葡萄酒的模糊聚类及其最佳聚类选择

已有以品酒员的感官指标来评定葡萄酒质量的方法受品酒员主观因素影响较大,导致葡萄酒质量评定结果存在较大的不确定性。本文针对葡萄酒质量的评定问题,基于葡萄酒及酿酒葡萄的理化指标,根据影响葡萄酒外观、口感和香气的主要理化指标,通过基于模糊等价关系的模糊聚类分析以及F-统计量选择最佳聚类,并借助于MATLAB编程实现,结合具体葡萄酒理化指标的数据,验证葡萄酒的模糊聚类及其最佳聚类选择方法的有效性。该方法能客观地评价葡萄酒的质量,为葡萄酒质量的评定提供可选择的方法。     

山葡萄酿酒新品种——雪兰红

"雪兰红"是以山葡萄品种"左优红"(79-26-18×74-1-326)作母本、"北冰红"作父本杂交育成的酿造干红山葡萄酒新品种,2012年3月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定。该品种果穗圆锥形,平均单穗重145.2g,最大单穗重1236.1g;果粒圆形,平均粒重1.39g。果皮蓝黑色,果粉厚;果肉绿色,无肉囊;可溶性固形物、总酸和单宁含量及出汁率依次为19.50%、13.70g/L、0.398g/L、60.00%;酿造的干红山葡萄酒宝石红色,果香浓郁,具典型山葡萄酒风格,评酒鉴定分数比对照品种"左优红"酿制的干红山葡萄酒高5.6分。     

葡萄抗寒性综合评价方法的建立

为建立葡萄抗寒性的综合评价方法,以7个葡萄品种的枝条为试材,通过人工模拟低温的方法,分别于10、-5、-15、-25、-35、-45℃下处理葡萄枝条,测定枝条可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、组织含水量、相对电导率等抗寒相关指标,根据抗寒性指标在低温处理过程中的变化,确定葡萄枝条抗寒性指标的有效低温适用范围。并以相对电导率结合Logistic方程计算葡萄枝条的半致死温度(LT₅₀),以LT₅₀为葡萄抗寒能力的衡量指标,用相关分析法确定评价葡萄抗寒性的5个主要相关指标。用主成分分析法将5个指标转化为综合的主成分,确定指标权重,并结合隶属函数法建立葡萄抗寒的评价方法,运用隶属度函数值求得各葡萄抗寒性的综合评价指数Y。根据综合指数判断抗寒性强弱顺序为: 双优＞左优红>北冰红＞贝达＞5BB＞5C＞黑比诺。结果表明:葡萄枝条可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、游离脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、相对电导率等与葡萄抗寒性有极显著或显著相关关系,因此,运用主成分分析法结合隶属度函数法,来综合评价葡萄的抗寒性将更加准确、科学。     

中法葡萄酒庄酒发展论坛在银川举行

本刊讯由著名的法国贝丹·德索夫葡萄酒评论杂志、宁夏回族自治区林业局、宁夏区葡萄花卉产业发展局、宁夏葡萄与葡萄酒研究院联合举办的"中法葡萄酒庄酒发展论坛"于3月16日在银川举行。本次论坛主题为法制建设葡萄酒庄,法国国际葡萄酒大师米歇尔·贝丹就葡萄与葡萄酒文化作专题报告,并现场回答了《橄榄美酒评论》、《葡萄酒》杂志、     

蜂蜜在葡萄酒生产中的应用

在葡萄酒生产中,不用二氧化硫,而以蜂蜜作为抗氧剂和糖源。将数种葡萄用传统方法或用蜂蜜处理方法生产出葡萄酒,再将此两种不同方法生产的葡萄酒,在化学成份和感官质量方面进行对比。不用二氧化硫而用蜂蜜处理的葡萄酒,其全部感官质量与传统方法生产的葡萄酒极为相似。     

叶果比影响酿酒葡萄果实品质

据《北方园艺》2019年第8期《不同叶果比处理对品丽珠葡萄果实品质指标的影响》(作者孙霄等)报道,以3年生的酿酒葡萄品丽珠为试材,采用疏叶和疏果的处理方法,测定果实中可溶性糖和酚类物质含量,研究谢花后不同叶果比处理对酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响,并利用主成分分析法确定了适宜叶果比,以期探索提高葡萄品质的最佳叶果比。     

冰酒葡萄品种威代尔的引进栽培研究

威代尔(Vidal)是欧美杂交种.于白色葡萄类品种,是白玉霓(ugni blanc)和白赛必尔(sebel-blanc)的杂交后代,是加拿大酿造冰葡萄酒[用冻冰葡萄(≤10℃)酿制的葡萄酒]的栽培品种之一.     

葡萄酒渣饲用研究

葡萄酒渣饲用研究张家口农业高等专科学校孔祥浩，郭金双葡萄酒渣（简称葡萄渣）由葡萄酒厂的下脚料——葡萄籽、葡萄皮、葡萄梗构成。一般葡萄的出籽率为８％一１０％、梗１０％一１５％、皮２０％一２５％（祖庸、１９８８）。目前，这些下脚料在我国多被作为垃圾弃之，...     

首席科学家

段长青（1964-）,男,中国农业大学教授,博士生导师。中国园艺学会葡萄与葡萄酒分会副会长兼秘书长,中国酿酒工业协会葡萄酒技术委员会委员,中国食品工业协会葡萄（果）酒专家委员会专家。主要研究方向：重点开展酿酒葡萄风味代谢与调控、葡萄酿酒品质评价、葡萄酒化学与酿造方向的基础理论研究和相关高新技术研发及推广应用工作。     

葡萄酿酒后副产物在畜牧生产中的应用进展

正葡萄酒酿造中产生大量的葡萄酒副产物,主要有葡萄皮渣、葡萄籽、酒泥等。本文综述了近年来副产物在畜牧生产中综合应用的最新研究进展,并探讨了其未来研究方向,旨在为其在畜禽生产中的合理应用提供有效参考。我国是葡萄生产的大国之一,葡萄资源丰富,年产葡萄约1400万t左右。随着葡萄产量的不断增加和葡萄加工业的迅速发展,我国每年在葡萄酒生产过程中会产生     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.