculated R. solani was conducted in the field to investigate the pre-crop effects of maize cultivars which differed in their susceptibility to R. solani on a susceptible sugar beet cultivar. We hypothesized that the maize genotype would influence the inoculum potential and performance of a susceptible sugar beet genotype grown after a maize pre-crop, and that this would correlate with the susceptibility of the maize genotype. The results demonstrate that the susceptibility of maize genotypes is consistent over a period of years and that cultivated maize genotypes influenced the inoculum potential measured as disease severity in sugar beet. However, disease severity in sugar beet did not correlate with the disease susceptibility of the genotype of the maize pre-crop. Possible reasons for this missing relationship might be differences in the quality of maize residues for the saprophytic survival of the pathogen or a genotype-specific alteration of the antagonistic microbial community. However, our findings showed that in the presence of maize- and sugar beet-pathogenic R. solani, the most favourable maize cultivar for a crop rotation cannot be determined solely on the basis of its resistance level against Rhizoctonia root rot. 相似文献
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我国非糖用甜菜种质资源及利用潜力 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
我国非糖用甜菜主要为叶用甜菜,建国后野生甜菜种质资源得到了较大的丰富。本文对野生甜菜种质资源不同种及亚种的特性、目前的研究状况及其在糖用甜菜改良等方面的利用潜力进行了综述,并对今后我国甜菜种质资源研究工作做了几点思考。 相似文献