1+龄刀鲚与暗纹东方鲀成鱼的混养自繁试验

为提高刀鲚和暗纹东方鲀的池塘养殖效益以及获得大规格刀鲚鱼种,2021年在上海市水产研究所奉贤科研基地的4口池塘中进行了1⁺龄刀鲚(3 000尾/hm²)与暗纹东方鲀成鱼(12 000尾/hm²)的混养试验以及刀鲚生态自繁养殖试验。经过132 d的养殖,刀鲚出塘规格达到24.99～59.90 g/尾,成活率为15.0%～54.1%,其中有3口试验池塘获得了大规格刀鲚自繁鱼种,数量分别为2 515、2 871、3 399尾；暗纹东方鲀出塘规格在280.2～296.3 g/尾,单位面积产量达到3 372.8～3 502.5 kg/hm²,成活率达97.8%～100.0%。     

菊黄东方鲀与长江刀鲚池塘混养试验

为探索适合长江刀鲚的新的养成模式,于2020、2021年两个年度在主养菊黄东方鲀的池塘中进行了混养长江刀鲚的试验,每年养殖周期为5月中旬至11月底。试验结果：2020、2021年,菊黄东方鲀的单位面积产量分别为2 812.5、3 007.5 kg/hm²,收成规格分别为261.5、268.5 g;长江刀鲚的成活率分别为57.45%、66.90%,收成规格分别为38.6、50.7 g,单位面积产量分别为73.50、112.65 kg/hm²。试验结果表明,在菊黄东方鲀池塘中混养长江刀鲚不会影响主养对象的养成效果,且在不额外增加日常养殖生产成本(不单独投喂饵料或饲料)的情况下,能保证长江刀鲚的养殖成活率和收成规格,从而提高了养殖生产经济效益。     

暗纹东方鲀与南美白对虾科学混养试验

主养暗纹东方鲀、套养南美白对虾的科学混养模式,既保证了暗纹东方鲀的产量和肉质,又使暗纹东方鲀在捕食合理密度的白对虾情况下,有一定虾的收获(实际生产上通常达到约200千克/亩的水平),这是一个优秀的科学混养模式。一、养殖试验     

暗纹东方鲀乌仔培育的试验

<正>随着渔业科技进步,暗纹东方鲀的人工繁殖及育苗技术取得了重大进展,从而解决了暗纹东方鲀规模化、产业化发展的技术瓶颈,而暗纹东方鲀的乌仔培育就成了提高人工养殖成活率的重要一环,笔者2013年在姜堰区特种水产养殖场进行了暗纹东方鲀的乌仔培育试验,取得了较高的成活率,现将养殖技术总结如下。1池塘条件试验池塘为姜堰区特种水产养殖场原亲鳖塘一口,面积为12.5×667 m2,塘深2.5 m,水源为无污     

暗纹东方鲀越冬盐度试验

为研究不同温度条件下盐度对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼越冬成活率的影响,于2012年底进行了盐度梯度试验,测定在不同温度(8、10、12、15℃)下,(50±2.32)g的暗纹东方鲀在不同盐度(0、1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0)下的越冬成活率,并通过大棚自然越冬试验进行验证。结果表明:同一温度条件下,在试验盐度范围内,随着盐度的升高,暗纹东方鲀的越冬成活率也逐渐提高;而在同一盐度下,随着温度的升高,暗纹东方鲀的越冬成活率也逐渐提高。当盐度为0时,暗纹东方鲀无法在自然温度下安全越冬;当盐度为4.5时,水温在8℃以上,暗纹东方鲀即能安全过冬,其越冬成活率达到80%以上。暗纹东方鲀大棚自然越冬试验证明,随着温度的下降逐渐增加水体盐度的方法经济而有效,当温度为15、12、10、9℃时,将相应的水体盐度调节为1.5、3.0、4.5、4.5,经过150 d的越冬期,两种规格(50~60 g和20~40 g)暗纹东方鲀的成活率分别为93.7%和80.5%。     

暗纹东方鲀夏花鱼种培育试验

为提高暗纹东方鲀鱼种培育的成活率,于2014~2016年进行了暗纹东方鲀夏花鱼种培育试验。根据暗纹东方鲀的生态习性和生长、摄食特性,采取了土池发塘、驯化转食等方法,试验取得了良好的成效,鱼苗培育成活率最高达到78%,形成了特有的夏花鱼种培育模式。     

暗纹东方鲀运输技术探究

<正>暗纹东方鲀俗称河豚鱼,是长江流域的优质高档鱼类,其肉质鲜美、形态可爱、营养价值高,一直以来受到人们的欢迎,因此养殖暗纹东方鲀具有较高的经济价值。目前,暗纹东方鲀的养殖区域和面积受到了苗种运输方面的限制。为了探究暗纹东方鲀在不同规格阶段及不同运输方式对成活率的影响,笔者做了相关的试验,获得了较好的试验结果,现将技术总结如下。     

野生与养殖暗纹东方鲀肌肉中矿物元素的组成分析

对养殖暗纹东方鲀（平均体重618．5g）和野生暗纹东方鲀（平均体重685.5g）肌肉中矿物元素的组成进行了分析，结果表明：暗纹东方鲀肌肉中钙含量较高（野生鱼平均为：250mg／100g，养殖鱼平均为：141mg／100g），并含有重要生理功能的锌、锰、铁等微量元素。检测发现，投喂营养价值较高的配合饵料进行淡水养殖的人工繁殖暗纹东方鲀，其肌肉中许多矿物元素含量与野生鱼非常接近。     

暗纹东方鲀越冬技术初探

随着暗纹东方鲀（Fugu obscurus Abe）人工养殖技术的日趋成熟，其苗种和商品鱼的产量不断提高，售价也呈现周期性变动。暗纹东方鲀鱼种和成鱼的越冬成活率对其人工养殖的经济效益有着很大的影响，越冬技术的高低在很大程度上决定了人工养殖的经济效益。本文初步总结了上海市水产研究所、上海市水产技术推广站淡水养殖试验场2005～2006年度暗纹东方鲀的越冬工作，旨在摸索出一些降低越冬成本，提高越冬成活率的有效办法。在该年度的暗纹东方鲀越冬中，鱼种（体重50～100g）的越冬成活率为98．9％，亲鱼的越冬成活率达到99．7％；越冬用盐卤（或食盐）的成本仅为2003～2004年度的44．6％，2004～2005年度的71．5％，现将有关经验总结如下。     

采用地下咸水进行暗纹东方鲀的早繁试验

地下咸水经处理后加入淡水兑成盐度8～10的咸淡水,用来培育暗纹东方鲀亲鱼并提早进行人工繁殖。试验证明,在咸淡水中培育的暗纹东方鲀亲鱼均表现正常,未发现地下咸水中的铁、锰等金属离子对其生长、繁殖和成活率等方面产生不良影响。所培育的亲鱼性腺成熟,可提早进行人工繁殖,并且催产率有显著提高。     

不同投饵率对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长的影响

比较投饵率水平分别为3%、4%、5%、6%时,对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长、饲料效率的影响,以确定暗纹东方鲀幼鱼阶段的适宜投饵率。在23℃下,对规格为3.45～3.56g的暗纹东方鲀幼鱼进行30d的生长实验,结果表明:不同投饵率对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的特定生长率、质量相对增加率、饲料效率、存活率均有显著影响(p<0.05);暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的适宜投饵率为4%,在投饵率为4℅时,质量相对增加率为116.04±0.04%,饲料效率达83.70±0.02%,特定生长率为111.49±0.03%/d,存活率为84.44±0.02%。     

Pond production of Penaeus monodon in relation to stocking density, survival rate and mean weight at harvest in East Java, Indonesia

The relationships between Penaeus monodon production and three crop characteristics in 107 ponds on nine shrimp farms in East Java were studied. Overall differences of production (Mt ha^-1 year^-1), survival rate (%), stocking density (number m^-2) and mean weight at harvest (g) between regions and between farms were significant, while the difference of production between farms was also significant within regions. Overall analysis revealed that production was positively correlated with survival rate, stocking density and mean weight at harvest, while there was a negative correlation between stocking density and survival rate. Results imply that more attention should be paid to improving shrimp survival. The higher on-farm production in South East Java is linked to higher survival rates and higher post-larvae stocking densities than in North West and North East Java, while similar individual weights at harvest to North West East Java are reached. In this context, the relationship between coastal estuarine water quality and yield needs further investigation. Other parameters which need further investigation are farm management, post-larvae origin and duration of the culture period.     

Direct and indirect responses to selection on individual body weight in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)

Three experiments were performed to examine the heritability of body weight among adult Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) evaluated in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA, and to determine if selection on individual body weight could result in changes in offspring survival and yield. The first two experiments utilized midparent-offspring regressions to estimate the heritability (h²) of adult oyster body weight and the coheritability (h_x,y) between adult midparent body weight and offspring performance, including juvenile average body weight, survival and yield as well as adult survival and yield. In Experiment 1 both parents and offspring were evaluated in an “upriver” environment in Yaquina Bay. In Experiment 2 parents were evaluated in a “downriver” environment, while offspring were evaluated in an “upriver” environment. Experiment 3 contrasted average body weight, survival, and yield of offspring (evaluated upriver) derived from three large sires and three small sires mated to the same five females that were chosen at random (all parents evaluated downriver). In Spring 2002, 12 full-sib families from Experiment 1, 19 families from Experiment 2, and 26 families from Experiment 3 were stocked into lantern nets and suspended in Yaquina Bay. Measurements of yield (kg tier^− 1), average body weight (g), and survival (%) were recorded after one and two growing seasons in the field. Heritability estimates for adult body weight at harvest ranged from 0.313 (± 0.083) in Experiment 1 to 0.003 (± 0.073) in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, average body weight did not differ between offspring derived from large sires and offspring derived from small sires (P = 0.47). Significant negative coheritability estimates were observed between adult midparent body weight and offspring survival in both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. Significant negative coheritability estimates between adult midparent body weight and offspring yield were observed in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, offspring derived from large sires had significantly lower survival and yield than offspring derived from small sires. These results show adult oyster body weight to be heritable but also subject to site-specific adaptation such that selection in the downriver Yaquina Bay environment was ineffective at changing average body weight in the upriver environment. Negative coheritability estimates between performance traits indicate that adult oyster body weight may be a poor indirect measure of oyster yield potential, and that selection solely for increased body weight could lead to a decrease in offspring yield.     

Effects of genotype × environment interactions on the selection of broadly adapted Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Broadly adapted genotypes are required if a single line of selection is to improve Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) production throughout the heterogeneous growing environments found in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. An experiment was conducted to determine if the relative rankings of average family performance (i.e. average individual weight, survival and yield) remain stable across a wide range of growing environments. Twenty-four full-sib oyster families were each planted both intertidally and subtidally in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, and Dabob Bay, Washington. Each family was represented by up to 12 replicate growout bags (stocked with 60 spat each) or 12 replicate lantern nets compartments (stocked with 40 spat each). Oysters were planted in Fall 2002 and yield (kg live weight replicate^− 1), average individual weight (g) and survival (%) were measured in Spring and Fall 2003 and at harvest in Summer 2004. Harvest average individual weight, survival, and yield were all significantly affected by family, environment, and family × environment interactions (P < 0.01). Family, environment, and family × environment interaction, accounted for 5%, 80%, and 2% of the total phenotypic variation in harvest average individual weight, respectively, 36%, 16%, and 7% of the total phenotypic variation in harvest survival, respectively, and 14%, 62%, and 5% of the total phenotypic variation in harvest yield, respectively. Although the effects of family × environment interactions were statistically significant, correlations among average family yields between all growout environments were significantly greater than 0 (r_P > 0.397; P < 0.04) indicating high-yielding families in one environment tended to be high-yielding in other environments. Results of this study suggest that the effect of G×E interactions on average individual weight, survival, and yield, while significant, are not large enough to prevent selection in a limited number of well chosen environments from resulting in favorable correlated gains in other environments in the Pacific Northwest.     

Experiments for the production of hybrid striped bass in in-pond circulation systems

Experiments for the production of hybrid striped bass (HSB) in in-pond circulation systems (IPCS) were carried out in 2003 and 2004. The circulation system consisted of two channels with a productive volume of 8.5 cubic meters each. The tanks were installed tightly in a pond, which served for the biological cleaning of the expiry water. In the first year HSB fingerlings with an average weight of 46.4 g were produced. The average yield in the basin was 51.2 kg/m³. The survival rate from stocked 0.44 g advanced fry was 97.8%. The food conversion was 1.16. In 2004 two-year-old HSB were reared in the same IPCS. The tanks were stocked at two different stocking densities, 122 and 244 fingerlings/m³ with a mean weight of 36.5 g. In the tank with the larger stocking density, the yield was almost exactly twice as high as in the other tank (50.0 resp. 24.8 kg), which corresponded to a stocking density of 59.1 or 29.3 kg/m³ at the end of the rearing season. The stocking density had no influence on the increase of the individual body weight. Obviously HSB can therefore still be reared at higher stocking densities.     

全封闭循环水养殖系统中养殖密度对钝吻黄盖鲽生长的影响

为了评估全封闭循环水养殖系统中养殖密度对钝吻黄盖鲽生长的影响及水质变化情况,将体质量为(250.00±50.83)g的钝吻黄盖鲽分成8个试验组(放养密度分别为18、22、26、30、34、38、42、46 kg/m³),进行了3个月的饲养试验,检测不同养殖密度下鱼的成活率、体质量增长率及饲料系数,同时对试验期间氨氮、亚硝酸盐和溶解氧等各项水质指标的动态变化进行监测。试验结果显示,各试验组鱼的成活率均达到96%以上,但随着养殖密度的增加,钝吻黄盖鲽的成活率总体呈现降低的趋势;低密度组(18 kg/m³)的体质量增长率最高,为36.1%,高密度组(46 kg/m³)的体质量增长率最低,为24.8%,且体质量增长率随着养殖密度的增加而逐渐降低;随着养殖密度的增加,饲料系数呈逐渐升高的趋势;养殖期间各项水质指标均保持在适宜钝吻黄盖鲽生长的范围内。结果表明,在本试验的循环水养殖系统中,综合考量养殖生长指标及单位面积产量,钝吻黄盖鲽规模化生产的最适养殖密度为42～46 kg/m³。     

Preliminary Pond Production of the Red Claw Crayfish,Cherax Quadricarinatus,in the Central United States

The Australian red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, has recently attracted attention as a potential candidate for aquaculture in the United States. This paper reports the first experimental yield trials of the red claw crayfish in the central United States. Two earthen ponds (0.30 and 0.31 ha) were stocked with juvenile red claw crayfish at either 3.5 or 7.0 crayfish/m². Crayfish were fed a diet of pelletized shrimp ration supplemented with corn silage. When stocked at 3.5/m₂, red claw crayfish grew from an average weight of 3.0 g to 27.0 g in 97 days; average survival was 79.6%; net yield was 653 kg/ha; and feed conversion was 1.4. When stocked at 7.0/m² red claw crayfish grew from an average weight of 4.1 g to 19.7 g in 99 days; average survival was 70.0%; net yield was 678.9 kg/ha; and feed conversion was 1.8. During the yield trial, temperatures were optimal for growth (25 to 33°C) 60% of the time. These findings are sufficiently encouraging to warrant further trials in locations with a longer growing season, in order to evaluate more fully the potential of the red claw crayfish as a candidate for aquaculture in the United States.     

牙鲆"鲆优2号"不同养殖地点生长和存活性状的基因型与环境互作分析

为比较牙鲆"鲆优2号"在不同养殖地区的生长和存活性能,实验利用连续多代对生长性状和抗迟缓爱德华氏菌病性状遗传参数评估和基因组选择的结果筛选出的亲本,建立28个"鲆优2号"家系,在河北(Site 1)和山东(Site 2)进行对比养殖试验,利用混合线性动物模型对生长和存活性状进行了基因型与环境互作分析。Site 1和Site 2的平均日增重分别为1.5和1.2 g/d,养殖成活率分别为81.4%和82.2%,"鲆优2号"在两个养殖地点的生长和抗病性能均表现优异。不同养殖环境间收获体质量和存活性状的遗传相关分别为0.57(<0.7)和0.82(>0.7),说明不同养殖环境间收获体质量存在显著的基因型与环境互作效应,但是不同养殖环境间存活性状的基因型与环境互作效应不显著。研究表明,牙鲆"鲆优2号"新品种在不同养殖地点的生长和存活性能均表现良好,为保证良好的推广效果,需要对牙鲆的制种方案进一步优化,针对不同的养殖地区进行"鲆优2号"苗种生产,或培育具有普适性的"鲆优2号"苗种,保证在不同养殖环境下的快速生长和高存活率优势。