枣头花期摘心效应的研究

<正> 为弄清摘心对枣树的生长发育和座果的形态及生理效应,笔者进行了10余年的试验。试验地在河南省西华县的郑庄、田口和新郑县的肖庄、麻线张村,品种为鸡心枣和灰枣。花期(6月中、下旬),当新生枣头有4～5个枣拐时,强枣头留4个、弱枣头留3个枣拐进行摘心,留一半不摘心的作对照。通过形态指标调查和叶分析,研究了枣头花期摘心的效应。结果表明:(1)摘心可促进枣头及二次枝的生长发育,提高座果率。当年平均每个二次枝的座果数量比对照多48％,摘心第二年的增产效果更为显著,鸡心枣和灰枣的座果数,摘心的比对照分别高225％和386％。(2)摘心可提高枝叶     

枣头摘心对其生长及坐果的影响

为明确枣头摘心对其生长和结果的影响 ,2 0 0 1年我们在兰山区大岭镇葛家王平庄进行了试验。该枣园为砂壤土 ,面积 1 5 2hm2 ,试树为 8年生大雪枣和大白铃。试验随机抽取雪枣和大白铃枣各 1 0株 ,于新生枣头出现 4～ 5个二次枝时摘心。强枣头留 3～ 4个二次枝摘心 ,弱枣头留 2～ 3个二次枝摘心 ,以不摘心枣头做对照。摘心当年和次年 9月初从每株树的东西南北中 5个方位随机选取 5条摘心枣头和 5条对照枣头 ,调查枣头、二次枝生长状况和坐果数。调查结果表明 ,枣头摘心对促进枣头增粗、二次枝生长有显著效果。雪枣枣头摘心后枣头枝平均粗0 …     

提高宁夏旱砂地幼龄枣树坐果率的技术研究

以种植在宁夏中卫市香山干旱山区压砂地的3a生‘同心圆枣’树(行间套种西瓜,产量12 000～13 500kg/hm2)为试材,研究了当年生枣头单纯摘心、‘新枣头+二次枝’双摘心、叶喷赤霉素以及主干环切等措施对幼龄枣树坐果率、坐果量、枣头及二次枝粗度和其它树体生长发育指标的影响。结果表明:盛花期枣头摘心提高坐果率的效果好于初花期或盛花初期;‘新枣头+二次枝保留2～4节’双摘心,或‘新枣头摘心+叶喷20mg/kg赤霉素’,均具有明显的提高坐果率和单株坐果量的效果,但主干环切或‘新枣头摘心+主干环切’或‘新枣头+二次枝’双摘心+主干环切均更能极显著地提高坐果率和坐果量;在花期,‘新枣头+二次枝保留2～4节’双摘心能较明显地提高新枣头和二次枝的粗度。主干环切幼树的主干年增粗率明显小于新枣头摘心或‘新枣头+二次枝’双摘心的树。     

灵武长枣新生枣头三级摘心试验初报

2005和2006年研究了灵武长枣新生枣头三级摘心对生长结果的影响,结果表明,新生枣头摘心对结果枝有良好的生长发育效应,有利于培养健壮结果枝组和骨干枝,是提高产量增加收入的一项有效措施。其中二级摘心效果最好,5月下旬至6月中旬枣头留二次枝5~10个,5~7d(天)后二次枝留4~5节摘心,果吊比较对照提高385.7%,单株产量比对照提高179.0%。     

枣头摘心强度对灰枣生长及产量的影响

在新疆阿克苏地区,以3a生灰枣为试材,自5月10日至7月10日在枣树展叶期,对新生枣头进行7次摘心,研究摘心对枣树枝条生长及产量的影响.结果表明:每个当年新生枣头保留2～3个二次枝能使枣头一次枝粗度平均达到1.2 cm,显著高于对照的0.9 cm.吊果比达到0.96～0.99,株产达到0.40～0.46 kg,比对照增加0.33～0.27 kg.可见摘心于抑制枣树枝条加长生长,促进加粗生长,提高枣股质量,抽生木质化枣吊,形成大量花芽,提高坐果率和产量.     

摘心与抹芽对木质化枣吊形成的影响

采用对新生枣头一级、二级、三级摘心及先对部分没有生长空间的新生枣头抹芽,再对保留下的新生枣头直接进行三级摘心的2种处理方法来研究对木质化枣吊形成的影响,以探究摘心和抹芽对红枣木质化枣吊形成的效应.结果表明:新生枣头随着摘心程度的加深,木质化枣吊形成的比例逐渐增加,由一级摘心时10％的木质化枣吊增加到三级摘心时的65％;吊果比达到1:(6.2～8.3),是一般性枣吊吊果比1:(0.26～0.61)的13倍以上,半木质化枣吊吊果比1:(2.7～3.2),是一般性枣吊吊果比的5倍以上.抹芽后对保留新生枣头直接三级摘心及对骨干枝上抽生的枣吊进行摘心,使新生枣头上抽生的木质化枣吊达到56％,比对照高出43％;骨干枝上抽生的木质化枣吊达到58％,比对照的木质化枣吊(8％)增加50％.研究得出,抹芽与摘心促使养分更多地流向骨干枝及枣吊上,促使枣吊获得较多的养分而形成木质化枣吊,显著提高坐果率和产量.     

驿新圆大枣枣头摘心试验初报

以驿新圆大枣为试材,对枣头进行不同时间、不同强度的摘心试验,结果表明:各摘心处理均有利于扩大树冠,培养结果枝组,提高产量.与对照相比,效果十分明显.其中,摘心枣头比对照坐果枣吊增加3倍,吊果比提高10倍;5月下旬至6月中旬摘心枣头比对照吊果比增加10倍,产量提高1倍;夏季摘心以留2～3个二次枝效果最好,当年形成的花量大,坐果多,产量高;摘心和夏剪结合可使树冠通风透光,减少养分消耗和病虫的危害,提高坐果率.     

枣头摘心技术研究

以圆铃大枣、冬枣为试材，对枣头进行不同时间、不同强度的摘心试验．结果表明，各摘心处理均有利于扩大树冠。培养结果枝组，提高产量。与对照相比，效果十分明显。其中．摘心枣头比对照坐果枣吊增加3倍．吊果比提高10倍；5月下旬至6月中旬摘心枣头比对照吊果比增加10倍。产量提高1倍；夏季摘心以留2～3个二次枝效果最好。当年形成的花量大，坐果多．产量高；摘心和夏剪结合可使树体通风透光．减少养分消耗．提高坐果率。     

枣树夏季修剪七要点

枣树夏季修剪一般在萌芽展叶到盛花期(5-7月)进行.枣树进入盛果期后,主要以夏季修剪为主,一般在新枣头长到30 cm以上时分期进行. 　　1 摘心 　　一般摘掉枣头幼嫩部分10 cm左右,摘心部位以下保留4～6个二次枝.对幼树中心干和主、侧枝摘心,能促进萌发新枝;对弱枝、水平枝、二次枝上的枣头轻摘心,能促进生长充实;对强旺枝、延长枝、更新枝的枣头重摘心,能集中养分,促进二次枝发育,增加枣股数量,提高坐果率.具体操作起来有以下三种情况.……     

提高枣树坐果率的措施

枣树开花多而坐果少,生产上需要采取提高坐果率的措施.常用的方法有枣头摘心、喷赤霉素、花期放蜂及提高花期枣园的空气和土壤温度等.开花前或花期及时对当年生枣头和二次枝摘心,可抑制枝叶生长,把树体营养集中用于开花坐果.一般枣头按照所在部位的空间大小,留2～4条二次枝摘心或短截.密植园需分2～3次进行,第1次在开花前摘除枣头下部两个二次枝的嫩梢,5～7天后摘除枣头中上部二次枝和开始开花的结果枝的嫩梢,再过5～7天,对尚未摘心的少数结果枝全部摘心,控制营养生长.     

南方欧亚种葡萄引种评价和栽培技术研究

评价了35个欧亚种葡萄品种,认为适合南方栽培的欧亚种葡萄基因型有9个,以其中2个表现优良的主栽品种为试材,研究了南方欧亚种葡萄优质稳产栽培的几个主要技术影响因子。结果表明,矢富罗莎、红地球分别选择SO4、巨峰作砧木,生长结果最优,平均粒重较自根苗分别增加21.6%、10.7%,可溶性固形物含量分别提高14.8%、2.8%;2个品种采用单十字飞鸟型架式较双十字V型架产量分别提高20.7%、15.0%;2个品种采用5-4-3-2-1摘心法较常规方法结果枝率分别提高51.9%、28.6%;使用细胞酶制剂叶面肥粒重增加1.2￣1.6g,可溶性固形物含量提高1%,对降低果实酸度也有一定的影响,明显改善红色品种果实外观。     

Dormant and Summer Pruning Compared by Pruning Young Apple Trees Once on a Succession of Dates

Rooted cuttings of Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. M.VII were permitted to grow from a single shoot. This was cut back to 3 cm. and the utilization of the subsequent increment, as leaves, stem and root, was determined. Different batches were treated on 7 occasions–June, July, August and December of the 1st year of the bud’s growth and March, April and June of the 2nd year. Also two further batches were cut back in the 2nd year (June and July) to the base of the 2nd year’s shoots. The growth to the end of the 1st and 2nd years was compared with that of unpruned controls.

In most cases pruning reduced the subsequent increment. Following dormant pruning (December, March, April) this reduction was associated with fewer growing shoots, although the leading shoots might be longer than comparable shoots on the controls. The reduction in increment after pruning leafy shoots was attributed to the loss of leaf and to shortening the effective growing season. Such leafy pruning was equivalent to the loss of ½ to ? of the growing season.

The relative distribution of increment (i.e. increment of the part as a fraction of the total increment) to leaf, stem and root was little affected by pruning. The main effect of pruning occurred within the stem region, where the fraction utilized by the old stem decreased, and by the new stem correspondingly increased, so that the total stem fraction changed very little. A small effect following pruning leafy shoots was that the leaf fraction increased slightly and the new stem decreased.

It is concluded that the different effects of dormant and summer pruning may be attributed to the relative importance at different times of the year of bud inhibition and curtailment of the growing season.     

甜樱桃茎尖培养及PNRSV的RT-PCR检测

 研究了茎尖大小、接种方式、培养基成分、试材基因型对甜樱桃品种茎尖培养的影响。1 年生成熟枝条上茎尖成苗率为8. 3 %～23. 7 % , 嫩梢上的茎尖成苗率为27. 3 %～37. 5 %。利用RT-PCR 技术对部分甜樱桃试管苗进行了早期病毒鉴定, 筛选出一些不带李坏死环斑病毒(PNRSV) 的甜樱桃试管苗,并证明甜樱桃试管苗微茎尖培养不能有效脱除PNRSV。     

Controlling the growth and development of rose plants after planting

The effects of pinching and lateral bud removal (deshooting) on the development of structural shoots, the number of flowers, and the average flower stem length in young rose plants were examined, using the cultivars ‘Baccara’, ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’. The effect of deshooting on flower yield varied with each cultivar. It did not affect the number of ‘Baccara’ flowers, but increased ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’ flower production by 50% and 75%, respectively. Leaving flowers to bloom out on plants before the start of commercial harvest resulted in a decrease in the length of the flower stems and also reduced the beneficial effect of deshooting on flower yield. Deshooting enhanced structural shoot formation (“bottom breaks”). Pinching flower buds of structural shoots increased the number of ‘Baccara’ flowers in comparison with pruning these shoots to 40–60 cm, as in common practice. Deshooting of the structural shoots of ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’ increased the number of flowers in both cultivars.     

枣裂果机理的初步研究

对壶瓶枣、黑叶枣和郎枣裂果及其果实的生理、机械力学性质和解剖结构进行观察测定,结果表明:三个品种裂果发生从白熟期开始,而后,随着果实的成熟,裂果敏感性增加.这与枣果实的可溶性糖含量增加、水势下降、果皮韧性降低有关.壶瓶枣最易裂果,其次是黑叶枣,再次是郎枣,三个品种在同一时期裂果敏感性的差异与它们的果肉弹性、可塑性有关,与它们之间的水势、可溶性糖含量以及 K、Ca、Mg 含量无关.容易发生裂果的壶瓶枣和黑叶枣果皮角质层比不易裂的郎枣薄,其厚度依次为:6.81μm、6.41μm、8.28μm.     

不同副梢处理对赤霞珠葡萄生长和结果的影响

试验以3～5年生赤霞珠葡萄(CabernetSauvignon)为试材,对其进行了不同的副梢处理:只留顶端1个副梢、副梢绝后处理、花序以上反复摘心、副梢全留。2年的结果表明:副梢全留(所有副梢全留2～3片叶反复摘心)处理的叶面积指数高,果实的产量和品质高。因此,相对多留副梢叶片,改善了叶幕叶龄结构,提高了果实品质,有利于枝梢成熟。     

密植桃园的主干形修剪栽培试验

连续五年密植桃园的主干形修剪试验表明：主干形修剪技术用于密植栽培桃树早结果早丰产效果显著。‘春花’成苗定植后第二年产量达1300kg·666．7m-2,第三年为1500kg·666．7m-2,第四年为2250kg·666,7m-2,第五年为1750kg·666．7m-2;‘湖景蜜露’定植后第二年和第三年产量为1021kg·666．7m-2和1019kg·666．7m-2;‘锦绣’定植后第二年产量为120km·666．7m-2,第三年为1204km·666．7m-2,第四年为1876km·666．7m-2;‘沪463’定植后第三年产量为47．5kg·666．7m-2,第四年为2125kg·666．7m-2。主干形修剪夏季摘心可促进早期副梢的萌发,利用副梢坐果,均衡树势。主干形修剪对桃果实的品质有一定的影响,使果实相对变小,单果重减轻,要注意疏花疏果,加强肥水管理。     

Chemical “pinching” of pot chrysanthemums with 2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin

In summer and winter experiments a research formulation of 2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin (code name UBI-P293) was effective as a chemical “pinching”-agent on pot chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Bright Golden Anne’, when applied at 0.4 and 0.8% active ingredient to the apical region of plants within a few days of planting. A lower concentration was not so effective. When the applications were made later, they induced considerable variation in the length and quality of lateral shoots and also delayed flowering. The compound did not always prevent the development of the terminal bud, but reduced apical dominance sufficiently to permit the lateral shoots to develop normally. When P293 successfully “pinched” the plants in the winter experiment, it had no effect on the length of the lateral shoots which developed. At flowering these were too long from a commercial grower's point of view. In the summer experiment shoot length was adequately reduced by application of a foliar spray of a new quaternary ammonium growth retardant when the lateral shoots were a few centimetres long.     

桃、杏枝条萌芽前对~(15)N—尿素的吸收和萌芽后的运转与分布

在田间条件下研究了‘肥城桃’、‘红玉杏’萌芽前枝条对~(18)N—尿素的吸收及萌芽后的运转分布规律。结果表明:1.萌芽前‘肥城桃’和‘红玉杏’枝条对~(18)N—尿素具有一定的吸收能力,随着时间推移,吸收利用率有所上升,至6月2日二者分别可达27%～32%和29%.2.无论是桃或杏,对未着果的果枝来说,其新植叶片为萌芽前枝条所吸收~(18)N 最重要的“库”.3.对着果的果枝来说,果实为最重要的~(18)N“库”.4.果实能加强新生器官对于萌芽前枝条所吸收~(18)N 的“库”的作用.     

金黄球柏离体培养及快速繁殖研究

用６年生金黄球柏鳞叶茎段为外植体，研究植物激素对试管苗的调控作用以及试管苗继代、生根培养和发育特性。结果表明：在ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上，试管苗分化率为９５．８％，鳞叶正常；在ＷＰＭ＋ＢＡ０．７５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＫＴ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ１ｍｇ／Ｌ＋２．４－Ｄ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上，继代、增殖培养效果较好，鳞叶发育为小针状叶；在１／２ＷＰＭ＋ＮＡＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上最易生根。运用浅层液体增殖培养法，对试管苗成本和增殖速度以及植株变异进行了探讨。