Effects of Benzyl Adenine and Abscisic Acid on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Triticale and Wheat

Grain yield and yield components (grains per ear, grain weight, 1000-grain weight, ear weight, ear seed ratio and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed) were examined in a wheat genotype (PBW-343) with well-filled grains and a Triticale genotype (DT-46) with poorly filled grains (showing grain shrivelling) grown in pots. Six days after anthesis (DAA), benzyladenine (BA) @2 µg ear⁻¹ and abscisic acid (ABA) @4 µg ear⁻¹ were injected at the base of the mother shoot ear in both species. It was observed that, in both wheat and Triticale , BA increased the grain weight, grain number and partitioning of dry matter between ear and seed, whereas ABA decreased the grain weight, grain number and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed. However, these decreases were slower in Triticale than in wheat. BA treatment increased the grain dry matter accumulation, which in turn resulted in better filling of grains and increased the grain weight in both wheat and Triticale . The average grain weight of Triticale was lower than that of wheat. Thus, it appears that variation in grain weight between wheat and Triticale might be due to different availabilities of growth-promoting phytohormones such as cytokinins and assimilates.     

Independent and Combined Effects of Soil Warming and Drought Stress During Anthesis on Seed Set and Grain Yield in Two Spring Wheat Varieties

Increase in soil temperature together with decrease in soil moisture during anthesis of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L) crops is predicted to occur more frequently in a future climate in Denmark. The objective of this study was to investigate the responses of two Danish spring wheat varieties (Trappe and Alora) to soil warming (H), drought (D) and both (HD) during anthesis. The plants were grown in pots in a climate‐controlled glasshouse. In H, the soil temperature was increased by 3 °C compared with the control (C). In both D and HD treatments, the plants were drought‐stressed by withholding irrigation until all of the transpirable soil water had been depleted in the pots. Results showed that, particularly under D treatment, Alora depleted soil water faster than Trappe. In both varieties, flag leaf relative water content (RWC) was significantly lowered, while spikelet abscisic acid (ABA) concentration was significantly increased by D and HD treatments. Compared with the C plants, D and HD treatments significantly reduced ear number, ear to tiller ratio, shoot biomass, grain yield, harvest index and seed set but hardly affected tiller number and 1000‐kernel weight, whereas H treatment alone only decreased shoot biomass and reduced seed set. When analysed across the varieties and the treatments, it was found that the reduction in seed set was closely correlated with the increase in spikelet ABA concentration, indicating that D and HD treatments induced greater spikelet ABA concentrations might have caused seed abortion. It was concluded that the grain yield reduction under D and HD treatments during anthesis in spring wheat is ascribed mainly to a lowered seed set and wheat varieties (i.e. Alora) with more dramatic increase in spikelet ABA concentration are more susceptible to D and HD treatment.     

盐胁迫对不同耐盐类型小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响

为研究盐胁迫对不同耐盐类型小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响,以‘青麦6号’、‘济麦22’为材料,以普通土壤为对照,研究了不同梯度NaCl胁迫对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,不同耐盐类型小麦品种对盐胁迫的响应不同,‘济麦22’叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率下降幅度大,而‘青麦6号’的这五项指标下降较为缓慢,胞间CO₂浓度升高幅度与‘济麦22’相比也较低;与对照比较,盐胁迫下2个品种公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重均减少,且降幅随盐浓度的增加而加大,但‘青麦6号’产量相对‘济麦22’下降幅度较小。盐胁迫仍能保持较高的光合特性的‘青麦6号’,获得高产稳产的关键因素是具有较高的公顷穗数。本研究为小麦在不同盐渍程度的盐碱地上种植提供理论参考。     

水分胁迫对冬小麦根、冠生长关系及产量的影响

以冬小麦品种北农10号为材料,研究了水分胁迫效应对作物根、冠生长关系及产量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦根、冠间存在异速生长关系,导致根冠比随植株发育进程而指数下降。根、冠间的这种异速生长关系可用模型y=a+bx表示,y代表根干重的自然对数,x代表冠干重的自然对数,a为截距,b为线性回归系数。水分条件不足时,b值减小     

干旱胁迫对春小麦不同品种(系)苗期生理生化指标的影响

[目的]为了比较不同小麦品种（系）的抗旱性,[方法]采用不同浓度PEG-8000溶液对7个春小麦品种（系）材料进行不同程度的水分胁迫处理,研究不同胁迫浓度（0,10%,20%,30%）和时间（第一天,第三天,第五天）对春小麦材料生理生化指标的影响。[结果]结果表明：随着干旱胁迫程度的增加和时间的延长,‘新春6号’的过氧化物酶活性较高和丙二醛含量积累速度较慢;‘4701’的脯氨酸含量积累速度较快;‘4501’在第Ⅴ天的30%浓度PEG-8000处理条件下可溶性糖含量最高。[结论]通过不同品种（系）在不同胁迫条件下4项生理生化指标的变化情况,筛选出‘新春6号’、‘4701’和‘4501’更适应干旱胁迫环境,为新疆春小麦苗期抗旱品种（系）的筛选提供理论基础。     

Response of Wheat Varieties from Semi-arid Regions of Jordan to Salt Stress

This study was carried out to determine the effects of salinity levels (control, 6, 12 and 18 dS m^?1) on germination, seedling growth, some agronomic traits and proline accumulation in leaves of nine wheat varieties adapted to semi‐arid areas of Jordan. The tested wheat materials included eight durum wheat varieties (Haurani 27, Acsad 65, Om Rabbeeh, Sham 1, Safra Ma’an, Katma, Al‐Samra and F8) and one bread wheat variety (Diel Harthon). Final germination percentage, shoot and seminal root length, and all growth and yield parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by increasing salinity level. Proline content was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by increasing salinity. There were significant variety × salt interactions (P < 0.05) on final germination percentage, seminal root length, grain yield and yield‐related traits indicating that the varieties responded to salt differently. Sham 1 did not show any decrease in germination ability at the different salinity levels. Haurani 27, Acsad 65, Al‐Samra and Diel Harthon showed a nonsignificant reduction in germination potential at low and intermediate salt levels. Safra Ma’an and Al‐Samra showed the lowest reduction in seminal root length at low salt level and consequently exhibited the lowest stress susceptibility index ‘S’ values. Grain yield‐based stress susceptibility index ‘S’ indicated that Haurani 27, Acsad 65, Katma, Al‐Samra, F8 and Diel Jardoon were more salt tolerant than Om Rabbeeh, Sham 1 and Safra Ma’an. In conclusion, a similar salt tolerance was observed at different growth stages in Haurani 27, Acsad 65 and Al‐Samra. Consequently, these three varieties could be considered as salt tolerant and accordingly they are suitable for durum wheat improvement. Furthermore, Sham 1 had the highest ability to germinate at high salinity level indicating that it has a genetic potential for salt tolerance, at least at this stage of its life cycle.     

水分调控对小麦开花后水分利用特性及产量的影响

在全生育期防止天然降雨和人工控制灌水条件下，对豫麦34号和洛阳8716开花后不同水分处理的水分利用特性及产量进行了研究。结果表明，花后7－27d随灌水次数增多耗水量增大，水分利用率下降；耗水高峰期发生在开花期至花后14d，以后逐渐下降；花后6d至成熟期间豫麦34号和洛阳8716耗水量分别占总耗水量的33％－355和27％－30％；花后7－14d灌水，千粒重和产量增加明显。豫麦34号水分利用效率较高，生育后期节水灌溉下仍能发挥其高产潜力；要提高洛阳8716的产量，应注意保持开花后的土壤水分含量。     

The Effect of Moisture Stress on the Yield and Yield Components of Several Wheat Cultivars and their F1 Hybrids

The effect of moisture stress on yield and yield components of five winter wheats and their F₁, hybrids were investigated by maintaining the material at 80 % and 50 % field capacity respectively. Yield, kernel number, and kernel mass of the secondary tillers were affected severely by moisture stress. Kernel number and kernel mass of both primary and secondary tillers were correlated to yield significantly (r > 0.75) at both moisture levels. The rankings of the characters most significantly correlated to yield remained much the same at moisture levels despite a significant cultivar X moisture level interaction.     

江苏省小麦参试品种(系)产量与产量构成因素分析

旨在明确江苏淮南和淮北麦区小麦产量构成因素对产量影响的相对重要性,采用相关和通径分析法,对江苏省2019-2020年度预备试验101个小麦品种(系)的产量及其构成因素进行分析.结果 表明,淮南和淮北小麦品种(系)的平均产量分别为7739.1 kg/hm2和8560.3 kg/hm2.相关分析表明,淮南小麦产量构成因素与...     

水分胁迫对半干旱区春小麦旗叶蛋白质代谢的影响

对分布于半干旱区的春小麦在大田自然水分胁迫和供水处理下旗叶的蛋白质代谢动态进行了比较研究。结果表明：两种处理下旗叶可溶性蛋白质蛋白质含量变化趋势相似，但水分胁迫下含旦远高于供水处理；游离氨基酸含量变化不大；旗叶发育的５－２５天时，水分胁迫虽然抑制了蛋白质合成活性和氨肽酶活性，提高了蛋白酶活性，但对三者由增高到降低趋势并无明显影响；旗叶生长的３５－４５天时，水分胁迫不仅同时提高了蛋白抽合成活性、蛋白     

不同形态氮肥对春小麦品种籽粒淀粉及其组分的调节效应

以不同亚基组成且品质类型不同的6个春小麦品种（东农7742、新克旱9、泉224、辽10、Roblin和龙麦26）为试验材料,研究了淀粉及其组分积累规律、不同形态氮肥（酰胺态氮、硝态氮和铵态氮）对淀粉及其组分积累的调节效应及不同品种淀粉与蛋白质的消长关系。结果表明,供试HMW-GS组成品种的淀粉及其组分的积累存在基因型差异,     

播期对山西省冬小麦茎蘖幼穗分化及产量的影响

为探讨不同播期对山西省冬小麦茎蘖幼穗分化及产量的影响,以冬小麦新品种‘临汾8050’为材料,观察了不同播期下冬小麦的主茎分蘖幼穗分化过程及产量表现。结果表明,随着播期的推迟和蘖位的增高,幼穗分化各时期的日期推迟,幼穗分化的总历时缩短,晚播处理穗分化时间比早播处理少121天;随着播期的推迟和蘖位的增高,各分蘖幼穗分化日期推迟,晚播分蘖幼穗比早播的推迟109天;随着播期的推迟,主茎幼穗伸长期呈现短长短趋势,伸长期至雌雄蕊分化期持续时间缩短,雌雄蕊分化后各分化期基本同步;同一播期（早播、中播）随着蘖位的增高,伸长期至二棱期分化持续的时间及总历时明显缩短,之后各分化期历时相差不大;而晚播随着蘖位的增高,各分化持续的时间及总历时稍有增长;但晚播处理至小花分化期第二位蘖和第三位蘖及中播处理的第三位蘖死亡;主茎及分蘖穗的有效小穗数随播期的推迟明显减少,早播和中播有效穗数为643.58×10⁴/hm²和601.66×10⁴/hm²与晚播有效穗数549.38×10⁴/hm²差异显著,产量显著降低。为此,9月25日至10月5日是山西省南部冬小麦适宜播期。     

基因型、播期和种植密度对优质小麦产量及灌浆特性的影响

采用裂裂区设计,以强筋小麦临优145、临汾138、临优2069和中筋小麦临优2018、临汾139为供试材料,研究了播期和种植密度对小麦产量及灌浆特性的影响。结果表明,小麦基因型对产量性状影响不明显,但播期和种植密度有一定的调控效应。主茎分蘖成穗并重型品种临优145和临优2018最佳播期10月3日、最佳种植密度分别为318.16万/hm2和313.77万/hm2;主茎成穗为主型品种临汾138最佳播期10月1日、最佳种植密度375.00万/hm2.3个品种的最高产量分别达到了7573.43kg/hm2、8202.52kg/hm2和8390.34kg/hm2。对小麦产量影响的作用力为:播期>基因型>种植密度。本试验条件下,小麦的灌浆进程符合一元三次方程,分别呈"慢、快、慢"的"S"型变化;随播期推迟,小麦的最高千粒重、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率及起始生长势提高,灌浆持续期和有效灌浆持续期延长,产量呈先升高后降低;种植密度对小麦的灌浆速率影响较大,而对灌浆持续期影响较小。相关分析表明,灌浆速率与千粒重极显著正相关,临优145有效灌浆持续期与千粒重显著正相关,而临优2018有效灌浆持续期与千粒重间相关性不显著。     

水氮胁迫对冬小麦籽粒灌浆速率影响的模拟研究

为定量分析水氮胁迫对冬小麦籽粒灌浆速率的影响,以‘济麦22’为材料,于2016—2017和2017—2018年度开展施氮试验。结合2017—2018年度试验资料,通过分析水氮胁迫对冬小麦籽粒灌浆速率的影响规律,引入氮素和水分影响因子,构建水氮胁迫对冬小麦籽粒灌浆速率影响的模拟模型S_(j,t)=S_(W3N300,t)×(1+F_N)×(1+F_W)。经2016—2017年小麦生长数据检验,除绝对误差占实测值比率d_ap略高外,RMSE值、平均绝对误差d_a以及相关系数r均显示模拟值和实测值有较高的一致性,说明实测值与模拟值吻合程度较好,所建模型可较好模拟水氮胁迫对冬小麦籽粒灌浆速率的影响。     

播种期对2个不同类型棉花品种产量和产量构成的影响

 适期播种是棉花丰产的重要措施,品种类型常影响播种期。为确定不同类型棉花品种的适宜播期,采用裂区设计,以品种类型（早发型鲁棉研21号和后发型鲁棉研28号）为主区,播种期（4月上旬早播、4月下旬中播和5月上旬晚播）为副区,于2009—2010年在山东临清研究了品种类型和播种期对棉花产量和产量构成的影响。两年的试验结果表明：品种和播期对棉花产量有显著的互作效应,而且主要是由于铃数和衣分的变化所致;早发型品种4月下旬播种产量最高,比4月中旬播种增产6.3%,5月上旬播种与4月中旬播种产量相当;后发型品种4月中旬播种产量最高,比4月下旬和5月上旬播种分别增产4.8%和12%。在鲁西北棉区地膜覆盖栽培条件下,早发型品种以4月下旬播种为宜,可以适当晚播,直到5月上旬;后发型品种应适当早播,以4月中旬为宜,晚播会显著减产。     

2005—2014年河南省推广的国审半冬性小麦品种产量构成分析

为了解近10年来河南省推广的黄淮南片麦区新育成小麦品种的情况,揭示小麦产量构成因素对产量影响的相对重要性,对2005—2014年适宜河南省推广的63个国审小麦品种的产量及主要性状指标进行相关和通径分析。结果表明：近年来河南省推广的国审小麦新品种产量整体呈上升趋势,平均每年增长7.6533 kg/hm2。主要性状的变异系数大小顺序为公顷穗数>穗粒数>株高>千粒重。主要性状与产量的相关程度为：千粒重>穗粒数>株高>穗数。产量三因素对产量的直接通径系数都为正值：千粒重>穗粒数>穗数。根据分析结果结合河南省生态条件及当前的栽培习性,小麦育种和高产栽培应注重公顷穗数与穗粒数的协调,将大穗和大群体有效结合,稳定千粒重,同时注意三因素的协调发展,从而达到高产目标。     

山东省区试小麦产量与产量构成因素的相关和通径分析

采用相关和通径分析法,对山东省2008～2009年度小麦高肥组区试165个小麦品种（系）的产量及其构成因素进行统计分析。结果表明：产量构成因素的变异系数大小为：666.7m2穗数＞穗粒数＞千粒重;产量构成因素与产量的相关程度为：666.7m2穗数＞穗粒数＞千粒重;偏相关分析,666.7m2穗数和千粒重均与产量呈极显著正相关,穗粒数与产量呈显著正相关,产量构成因素之间的偏相关均极显著负相关;三个产量构成因素对产量的直接通径系数都为正值,这与偏相关分析的结果是一致的。根据分析结果和山东省生态条件及目前种植条件特点,小麦高产育种和高产栽培应以选育和选用多穗型大群体品种为主,同时要稳定穗粒数,提高千粒重。     

Differences in Wheat Cultivar Response to N Supply. I: Differences in Grain Yield Formation

Two-year field trials with winter wheat cultivars Batis and Toronto were conducted in Southern Bavaria, Germany, to investigate the possible causes of cultivar differences in response to N supply varying in total amount and time of application. Cultivar-related differences in grain yields were observed in treatments with low and medium N supply. High doses of N supply resulted in grain yield adjustment or grain yield advantage for cv. Toronto. The results of this study revealed a consistent, genotypic pattern in response to N fertilization in spite of strong seasonal effects. Systematic modifications in canopy growth rates in response to N supply were of particular relevance and a main factor for differences in tillering intensity resulting in modified stand densities. In the present study, cultivar differences in spike development and interactions with N supply related more to abortion than to initiation processes for number of spikelets and number of flowers per spikelet. High grain density (grains per m²) of cv. Toronto was evident during reproduction stages even under conditions of medium N supply. However, decreased growth rates during the later part of grain filling in combination with low 1000 grain weight, which was barely modified by N fertilization, allowed only partial utilization of this potential. It is assumed that sink limitations were of particular relevance for grain yield development in cv. Toronto, while cv. Batis combined a less intense response to N supply with more stability in the development of grain yield components.     

Effect of Water Stress on Physiological Attributes and their Relationship with Growth and Yield of Wheat Cultivars at Different Stages

The effects of water stress on physiological attributes of drought‐sensitive (Kalyansona) and drought‐tolerant (C‐306) wheat cultivars were studied in a pot experiment. Water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation at boot and anthesis stages. Leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor potential (measured with pressure chamber and osmometer), as well as leaf diffusive resistance, leaf transpiration rate and leaf‐to‐air transpiration gradient (measured with a steady‐state porometer) were measured diurnally. Growth and yield parameters were recorded after harvesting of the crop. Triplicate data were analysed using a completely randomized design and correlations amongst these parameters were computed. Water stress was found to reduce diurnal leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential in both the genotypes but leaf osmotic potential was significantly higher in the drought‐tolerant cultivar C‐306 than in the drought‐sensitive cultivar Kalyansona. Positive turgor was recorded in both the genotypes under water stress and non‐stress conditions. Water‐stressed plants showed significantly lower turgor potential than control plants. In diurnal observations, water‐stressed plants exhibited significantly higher leaf diffusive resistance in both genotypes at both stages. The diffusive resistance of C‐306 was predominantly higher than that of Kalyansona. Water stress decreased leaf transpiration rate at both stages but the reduction was higher at the anthesis stage. The leaf‐to‐air temperature gradient was much higher in C‐306 than in Kalyansona at the boot stage but at the anthesis stage genotypic variation was non‐significant. The capacity to maintain cooler foliage was lower at the anthesis stage than at the boot stage in both the cultivars. Shoot dry weight, number of grains, test weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased to a greater extent when water stress was imposed at the anthesis stage, while imposition of water stress at the boot stage caused a greater reduction in plant height and number of tillers. Similarly, water stress caused a smaller reduction in growth, yield and yield attributes in C‐306 than in Kalyansona. In general, the correlation coefficient of grain and biological yield with water potential and its components was positive and highly significant. Similarly, turgor potential was also correlated positively and significantly with grain yield at both the stages, but with biological yield it was significant only at the anthesis stage. A negative and significant correlation was obtained for diffusive resistance and leaf‐to‐air temperature gradient with grain yield at the boot and anthesis stages. The rate of transpiration was also positively and significantly correlated to grain and biological yields at both the stages. Amongst the yield attributes, number of leaves and number of tillers were positively correlated at the anthesis stage, whereas leaf area and shoot dry weight were significantly correlated with grain and biological yields at both the stages.     

Response of Triticale Grain Yield and Yield Components to Number of Cuttings in a Mediterranean Environment

In six field experiments conducted over 2 years, the effect of one or two cuttings on grain yield of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) were investigated. In addition, the relationships between triticale grain yield its components were analysed.
Grain yield of the uncut plots invariably exceeded the plots with one or two cuttings, regardless of the environment or year. The reductions in grain yield caused by one cutting ranged from 27 % to 60 % under rainfed conditions and 18 % to 20 % under irrigation. With two cuttings the reduction was 45 % to 70 % for rainfed, and 35 % to 48 % for irrigated conditions.
The yield components which most influenced grain yield of triticale under cutting treatment were the number of ears m⁻² in all six experiments and the number of grains per ear under rainfed conditions. At the rainfed sites in 1989 cuttings diminished the number of ears m⁻² mainly by increasing plant mortality. Nevertheless, at the rainfed sites of 1990 and at the irrigated site of both years, the reduction in the number of ears m⁻² with cuttings was due principally to a lower survival of tillers per plant.