Effect of sucrose ester addition on nucleation and growth behavior of milk fat-sunflower oil blends

The effects of addition of the sucrose esters (SE) P-1670, P-170, and S-170 to a high-melting fraction of milk fat (HMF) and its blends with sunflower oil (SFO) on nucleation and growth were studied by laser polarized light turbidimetry and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The three SE delayed nucleation of HMF at the temperatures selected. P-1670 did not modify average crystal size after 3 h at crystallization temperature (T(c)) or crystal size distribution and modified crystallization kinetics only slightly. P-170 and S-170, however, markedly diminished crystal size and narrowed crystal size distribution. Activation free energies of nucleation at equivalent supercooling, calculated using the Fisher-Turnbull equation, significantly increased with addition of SE. According to these results, among the mechanisms described in the literature for fats or emulsions, the cocrystallization hypothesis is the one that better described the effects of sucrose esters on crystallization behavior in these systems.     

Crystallization behavior of anhydrous milk fat-sunflower oil wax blends

This research evaluates the effect of sunflower oil wax (SFOw) addition on the crystallization behavior and functional properties of anhydrous milk fat (AMF). Induction times of nucleation, melting behavior, microstructure of crystals, and hardness were evaluated for samples of pure AMF and AMF with 0.1 and 0.25% SFOw. Results from this research show that the addition of waxes induced the onset of crystallization of AMF by inducing its nucleation, as evidenced by decreased induction times of nucleation and the formation of smaller crystals. Crystal growth after tempering was also promoted by waxes, and significantly harder lipid networks were obtained. Results presented in this paper suggest that SFOw can be used as an additive to alter the physiochemical properties of low trans-fatty acid lipids.     

超声波平板冷冻提高胡萝卜冻干速率

为了探究接触式超声波辅助平板冷冻法对固体果蔬冻干过程的影响,该文研究了接触式超声波辅助胡萝卜的平板冷冻过程。首先,利用低温显微镜证实了接触式超声波能够有效促进平板冷冻固体果蔬样品成核,并且冰晶的形态与成核温度呈显著相关性(相关系数0.99),即成核温度越高,冰晶尺寸越大。其次,研究了超声波作用参数(功率,作用时间)对胡萝卜冰晶尺寸以及冻干速率的影响。结果表明,在胡萝卜样品厚度为5 mm,样品冷冻温度为?1℃时施加178.7W功率的超声波10 s能显著提高(P0.05)样品的成核温度,使冻干胡萝卜的孔隙当量直径从无超声波辅助条件下对照组样品的(66.29±3.58)μm提高到了(80.81±3.03)μm,同时干燥至实际含水率为10%时,升华干燥速率提升了29.1%。该研究为接触式超声波辅助平板冷冻用于果蔬样品的冻干过程提供了有益参考。     

Relationship between crystallization behavior, microstructure, and macroscopic properties in trans containing and trans free coating fats and coatings

The objective of this study is to gain further understanding into the relationship between crystallization behavior, microstructure, and macroscopic properties in coating fats. The isothermal crystallization behavior of two coating fats (one trans containing and one trans free) was examined, both as pure fats and in coatings, by DSC and microscopy. Furthermore, the hardness of the samples was examined after cooling in a water bath at two different temperatures and at three different storage times. Both fats seemed to show an alpha-mediated beta' crystallization at lower temperatures and a direct beta' crystallization at higher temperatures. The trans free coating fat clearly crystallized faster and in smaller crystals. The hardness was governed not only by the amount of solid fat present in the network but also by the structure of this network. The coating matrix components seem to have a pronounced influence on the microstructure and thus on the macroscopic properties.     

Solvent effects on the crystallization behavior of milk fat fractions

The high- and medium-melting fractions of milk fat (HMF and MMF, respectively) were crystallized in the presence of various solvents, including the low-melting fraction of milk fat (LMF), canola oil (CO), hexane, and ethyl acetate. Choice of solvent was shown to have a strong influence on phase behavior and crystallization kinetics. Dilution and solubilization effects were observed for all the blends. More solids were formed in the HMF and MMF blends with LMF than with CO, and complexes were formed between the milk fat fractions possibly because of molecular complementarity. Solids were slightly higher for the more polar ethyl acetate than for hexane. Crystallization proceeded more rapidly in the presence of LMF and ethyl acetate than in the presence of CO and hexane, respectively. According to the Hildebrand equation, HMF and MMF were ideally soluble in LMF and CO. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) revealed the existence of liquid-state structure in mixtures of HMF/CO, HMF/LMF, MMF/CO, and MMF/LMF. The observed liquid-state structure was reminiscent of liquid crystals. No differences were observed in the structure of the liquid phase between LMF- and CO-containing mixtures.     

Crystallization behavior and texture of trans-containing and trans-free palm oil based confectionery fats

The objective of this study was to gain insight into the role of trans fatty acids in determining the crystallization behavior and texture of palm-based confectionery fats. Therefore, the isothermal crystallization behavior of two series, each of three fats, one trans-containing and one trans-free, was examined by pNMR, DSC, and rheology. Furthermore, the hardness of these samples was examined at three different storage times at 10 degrees C. All of the trans free samples showed a two-step crystallization at 10 degrees C which is hypothesized to be an alpha-mediated beta' crystallization for two of the samples and a fractionated crystallization in the beta' polymorph for the third, while the trans-containing fats crystallized in a single step, probably a direct beta' crystallization. The trans-containing fat series clearly crystallized faster than the trans-free fat series and also yielded higher hardness values at all storage times investigated. The presence of trans fatty acids seems to reduce the effect of compositional variations on the crystallization process. For the trans free fats, chemical composition was much more critical in determining the crystallization rate, the SFC, and the final hardness value.     

Polymorphic transformation in mixtures of high- and low-melting fractions of milk fat

The kinetics of crystallization of high-melting fraction (HMF) and a mixture of 40% HMF and 60% low-melting fraction (LMF) of milk fat were studied at 5 degrees C by time-resolved in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. HMF crystallized in the alpha polymorph, had a longer lifetime than the ones previously reported in pure milk fat, and was almost completely solid. The HMF/LMF mixture crystallized initially in the alpha form and transformed into the beta' polymorph, with a solid fat content much lower than that of HMF. The polymorphic change was therefore attributed to a delayed sudden formation of beta' mixed crystals from the uncrystallized melt. These findings are important for the food industry and as fundamental knowledge to improve our understanding of the origin of the macroscopic physical properties of solid milk fat fractions used in many manufacturing processes.     

Monovarietal extra virgin olive oils: correlation between thermal properties and chemical composition

Thermal properties of monovarietal extra virgin olive oils were evaluated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (upon cooling) and related to their chemical composition (triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, total and free fatty acids, oxidation status). The overall crystallization enthalpy did not significantly differ among samples and did not account for the differences observed in chemical compositions. On the contrary, a higher degree of unsaturation in the lipid profile induced a shift of the crystallization onset towards lower temperatures and narrowing of the crystallization temperature range. The presence of triacylglycerol lysis and lipid oxidation products shifted the crystallization towards higher temperatures and the phase transition developed over a larger temperature range. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms were deconvoluted into three constituent exothermic peaks for all samples. The area of the two lower-temperature exotherms was found to be statistically correlated with the amount of triunsaturated and monosaturated triacylglycerols present in the oil. Thermal properties of extra virgin olive oil were found to be affected by oil chemical composition.     

Comparative analysis of lipid composition and thermal, polymorphic, and crystallization behaviors of granular crystals formed in beef tallow and palm oil

Six rectangular block all beef tallow (BT)-based and all palm oil (PO)-based model shortenings prepared on a laboratory scale, respectively denoted BTMS and POMS, were stored under temperature fluctuation cycles of 5-20 °C until granular crystals were observed. The lipid composition and thermal, polymorphic, and isothermal crystallization behaviors of the granular crystals and their surrounding materials separated from BTMS and POMS, respectively, were evaluated. The changes of nanostructure including the aggregation of high-melting triacylglycerols (TAGs) and polymorphic transformation from β' form of double chain length structures to complicated crystal structures, in which the β and β' form crystals of triple and double chain length structures simultaneously coexist, had occurred in granular crystals compared with surrounding materials, whether in BTMS or in POMS. Consequently, a slower crystallization rate appeared in granular crystal parts of both model shortenings noted above, which would yield larger and fewer crystals indicated by the Avrami model analysis that would further aggregate to form large granular crystals.     

Crystallization properties and polymorphism of triacylglycerols in goat's milk fat globules

The sensorial, functional, and nutritional properties of goat dairy products result from the specific fatty acid composition of goat's milk fat. However, information on the physical and thermal properties of goat's milk fat is scarce. In this study, crystallization of triacylglycerols (TG) in goat's milk fat globules was investigated using polarized light microscopy and the coupling of time-resolved synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular organization of the solid fat phase was characterized for cooling rates between 3 and 0.1 degrees C/min. Quenching of goat's milk fat globules from 50 to -8 degrees C and 4 degrees C was also examined to identify the most unstable polymorphic forms of TG. Then, the melting behavior of fat crystals was studied on subsequent heating at 1 degrees C/min. Triple chain length (3L: 68.6-70 A) and double chain length (2L: 37-45.4 A) structures were characterized and 5 polymorphic forms, alpha, sub-alpha, beta' 1, beta' 2, and beta were identified. Polymorphic transitions were observed within goat's milk fat globules as a function of time after quenching and as a function of temperature on heating. From a technological point of view, this work will contribute to a better understanding of the rheological properties as well as on the flavor evolutions of goat's milk-based products.     

Spectrophotometric method for hydroxymethylfurfural in honey.

A new method is described for hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in honey; accuracy and precision are improved over the most used optical and chemical methods. With a clarified honey solution containing 0.1% sodium bisulfite as reference and a similar solution without bisulfite as sample, a difference spectrum is obtained which represents only the HMF in the sample, without the interfering absorption of the honey. The average recovery was 97.5% for 24 additions to honey of 0.8--40 mg HMF/100 g. Forty honey samples ranging from 0 to 40 mg/100 g were analyzed by 3 methods with the following average results: Winkler optical method, 7.25; Winkler chemical method, 4.83; and new bisulfite method, 5.05 mg HMF/100 g honey. Values by the latter 2 methods did not differ at the P = 0.05 significance level.     

Relationship between crystallization behavior, microstructure, and macroscopic properties in trans-containing and trans-free filling fats and fillings

The objective of this study is to investigate the architecture to feature physical functionality of filling fats. This means an investigation of the different structure levels (crystallization, microstructure, macrostructure, etc.) that lead to good technological functionality. The isothermal crystallization behavior of two filling fats (one trans-containing and one trans-free) was examined by differential scanning calorimetry and microscopy. Furthermore, the hardness of the samples was examined after cooling in a water bath at two different temperatures and at three different storage times. The trans-containing filling fat crystallized faster and in smaller crystals as compared to the trans-free filling fat. The crystallization behavior of the trans-free filling fat was more complex, with the formation of different polymorphic forms. The hardness of the fillings was not only governed by the amount of solid fat present in the network but also by the structure of this network. The filling matrix components seem to have a pronounced influence on the microstructure and thus on the macroscopic properties.     

基于相场法的液态食品冷冻浓缩冰晶生长数值模拟

旨在建立冷冻浓缩过程冰晶生长的数理模型,用以微观上分析冰晶夹带造成液态食品中溶质损失的问题。探讨结晶时间对冰晶形貌的影响。采用国内外描述相变微观结构的相场模型,将液态食品体系视为水和溶质二元结构,模拟冰晶生长的演变过程。研究等温结晶情况下,计算时间对冰晶生长形貌的影响及其对冰晶内部溶质浓度分布的影响。模拟结果表明,随着时间的延长,冰晶形貌逐渐变大,主干变细,二次分枝乃至三次分枝更加发达;同时,冰晶所包含的溶质浓度越大,各区域的溶质浓度分布也随之改变。由于溶质再分配,冰晶溶质分布曲线存在着波峰与波谷,波峰对应着来不及扩散溶质的冰晶尖端,波谷对应着冰晶固相。结果启示,在等温情况适当控制结晶时间将有效控制冷冻浓缩过程冰晶的形貌演化,降低液态食品冷冻浓缩过程的溶质损失。为进一步研究各种因素对冰晶生长的影响提供理论依据,从而为改进冷冻浓缩工艺、推进其工业化提供技术支持。     

Thermal decomposition of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF) and its further transformations in the presence of glycine

Thermal decomposition of HMF has been so far studied indirectly through carbohydrate degradation reactions assuming HMF as the main product. Such studies, however, do not necessarily generate relevant information on HMF decomposition because many other products are generated simultaneously. Direct thermal decomposition using different concentrations of HMF in silica gel was studied using pyrolysis-GC-MS. Undiluted HMF generated four peaks corresponding to 5-methylfurfural, 2,5-furandicarboxaldehdye, HMF, and a major unknown peak at retention time of 20.73 min. The diluted HMF in silica gel (15-fold) generated only the first three peaks. The generation of the unknown peak was dependent on the concentration of HMF, indicating the possibility of a dimeric structure; furthermore, when HMF was generated from [U-13C6]glucose in the reaction mixture, the highest mass in the spectrum of the unknown peak showed the incorporation of 11 carbon atoms from the glucose. Thermal decomposition studies of HMF have also indicated that in the absence of amino acids it can mainly dimerize and the initially formed dimer can degrade to generate 5-methylfurfural and 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde. On the other hand, thermal degradation of HMF in the presence of glycine generated Schiff base adducts of HMF, 5-methylfurfural, and 2,5-furandicarboxaldehdye in addition to 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran and a newly discovered adduct, 5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanmethanol.     

Monovarietal extra virgin olive oils. Correlation between thermal properties and chemical composition: heating thermograms

Extra virgin olive oils from drupes of three Sicilian varieties (Biancolilla, Cerasuola, and Nocellara del Belice) collected at three different harvesting periods were analyzed upon heating by means of DSC, and thermal properties were related to the chemical composition of the samples. All thermograms exhibited multiple transitions with a minor exothermic peak, followed by a major endothermic event. Cerasuola samples showed higher overall enthalpy and narrower range of transition at all harvesting periods, as compared to the other oils. A more ordered crystal structure originating from a more uniform chemical composition, with higher triolein content, in Cerasuola may be hypothesized. At different harvesting periods, thermal transitions started at lower temperatures and developed over a narrower range in all cultivars, probably due to the insertion of molecules derived from triacylglycerol lysis (diacylglycerols and free fatty acids) and lipid oxidation products into the triacylglycerol crystal lattice. All heating thermograms were deconvoluted into one exothermic and five endothermic constituent peaks, and the effect of chemical components on thermal properties of the peaks was evaluated. DSC application upon heating appears to be very promising in discriminating among oil samples from olives of different cultivars and/or harvesting periods.     

不同磁场环境和培养基对拟南芥种子诱导愈伤组织的影响

为探明磁场强度和培养基成份在拟南芥愈伤组织诱导中的作用,以野生型拟南芥(Columbia型)种子为材料,研究3种磁场环境(亚磁场、地磁场和中强磁场)、4种诱导培养基(NB1、NB2、MS1、MS2)条件下愈伤组织的诱导情况。结果显示,与地磁场相比,亚磁场对接种后第3～6天愈伤组织的发生有明显的抑制作用,中强磁场有明显的促进作用;在接种后第3～7天,NB2、MS2比NB1、MS1培养基促进了愈伤组织形成,且差异显著。愈伤组织净重反映了细胞增殖的状态,统计结果显示,与地磁场相比,亚磁场对细胞增殖没有明显影响,而中强磁场有显著的抑制作用;NB2、MS2比NB1、MS1培养基促进了细胞增殖,且差异显著。以上试验结果说明,磁场强度和培养基成份的变化对拟南芥种子诱导愈伤组织过程中第3～7天的愈伤组织形成和细胞增殖有不同程度影响,但2因素不存在交互作用,且2种因素对15d后的愈伤组织总出愈率无显著影响。6-BA对早期的愈伤组织诱导和细胞增殖均有促进作用,而且在地磁和亚磁场中,添加有6-BA的NB2和MS2培养基所诱导的愈伤组织色泽鲜亮,致密度适中,利于后续继代培养。     

菲涅尔高倍聚光PV/T系统热电输出性能模拟与试验

该文基于直通式微通道冷却的菲涅尔高倍聚光PV/T系统热电输出性能的仿真和试验进行研究,结果表明,太阳辐照度、聚光元件间的装配距离、入射角及热对流等对系统热电性能的影响较大;太阳直接辐照度为226 W/m2时,菲涅尔透镜与聚光元件间距离增大2 mm后,功率和电效率分别下降0.98 W和7.4%,对于确定的菲涅尔高倍聚光PV/T系统,存在最佳聚光元件装配参数范围;当太阳直接辐照度一定时,冷却工质流量越大,电池表面温度下降越快,但在较高流量时,随着流量持续增大,电池表面温度下降趋势减小;当入射角由0°增大至1°后,系统得热量下降0.25 MJ,在太阳辐照度达到500 W/m2时,输出功率下降6.35 W;试验系统输出性能稳定,且适用于大型系统,该文研究为系统实际运行参数调控提供理论和试验依据。     

Mumefural, citric acid derivative improving blood fluidity from fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc).

The effects of food components on blood fluidity were studied by in vitro assay using a dedicated microchannel instrument for model capillaries. We found that the fruit-juice concentrate of the Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc), a traditional Japanese food, markedly improved the fluidity of human blood. Using HPLC, we isolated the active compounds and characterized them using UV, MS, IR, and NMR. They included a novel compound, 1-[5-(2-formylfuryl)methyl] dihydrogen 2-hydroxypropane-1,2, 3-tricarboxylate (mumefural), and a related compound, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF). Mumefural markedly improved blood fluidity in all subjects, while HMF worked differently in different individuals. The flow rate of blood spiked with mumefural or HMF was compared to that of the two predominant organic acids in the fruit. Citric acid, malic acid, and furfuryl alcohol also improved fluidity in all subjects. The activity of P. mume is derived from not only artifacts produced during thermal processing, such as mumefural, but also from endogenous organic acids.     

The viscoelastic properties of processed cheeses depend on their thermal history and fat polymorphism

Both the composition and the thermal kinetics that are applied to processed cheeses can affect their texture. This study investigated the effect of the storage conditions and thermal history on the viscoelastic properties of processed cheese and the physical properties of the fat phase. The microstructure of processed cheese has been characterized. Using a combination of physical techniques such as rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction, the partial crystallization of fat and the polymorphism of triacylglycerols (TG; main constituents of milk fat) were related to changes in the elastic modulus and tan δ as a function of temperature. In the small emulsion droplets (<1 μm) dispersed in processed cheeses, the solid fat phase was studied at a molecular level and showed differences as a function of the thermal history. Storage of processed cheese at 4 °C and its equilibration at 25 °C lead to partial crystallization of the fat phase, with the formation of a β' 2 L (40.9 ?) structure; on cooling at 2 °C min(-1), the formation of an α 3 L (65.8 ?) structure was characterized. The cooling of processed cheese from 60 to -10 °C leads to the formation of a single type of crystal: α 3 L (72 ?). Structural reorganizations of the solid fat phase characterized on heating allowed the interpretation of the elastic modulus evolution of processed cheese. This study evidenced polymorphism of TG in a complex food product such as processed cheese and allowed a better understanding of the viscoelastic properties as a function of the thermal history.     

Initial Heating Temperature and Native Lipid Affects Ordering of Amylose During Cooling of High-Amylose Starches

Formation of ordered structures from disordered amylose is practically important. The thermal behavior of high-amylose maize starches was studied during cooling, following heating, and during subsequent reheating. Four commercial high-amylose genotype maize starches with varying amylose contents (ae du, ae su2, and ae [nominally both 50 and 70% amylose]) were heated to either 120, 140, 160, or 180°C, cooled to 5°C, and reheated to 180°C in a differential scanning calorimeter. Each starch was studied with its native lipid, as well as in reduced-lipid and lipid-free form. On cooling of lipid-containing starches, two distinct exotherms were observed and attributed to amylose-lipid complex formation and to amylose chain association. A distinct exotherm at ≈75°C was attributed to amylose-lipid complex formation. The exotherm attributed to amylose chain association on cooling varied according to the initial heat treatment, lipid level, and starch type. Starches with higher amylose contents showed larger exotherms on cooling. For initial heat treatments to 120 or 140°C, a broad exotherm beginning at ≈95°C was observed on cooling. In contrast, for initial heat treatments to 160 and 180°C, a sharper exotherm with a peak temperature below ≈55°C was observed. Upon reheating, samples that had been initially heated to 120 or 140°C showed a peak at >140°C that was attributed to the melting of ordered amylose. Starches initially heated to 160 or 180°C did not show this peak. This work illustrates that initial heating temperature, as well as lipid content and amylose content, all affect amylose chain association during cooling. Thus, this work suggests strategies for controlling ordering of amylose during processing.