Noodle Quality as Related to Sorghum Starch Properties

Starch was extracted from 10 sorghum genotypes and physicochemical properties (amylose content and pasting, textural, and thermal properties) were evaluated. The amylose content was 24–30%. DC‐75 starch had the highest peak viscosity (380 Rapid Visco Analyser units). Gelatinization peak temperature occurred over a narrow range (67–69°C). Genotypes Kasvikisire and SV2 produced white starches. Starches from other genotypes were different shades of pink. The starch noodles prepared were, accordingly, either white or pink. Cooking enhanced the pink coloration of noodles. Cooking loss, noodle rehydration, and elasticity were evaluated. Cooking loss was low (mean 2.4%). Noodle elasticity was highly correlated with starch pasting properties of hot paste viscosity (HPV) (r = 0.81, P < 0.01) and cold paste viscosity (CPV) (r = 0.75, P < 0.01). Noodle rehydration was significantly correlated to the initial swelling temperature of starch (T_i) (r = ‐0.91, P < 0.001) and gelatinization peak temperature (T_p) (r = 0.69, P < 0.05). The findings suggest a potential area of food application for sorghum genotypes of different grain colors. Evaluation of starch properties could be a good starting point for selecting sorghum genotypes with superior noodle‐making properties.     

Bread Quality of Spelt Wheat and Its Starch

Flours from five spelt cultivars grown over three years were evaluated as to their breadbaking quality and isolated starch properties. The starch properties included amylose contents, gelatinization temperatures (differential scanning calorimetry), granule size distributions, and pasting properties. Milled flour showed highly variable protein content and was higher than hard winter wheat, with short dough‐mix times indicating weak gluten. High protein cultivars gave good crumb scores, some of which surpassed the HRW baking control. Loaf volume was correlated to protein and all spelt cultivars were at least 9–51% lower than the HRW control. Isolated starch properties revealed an increase in amylose in the spelt starches of 2–21% over the hard red winter wheat (HRW) control. Negative correlations were observed for the large A‐type granules to bread crumb score, amylose level, and final pasting viscosity for cultivars grown in year 1999 and to pasting temperature in 1998 samples. Positive correlations were found for the small B‐ and C‐type granules relative to crumb score, loaf volume, amylose, and RVA final pasting viscosity for cultivars grown in 1999, and to RVA pasting temperature for samples grown in 1998. The environmental impact on spelt properties seemed to have a greater effect than genetic control.     

有机无机肥料及抽穗期气温升高对水稻籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性及淀粉品质形成的影响

为探讨不同肥料处理下抽穗期高温胁迫对水稻籽粒淀粉酶活性及淀粉品质形成的影响,本试验以优质食味水稻南粳9108为材料,设置施用有机肥(OF)和常规化肥(CF)处理,于抽穗期进行常温(NT)、+2℃(较常温增加2℃,MT)和+5℃(较常温增加5℃,HT)处理,对籽粒淀粉合成特性进行研究。结果表明,抽穗期温度升高降低了蔗糖合成酶(SS)、淀粉合成酶(SSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性,提高了蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和焦磷酸化酶(AGP)的活性。蔗糖含量、淀粉平均粒径、热焓值与峰值温度均表现为HT>MT>NT;淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量与黏度值则随着温度升高而下降。在肥料处理方面,各淀粉相关酶活性均表现为OF>CF,且在OF处理下有较好的淀粉品质。综上所述,温度升高通过抑制淀粉合成,加速了形成淀粉原料的积累,进而导致籽粒中蔗糖含量升高;有机肥处理能促进蔗糖合成并提高淀粉合成相关酶活性。从气候变暖应对措施方面,可选择有机肥替代化肥调控淀粉相关酶活性,进一步改善淀粉品质。本研究结果为减少高温对水稻的危害与提高淀粉品质提供了技术参考。     

Ethanol Fermentation of Starch from Field Peas

Field peas (Pisum sativum) were evaluated as a potential feedstock for ethanol production. Ground peas were dry‐milled and separated into starch, protein, and fibrous fractions by air classification. Starch‐enriched fractions prepared from whole peas and dehulled peas contained 73.7% wt and 77.8% wt starch, respectively, a nearly two‐fold enrichment compared with whole peas. The fractions were liquefied and saccharified using industrial α‐amylase and glucoamylase at recommended enzyme loadings. A final ethanol concentration of 11.0% (w/v) was obtained in 48–52 hr, with yields of 0.43–0.48 g of ethanol/g of glucose. Starch present in whole ground peas was also saccharified and fermented, with 97% of the starch fermented when an autoclaving step was included in the liquefaction stage.     

Effects of Soil Type and Tillage on Protein and Starch Quality in Three Related Wheat Genotypes

An experiment was conducted using three related wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown on two different soil types (a grey vertosol and a red kandosol) using two different tillage practices (complete and zero) to test the effects of environmental influence on grain quality. Wheat grains from plants grown in each environment were milled into flour; protein and starch were analyzed. The soil type had the biggest impact on both protein and starch content, with the grains from the grey vertosol soil having higher total, insoluble, and soluble protein contents, and lower starch content and flour swelling values. When protein was analyzed using SDS‐PAGE, the major difference observed between grains from the two soil types was an increased intensity of polypeptide bands corresponding to β‐amylase in grains from plants grown on grey vertosol soils.     

水稻Wx基因(CT)n微卫星标记与稻米淀粉品质的关系研究

利用引物４８４／４８５对龙特甫Ａｘ３７１Ｆ２群体的３６个单株进行Ｗｘ微卫星（ＣＴ）ｎ检测发现,微卫星标记是共显性标记,３种类型标记的分离比是８：１５：１３,符合盂德尔分离定律,进一步将同－Ｗｘ基因型植株上的种子混合测定淀粉品质,发现表观直链淀粉含量（ａｐｐａｒｅｎｔａｍｙｌｏｓｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ,ＡＡＣ）、糊化温度（ｇｅｌａｔｉｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ＧＴ）、胶稠度（ｇｅｌ ｃｏｍ     

Resistant Starch Content Is Related to Granule Size in Barley

Physical properties of resistant starch (RS) were examined in a range of barley genotypes to determine the contribution of starch and seed physical characteristics to the RS component. Thirty‐three barley genotypes were studied, which varied significantly in their RS, amylose, and starch contents and grain yield. From 33 genotypes, 13 exhibiting high RS were selected for detailed physicochemical analysis of starch. In high‐RS varieties, granule size and number were unimodal, compared with normal starches from a reference genotype, which showed a bimodal distribution. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that a higher content of granules <15 µm was positively correlated with RS and amylose content, whereas the proportion of granules 15–45 µm was negatively correlated with the RS and amylose contents. Physical fractionation of starches by centrifugation into different population sizes demonstrated that size alone is not an accurate indicator of the population of A‐type and B‐type granules within a given genotype. PCA also showed that large 15–45 µm granules were positively correlated with seed thickness and that thousand grain weight was positively correlated with seed width. High‐RS and high‐amylose genotypes showed variation in overall yield and starch content, with some genotypes showing yield comparable to the reference genotype. Analysis of amylopectin chain length distribution showed that high amylose or RS content was not associated with a higher proportion of amylopectin long chains when compared with either waxy or reference (normal) barley genotypes. This study highlights useful markers for screening barley genotypes with favorable starch characteristics.     

Location of Sites of Reaction Within Starch Granules

To observe granular reaction patterns within modified starch granules, starch derivatives were converted to thallium(I) salts and viewed by scanning electron microscopy compositional backscattered electron imaging. Observation of phosphorylated potato and sorghum starches and a hydroxypropyl analog of waxy maize starch revealed that granular patterns of reaction were influenced by both starch and reagent types. In waxy maize and sorghum starches, flow of reagent into the granule matrix occurred from channels (laterally) and cavities (from the inside outward). In potato starch granules, which do not possess channels, reagent diffused inward through exterior granule surfaces. Phosphoryl chloride (highly reactive) reacted to a large extent at granule surfaces, while the propylene oxide analog (less reactive) appeared to diffuse into the granule matrix prior to reacting.     

4种不同甘薯淀粉成分、物化特性及其粉条品质的相关性研究

为了研究不同品种甘薯淀粉性质与其粉条品质之间的关系,本文研究了4种不同淀粉型甘薯(卢选1号、徐薯22、冀薯65和冀薯98)来源淀粉化学成分和物化特性,并分析了甘薯淀粉成分和物化特性与粉条品质间的相关性.结果表明,不同品种间甘薯淀粉由于化学成分的不同而使其物化特性和粉条品质都发生不同程度的变化;通过对甘薯淀粉的成分和物化性质与其粉条品质之间的相关性分析,发现甘薯淀粉的直链淀粉和脂质含量、回生黏度、峰值时间、糊化温度、膨胀势、老化值等指标与甘薯粉条品质呈正相关,而甘薯淀粉的最终黏度、溶解度和粒径等指标与甘薯粉条品质呈负相关.通过综合比较,卢选1号的粉条品质优于其他3个品种的粉条.因此,本研究为合理选择甘薯粉条制备所需淀粉原料提供了理论依据,为进一步选育粉条专用型甘薯提供了基础数据.     

浙贝母淀粉、蔗糖代谢相关基因的克隆与表达分析

为了培育高品质浙贝母鳞茎,本研究以浙贝3号为材料,采用蒽酮法、高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术和试剂盒法测定浙贝母鳞茎发育过程中淀粉与蔗糖的含量变化;采用同源克隆、cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE)克隆蔗糖代谢关键酶基因,使用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)测定各基因表达量并进行相关性分析。结果发现,鳞茎中淀粉含量在成熟期达到最大值,可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量在鳞茎发育初期和末期最高,AGP2、AGP3、GBSS、SSS在鳞茎中表达量最高,AGP1在根中表达量最高,5个基因均与淀粉含量显著相关(相关系数分别为0.930、0.839、0.582、0.561和0.826),SS主要表达部位为鳞茎,SPS为叶片,二者均与蔗糖含量呈显著相关性(相关系数为0.575和0.536)。本研究为淀粉、蔗糖代谢基因功能验证,以及浙贝母分子育种与分子调控鳞茎发育相关研究奠定了基础。     

Granule Bound Starch Synthase I (GBSSI) Gene Effects Related to Soft Wheat Flour/Starch Characteristics and Properties

Eight soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes representing the four granule bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) classes were evaluated with respect to flour/starch characteristics and pasting behaviors. Native starch was isolated from genotype straight‐grade flours (94.8–98.1% of starch recovered) to approximate the starch populations of the parent flours. As anticipated, amylose characteristics varied among the genotypes according to GBSSI class and accounted for the primary compositional difference between genotypes. Total (TAM), apparent (AAM), and lipid‐complexed (LAM) amylose contents ranged from 1.0–25.5 g, 0.7–20.4 g, and 0.3–5.6 g/100 g of native starch, respectively, and gradually decreased with the progressive loss of active Wx alleles. In addition, genotype flour total starch (FTS) and A‐type starch granule contents, which ranged from 81.7–87.6 g/100 g of flour (db) and 61.6–76.8 g/100 g of native starch (db), respectively, generally decreased with an increase in waxy character in parallel with amylose characteristics, as likely secondary effects of Wx gene dosage. Though amylose characteristics predominantly accounted for the majority of genotype flour pasting properties, FTS content and ratios of A‐ to B‐type granules also exhibited significant influence. Thus, loss of one or more Wx genes appeared to induce measurable secondary effects on starch characteristics and properties.     

Physicochemical Properties Related to Quality of Rice Noodles

Eleven rice genotypes with diverse Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) pasting characteristics were evaluated for their physicochemical and gel textural characteristics relative to their suitability for making rice noodles. Apparent amylose content (AC) was highly correlated with swelling power (r = -0.65, P < 0.05), flour swelling volume (FSV) (r = -0.67, P < 0.05), noodle hardness (r = 0.74, P < 0.01), gumminess (r = 0.82, P < 0.01), chewiness (r = 0.74, P < 0.01), and tensile strength (r = 0.72, P < 0.05). Solubility showed an inverse relationship with the pasting parameters and noodle rehydration, and a positive relationship with cooking loss, noodle hardness, and gumminess. FSV and most of the pasting parameters were negatively correlated with noodle hardness. RVA parameters and textural parameters of gels formed in the RVA canister were well correlated with actual noodle texture and may, therefore, be used for predicting rice noodle quality during early screening of genotypes in breeding programs.     

Structural Changes of High-Amylose Rice Starch Residues following in Vitro and in Vivo Digestion

High-amylose cereal starch has a great benefit on human health through its resistant starch content. In this paper, starches were isolated from mature grains of high-amylose transgenic rice line (TRS) and its wild-type rice cultivar Te-qing (TQ) and digested in vitro and in vivo. The structural changes of digestive starch residues were characterized using DSC, XRD, (13)C CP/MAS NMR, and ATR-FTIR. TQ starch was very susceptible to digestion; its residues following in vitro and in vivo digestion showed similar structural characteristics with TQ control starch, which suggested that both amorphous and crystalline structures were simultaneously digested. Both amorphous and the long-range order structures were also simultaneously hydrolyzed in TRS starch, but the short-range order (double helix) structure in the external region of TRS starch granule increased with increasing digestion time. The A-type polymorph of TRS C-type starch was hydrolyzed more rapidly than the B-type polymorph. These results suggested that B-type crystallinity and short-range order structure in the external region of starch granule made TRS starch resistant to digestion.     

淀粉糊的透明度及其影响因素的研究

研究了淀粉糊的透明度以及NaCl、蔗糖、柠檬酸等食品成分和老化作用对透明度的影响。分子结构是影响淀粉糊透明度高低的内在因素,对于所添加的食品成分来说,NaCl降低淀粉糊的透明度,而蔗糖、柠檬酸则提高糊液的透明度。在储存初期(4℃,0～4d),由于直链淀粉迅速形成交联网,淀粉糊的透明度迅速下降。随着支链淀粉在交联网中逐渐分散,凝胶的逐步形成和完善,透明度下降减缓并趋于极限     

Sorghum Protein Extraction by Sonication and Its Relationship to Ethanol Fermentation

The objectives of this research were to develop a rapid method for extracting proteins from mashed and nonmashed sorghum meal using sonication (ultrasound), and to determine the relationships between the levels of extractable proteins and ethanol fermentation properties. Nine grain sorghum hybrids with a broad range of ethanol fermentation efficiencies were used. Proteins were extracted in an alkaline borate buffer using sonication and characterized and quantified by size‐exclusion HPLC. A 30‐sec sonication treatment extracted a lower level of proteins from nonmashed sorghum meal than extracting the proteins for 24 hr with buffer only (no sonication). However, more protein was extracted by sonication from the mashed samples than from the buffer‐only 24‐hr extraction. In addition, sonication extracted more polymeric proteins from both the mashed and nonmashed samples compared with the buffer‐only extraction method. Confocal laser‐scanning microscopy images showed that the web‐like protein microstructures were disrupted during sonication. The results showed that there were strong relationships between extractable proteins and fermentation parameters. Ethanol yield increased and conversion efficiency improved significantly as the amount of extractable proteins from sonication of mashed samples increased. The absolute amount of polymeric proteins extracted through sonication were also highly related to ethanol fermentation. Thus, the SE‐HPLC area of proteins extracted from mashed sorghum using sonication could be used as an indicator for predicting fermentation quality of sorghum.     

Physicochemical and Digestion Characteristics of Starch and Fiber‐Rich Subfractions from Four Pulse Bagasses

The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical, functional, and digestion properties of bagasses derived from broad beans, chickpeas, lentils, and white beans, and to isolate the starch and a fiber‐rich fraction that can be used as a food ingredient. The bagasses showed different chemical compositions that were related to their botanical origin. The further processing that involved mechanical separation of starch yielded up to 69.65% with ≥80.12% recovery and high purity (≥94.42%), and a fiber‐rich fraction (total dietary fiber content ≥72.75%) in which the majority was insoluble fiber. The starch digestion fractions of the isolated lentil starch showed the highest amount of slowly digestible starch (30.76%), whereas the white bean contained the highest resistant starch content (15.65%). All starches showed predicted glycemic indexes ≤ 66.90, which classify them as medium glycemic foods. In vitro protein digestion was higher for the bagasse fraction (up to 89.78%), followed by the fiber‐rich fraction (84.36%). This research demonstrates that it is possible to revalorize the use of pulses bagasse, which could contribute to enhance the technological and economic output of the protein isolation process, rendering two potentially functional fractions.     

Influence of Amylose Content on Properties of Wheat Starch and Breadmaking Quality of Starch and Gluten Blends

The effects of amylose content on thermal properties of starches, dough rheology, and bread staling were investigated using starch of waxy and regular wheat genotypes. As the amylose content of starch blends decreased from 24 to 0%, the gelatinization enthalpy increased from 10.5 to 15.3 J/g and retrogradation enthalpy after 96 hr of storage at 4°C decreased from 2.2 to 0 J/g. Mixograph water absorption of starch and gluten blends increased as the amylose content decreased. Generally, lower rheofermentometer dough height, higher gas production, and a lower gas retention coefficient were observed in starch and gluten blends with 12 or 18% amylose content compared with the regular starch and gluten blend. Bread baked from starch and gluten blends exhibited a more porous crumb structure with increased loaf volume as amylose content in the starch decreased. Bread from starch and gluten blends with amylose content of 19.2–21.6% exhibited similar crumb structure to that of bread with regular wheat starch which contained 24% amylose. Crumb moisture content was similar at 5 hr after baking but higher in bread with waxy starch than in bread without waxy starch after seven days of storage at 4°C. Bread with 10% waxy wheat starch exhibited lower crumb hardness values compared with bread without waxy wheat starch. Higher retrogradation enthalpy values were observed in breads containing waxy wheat starch (4.56 J/g at 18% amylose and 5.43 J/g at 12% amylose) compared with breads containing regular wheat starch (3.82 J/g at 24% amylose).     

Effects of Pollination Method and Growing Location on Starch Thermal Properties of Corn Hybrids

Starch gelatinization and retrogradation properties of corn were studied to determine the effect of controlled (self) pollination versus noncontrolled pollination on analytical determinations, and the potential to eliminate the expensive and time-consuming step of self-pollinating before research screening of corn genotypes. Twenty-four hybrids were grown in two Iowa locations, Story City and Ames. At Story City, all hybrids received three pollination treatments: self-pollination; small-plot, openpollination (representing corn from small test plots); and large-plot, openpollination (representing corn from a farmer's field). Self-pollinated and small-plot, open-pollinated corn were grown in replicated two-row plots, whereas large-plot, open-pollinated corn was grown in unreplicated plots of 12.8 m × 8 rows. At Ames, the small-plot, open pollination treatment was not done. Starch was extracted from samples of corn harvested from each plot, and gelatinization and retrogradation properties were determined using differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC). Hybrids exhibited different starch gelatinization and retrogradation properties. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in starch gelatinization and retrogradation properties occurred among pollination methods and between locations. Pollination method did not influence gelatinization enthalpy values, but onset temperature values for gelatinization, and range values for retrogradation differed significantly among pollination methods. At Ames, treatments gave different values for retrogradation enthalpy and percentage of retrogradation. Because of differences in some starch characteristics associated with pollination methods, self-pollination is recommended when growing samples in small plots for research purposes.     

马铃薯加工废水灌溉农田土壤肥力特征及其对施肥的响应

为探明施肥措施对马铃薯淀粉加工废水灌溉后农田土壤肥力的影响，设置7个施肥处理：T₁(CK)，不施肥；T₂，常规施肥；T₃，优化施肥(减氮增磷)；T₄，优化施肥+增氧剂；T₅，优化施肥70%+生物有机肥；T₆，优化施肥70%+生物有机肥+增氧剂；T₇，缓释肥(沃夫特26-10-12)，取样并检测土壤养分指标及微生物数量。结果表明，与灌溉前相比，灌溉后种植前0～20 cm和20～50 cm土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾均激增，分别增加68.65%、70.73%,95.47%、86.41%,434.60%、931.05%和485.07%、580.31%，收获后不同施肥处理土壤养分均显著下降，且处理间差异显著。灌溉后种植前0～20 cm土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌分别增加10倍、50倍和1.5倍，微生物总量增加34倍，收获后T₁中土壤真菌有所下降，其余施肥处理下土壤真菌显著增加，各施肥处理土壤细菌和微生物总量显著降低，放线...