驯食配合饲料的大口黑鲈3个选育世代的遗传多样性分析

为了检测驯食配合饲料的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)3个选育世代群体遗传多样性水平变化,利用微卫星标记技术对驯食配合饲料大口黑鲈选育基础群体(Sp0)和第二、三和四代选育群体(Sp2、Sp3和Sp4)共240尾样品进行检测。结果显示,18个微卫星位点共获得44个等位基因。Sp0、Sp2、Sp3和Sp4的平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.4895、0.4802、0.4579和0.4206,平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.4615、0.4454、0.4621和0.3916,平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.3791、0.3659、0.3764和0.3257。4个群体间的配对比较群体间遗传分化指数(F_(st))值在0.01612～0.16162之间、遗传距离(D_a)在0.0249～0.1434之间。遗传变异来源(AMOVA)分析显示,只有8.38%的变异来自于群体间,其余遗传变异均来自于个体间。研究表明,经连续多代选育之后,易驯食配合饲料的快长大口黑鲈选育群体具有中度遗传多样性,具备选育潜力,可继续进行选育。     

Diet of introduced largemouth bass in Korean rivers and potential interactions with native fishes

Abstract –  A dietary analysis of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ), an exotic, piscivorous species, was conducted in large South Korean river systems (>third order streams, 31 sites). Micropterus salmoides larger than 100 mm exhibited intense piscivory on native Korean juvenile fishes, with levels of piscivory amongst the highest recorded globally, for native and introduced populations. Largemouth bass exhibited an ontogenetic shift in diet, showing a progressive increase in piscivory with size, typical of this species within its native range but unlike several studies on introduced largemouth bass in Europe and Africa. Sampling of fish communities at the same sites used for diet studies showed that native piscivores and the main food fish species of largemouth bass were significantly less abundant ( P  = 0.049 and 0.045, respectively) at sites where bass were present than at sites where no bass were recorded. Largemouth bass may pose a threat to the structure of fish assemblages in Korean river systems and further study of their population interactions and how to minimise their spread is needed.     

大口黑鲈北方亚种、佛罗里达亚种及其杂交子代的生长和形态差异分析

以大口黑鲈北方亚种和佛罗里达亚种为亲本,建立了北方亚种自交N(北方亚种♀×北方亚种♂)、佛罗里达亚种自交F(佛罗里达亚种♀×佛罗里达亚种♂)、正交子代NF(北方亚种♀×佛罗里达亚种♂)和反交子代FN(佛罗里达亚种♀×北方亚种♂)4个试验群体,并对其生长性能和形态学差异进行了比较。N、NF和FN的生长性能比较结果表明,在90～152日龄期间,3个试验群体生长速率差别不大,在152日龄后大口黑鲈北方亚种的生长速度明显快于两杂交子代。可数性状的分析结果表明,4个试验组在腹鳍、臀鳍硬棘、鳃耙和脊椎骨上均无差异;正反交子代与两亲本在背鳍条、胸鳍条、臀鳍条、尾鳍条、侧线上鳞、侧线下鳞的数量上均达到极显著差异(P0.01)。可量性状和框架结构数据的聚类分析结果表明,N和F聚为一支,NF和FN聚为一支,然后这两支再汇聚;主成分分析概括出方差贡献率较大的3个主成分,累积贡献率为71.44%,主成分1主要反映鱼体框架的变化,方差贡献率为54.90%,主成分2和主成分3主要反映鱼的头部、背部和尾部的形态变化,方差贡献率分别为11.21%和5.33%。在35个测量参数中挑选11个对判别贡献较大的参数建立4个群体的判别函数,判别准确率为83.90%～100.00%。研究结果为杂种大口黑鲈的鉴定、育种及养殖提供了科学依据。     

Reproduction of the North American blackbass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède), in an equatorial lake, Lake Naivasha, Kenya

Abstract. In contrast to its North American relatives, the Lake Naivasha blackbass, Micropterus saimoides (Lacepdde) has a prolonged spawning season of 8 months between June and January, peaking in August to November. This season is characterized by the presence of high numbers of mature fish with the highest gonadosomatic index (GSI). Analysis of GSI variations in different length-classes reveals that maximum reproduction occurs in the 30-34.9-cm length-class in males and 40-44.9-cm in females. Analysis of the GSI values in the different sampling stations identifies two stations as the breeding areas of M. salmoides in the lake.
The positive correlation between the GSI and the stomach fullness index suggests that the species probably feeds all year round, including the spawning season. Fifty per cent of males and females are mature at 25-29.9-cm and 30-34.9-cm length-classes respectively. The fecundity of fish of 28.4 cm (371 g) to 33 cm (550g) ranged from 1300 to 3524 with a mean of 2203 eggs. Fecundity had no relationship with body length but increased linearly with body weight.     

大口黑鲈弹状病毒的分离培养及其卵黄抗体的制备

本研究从爆发性死亡的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)鱼苗病样中分离培养1株大口黑鲈弹状病毒(M.salmoides rhabdovirus,MSRV)毒株,采用甲醛灭活大口黑鲈弹状病毒,制备佐剂灭活疫苗,免疫产蛋鸡,收集高免蛋,制备MSRV卵黄抗体,测定其效价、中和效果及对病毒复制和宿主细胞内凝集素基因(intelectin)表达的影响。结果显示,成功利用草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)卵巢细胞株CO细胞分离培养大口黑鲈鱼弹状病毒,并用于佐剂灭活疫苗的制备;MSRV佐剂灭活疫苗免疫蛋鸡,成功获得MRSV的卵黄抗体,效价为1∶256,稀释度为1∶64时的中和病毒的作用最为明显,中和作用率达38.29%以上,病毒核酸拷贝数明显降低。同时,还可上调细胞内凝集素的表达。研究表明,特异性卵黄抗体对大口黑鲈弹状病毒具有明显的中和效果,为后续卵黄抗体作为免疫制剂的应用奠定了基础。     

杭州湾湾口与日本有明海产花鲈稚鱼的比较研究

本文基于采自杭州湾湾口、日本有明海和四万十川沿岸碎波带的天然花鲈仔稚鱼,研究比较了三者的外部形态、脊椎骨数、背鳍和臀鳍支鳍骨数的差异。杭州湾湾口和有明海水域的花鲈样本,体侧黑色素较少;吻长、体高和体长比相对较小;脊椎骨数分别为35,35.25±0.25;背鳍支鳍骨的平均值分别为25.33,25,均比四万十川的样本脊椎骨数(36)和背鳍支鳍骨的平均值(26)为少,探明了杭州湾湾口和有明海的花鲈仔稚鱼在特征上存在着相似性,与四万十川的样本有显著的差异。根据中国产花鲈的形态特征,对中国花鲈的学名进行了探讨,认为中国花鲈的学名应该为Lateolabrax maculates(McClellan)。     

Climate–growth relationships for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) across three southeastern USA states

Abstract –  The role of climate variability in the ecology of freshwater fishes is of increasing interest. However, there are relatively few tools available for examining how freshwater fish populations respond to climate variations. Here, I apply tree-ring techniques to incremental growth patterns in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides Lacepède) otoliths to explore relationships between annual bass growth and various climate metrics in the southeastern USA. Among six rivers and seven reservoirs in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, strong correlations between annual bass growth indices and climate were detected (73 of 96 possible correlations were significant at α < 0.05). All but two ecosystems exhibited the following pattern: annual bass growth was significantly negatively correlated with annual precipitation metrics, and significantly positively correlated with annual temperature metrics. Based on multiple regressions, climate, on average, accounted for ∼50% of variability ( R ²) in bass growth, although these values ranged from 28% to 65% depending on the ecosystem. Furthermore, every population showed significant correlations with at least one of the following global climate factors: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Largemouth bass growth in the southeast is apparently influenced by climate in major ways. Fish ecologists and managers in the region should be aware of the strong links between annual climate conditions and annual fish growth.     

Effects of different angling practices on post-release behaviour of nest-guarding male black bass, Micropterus spp.

Abstract  This study evaluated how different angling practices affect the short-term post-release behaviour of nest-guarding male black bass, Micropterus spp. Male largemouth bass, M. salmoides (Lacepède), and smallmouth bass, M. dolomieu (Lacepède), were angled from their nests and subjected to treatments designed to simulate a variety of common angling practices associated with catch-and-release angling, including fishing tournaments. In addition, some nests had broods reduced (removal of the majority of the eggs or fry from the nest) during the angling treatments to simulate predation of offspring during the angling event. Fish subjected to procedures simulating fishing tournaments (including a 1-h livewell confinement and release 100 m from the nest) exhibited significantly longer rest periods prior to returning to their nest than did other treatment groups. This rest period was longer for largemouth bass than smallmouth bass. Brood removal and air exposure increased abandonment rates compared with controls. These results show that sublethal stressors inherent in some angling practices (such as air exposure and livewell confinement) may delay the return of male black bass to their nest. In the presence of nest predators, the delay in return time could result in increased nest abandonment.     

大口黑鲈选育群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用AFLP技术对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)F3、F4代选育群体的遗传结构进行分析,并计算2个选育群体和一个对照养殖群体的遗传多态度、遗传距离及分化系数。结果显示,8对AFLP引物共扩增到262条带,其中多态性条带有80条,每对引物检测到的多态性条带在5～13之间。F3、F4代选育群体和对照养殖群体的多态性位点比例分别为29.36%、29.20%、30.29%。Shannon多样性指数分别为0.2017,0.1955,0.2042。结果表明,选育群体相较于对照养殖群体多态位点比例和遗传多态度均有所下降。群体间的遗传变异平均为0.0752,由此可见,92.48%的遗传变异来自于群体内,而只有7.52%的遗传变异来自于群体间,这初步显示了大口黑鲈在遗传上的稳定性,群体尚具有一定的选育潜力,可继续进行人工选育。     

Growth standards for nine North American fish species

Abstract  Standard methods for comparing population characteristics within and among fish populations greatly enhance communications among fisheries scientists, improve the efficiency of data analysis, and provide insight that helps guide management actions. Although standard methods are available for comparing some fish population characteristics (e.g. length structure, body condition), similar methods are lacking for comparing growth. The purpose of this study was to provide standards (i.e. percentiles and a standard growth model) for nine ecologically and recreationally important fish species. Percentile distributions of mean back-calculated length at age were estimated using data obtained from the published literature and from data solicited from state and federal agencies throughout North America. Percentiles of growth were estimated for bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, flathead catfish, Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque), largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède), sauger, Sander canadensis (Griffith & Smith), smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, white bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque) and yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Standard growth models (i.e. von Bertalanffy models) were developed for these species and for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). These results provide tools that will help scientists compare growth of fishes across North America.     

Comparison of susceptibility of various fish species to experimental infection with channel catfish virus

Channel catfish virus (CCV) disease is an acute haemorrhagic disease in juvenile channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ). To date channel catfish is the only species affected by natural outbreaks of the CCV but juvenile large mouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) and silurus ( Silurus meriaionalis ) have suffered high mortalities in recent years in China. Histopathological phenomenon of sick fish is similar to CCV disease, and the identified virus was CCV. In this report, the pathogenicity of infectious CCV was examined by infection trials on the first known host species, the channel catfish and other teleosts. Our results indicated that there were higher detection rates of CCV from large mouth bass and silurus fish. Channel catfish virus did not induce mortality in other cypriniformes, but histopathological studies revealed that carp might be infected by both bathing and intraperitoneal infection. No deaths, clinical or histopathological signs, were found in the six other species exposed by immersion or injection. Experimental infection studies confirm that CCV infect not only channel catfish but also other species (large mouth bass, silutus and carp). The outbreaks of CCV disease only occurred when the cultured temperature was above 25 °C.     

Effect of Water Temperature on Growth, Survival, and Biochemical Composition of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides

The effects of water temperature on growth rate, survival, and biochemical composition of juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were evaluated under controlled conditions in tanks for 12 wk. Feed-trained juvenile largemouth (9.1 ± 1.9 g) were stocked into nine 3,610-L polyethylene tanks inside a greenhouse structure at 140 fish/m³ (500 fish/tank). Three treatment temperatures were evaluated (20, 26, and 32 C) with three replicates per treatment. Bass were fed to apparent satiation twice daily using a commercially available floating salmonid diet (45% crude protein and 16% lipid). After 97 d bass grown at 26 and 32 C had significantly higher ( P < 0.05) average weights, SGR, condition factor (K), and production rates (kg/m³) than those in the 20 C treatment. Bass in the 26 C treatment had significantly lower ( P 0.05) FCR and higher percent protein deposit (PPD) than bass raised at 20 and 32 C, which were not significantly different ( P >0.05). There were no significant differences ( P >0.05) in survival among treatments which averaged 97%, overall. Bass raised at 32 C had higher ( P 0.05) lipid levels in the liver than other treatments. Whole body amino acid concentrations were not significantly impacted ( P >0.05) by culture temperature. Largemouth bass raised at 26 C had significantly lower ( P 0.05) levels of stearic acid (18:0) and significantly higher ( P 0.05) levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) than bass raised at 20 or 32 C. Bass raised at 32 C had significantly higher ( P 0.05) levels of Linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), total saturates, and dienes than bass raised at 26 or 20 C. These data indicate that growth and feed conversion efficiency are reduced at 20 C. Growth is similar at 26 and 32 C, but feed and dietary protein are more efficiently utilized at 26 C.     

中国沿海6个花鲈群体的形态差异分析

通过聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析等多元分析方法,对东港、绥中、秦皇岛、青岛、舟山以及珠海等6个花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)地理群体的8个形态比例性状进行了研究。聚类分析和主成分分析表明,6个花鲈群体可被分为两支:来自黄海、渤海海域的东港、秦皇岛、绥中和青岛群体为一支(北方群体);东海海域的舟山群体和南海海域的珠海群体为另一支(南方群体)。南北群体间有一定程度的形态分化,和舟山群体相比,珠海群体和北方群体的亲缘关系更近。主成分分析获得的3个主成分方差贡献率分别为31.726%、27.744%和14.075%,累计贡献率为73.545%。利用8个变量构建的6个地理种群的判别公式,判别准确率在63.6%~84.4%之间,综合判别准确率72.7%。本研究结果为花鲈地理种群判别、种质资源评价以及良种选育等提供了基础资料。     

The effects of mechanically reducing northern pike density on the sport fish community of West Long Lake, Nebraska, USA

Abstract  Removal of piscivores may affect population size structure, abundance and growth rates of the remaining fish community. A total of 572 northern pike, Esox lucius L., was removed from 25-ha West Long Lake, Nebraska from 2003 to 2006. The northern pike population was reduced from 36 fish ha⁻¹ and 22 kg ha⁻¹ in 2002 to 20 fish ha⁻¹ and 9 kg ha⁻¹ in 2006. The northern pike population shifted to dominance by smaller individuals. Relative abundance increased for bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, but remained similar between years for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède), and yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Bluegill and yellow perch size structure increased probably because of reduced predation by northern pike. The effects of reduced northern pike density on largemouth bass were less evident. The largemouth bass population may be returning to higher density with smaller size structure observed before pike were introduced. The sport fish community responded positively to the removal of northern pike in this small lake.     

大口黑鲈北方亚种和佛罗里达亚种及其杂交子代的遗传分析

用18对微卫星引物对大口黑鲈北方亚种(Micropterus salmoides salmoides,N)、佛罗里达亚种(M.salmoides floridanus,F)及其正交子代(N♀×F♂)和反交子代(F♀×N♂)进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。结果表明,18对引物扩增出的等位基因数为2~8个,平均等位基因数为5.0。检测到6对(Jzl48、Jzl68、Jzl84、MiSaTPW76、Msal21、Mdo6和Mdo7)亚种间特异性引物,其中有2对引物(Jzl48和Mdo7)可以用来鉴别大口黑鲈北方亚种、佛罗里达亚种和其杂交子代。平均有效等位基因数、平均期望杂合度和平均多态信息含量均为杂交组合F♀×N♂最高,分别为3.199 7,0.638 9和0.570 6,平均观测杂合度为杂交组合N♀×F♂最高(0.848 8)。对亲代与杂交子代间的遗传分化分析表明,正反交子代均与北方亚种的遗传分化最小(0.092和0.119 6)。基于Nei’s遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示正交子代N♀×F♂与母本N聚为一支,反交子代F♀×N♂与父本N聚为一支。     

Diet overlap in a piscivore community

Abstract— We examined prey selection of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ), smallmouth bass ( M. dolomieu ), and yellow perch ( Percaftavescens ) by comparing diet overlap in a small, unexploited lake in Michigan, USA from 1988 to 1990. Niche hypervolume principles were applied to diet data as a means of assessing diet space for each species and the community as a whole. Largemouth bass occupied the largest proportion of community diet space (70.2%), followed by smallmouth bass (44.2%), and yellow perch (21.7%). The majority of community diet space (58.8%) was occupied by a single species, and 41.2% was shared by ≥ 2 species. Diet overlap was assessed by measuring the amount of diet space of one species occupied by the other species. Our analyses demonstrated that diet partitioning in a three species piscivore community is reflected in different use of the prey resource by co-occurring species. Niche overlap of largemouth bass with smallmouth bass and yellow perch is strongly asymmetric, largely due to the ability of largemouth bass to effectively consume prey of terrestrial origin.     

养殖日本真鲈和大口黑鲈原料特性比较

为了解养殖海水鲈鱼日本真鲈(Lateolabrax iaponcas)和淡水大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)原料特性及加工可适性,测定了养殖日本真鲈和大口黑鲈的形态参数、基本成分、蛋白质组成、p H值、采肉率、熟肉率、系水力、滴水损失、鱼肉色泽和质构参数,并对养殖日本真鲈和大口黑鲈原料特性进行比较分析。结果表明:日本真鲈和大口黑鲈的形体参数和色泽差异显著(P0.05),两者的鱼头、鱼骨和内脏所占比例均较高;粗脂肪含量差异较大(P0.05),大口黑鲈粗脂肪含量是日本真鲈的2.70倍;粗蛋白总含量差异不大,但各种蛋白的含量有显著性差异(P0.05),日本真鲈的总基质蛋白含量高于大口黑鲈;大口黑鲈鱼肉较日本真鲈p H略低,熟肉率低,滴水损失率和失水率分别为日本真鲈的2.20倍和2.06倍;大口黑鲈和日本真鲈的质构参数均存在显著性差异(P0.05),大口黑鲈质构特性优于日本真鲈,口感较好。综合分析表明日本真鲈适合加工鱼糜等产品,而大口黑鲈适合生鱼片、鱼片等加工。两种鱼在加工过程中产生的下脚料较多,应合理利用下脚料提高其附加值。     

Response of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides to Dietary Supplementation of Lysine, Methionine, and Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Abstract.— A 12-wk feeding trial was conducted in aquaria with juvenile (36.0 ± 1.2 g) largemouth bass Microptents salmoides to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of methionine, lysine, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on growth, feed conversion and body composition. Diets were formulated to increase dietary concentrations of methionine. lysine, and PUFAs to match levels found in whole body samples of largemouth bass. The control diet was formulated similar to diets previously tested for largemouth bass. Diets 2 and 3 were similar to the control diet hut were supplemented with 2% lysine and 1% methionine, respectively. Diet 4 was formulated to increase PUFAs, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3), by replacing menhaden fish oil with squid oil. Fish were fed all they would consume in 10 min, twice daily. At harvest, there were no statistically significant differences ( P > 0.05) in average individual weight or specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed the four diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of largemouth bass fed the diet supplemented with methionine (1.7) was significantly lower ( P ≤ 0.05) than fish fed the control diet (2.5). Fish fed the diet high in PUFA had significantly lower ( P ≤ 0.05) whole body lipid levels and significantly higher ( P ≤ 0.05) protein levels than fish fed the other three diets. These data indicate that the control diet in this study likely contained sufficient lysine, methionine and PUFA to meet the requirements of largemouth bass; however, additional methionine may improve feed conversion efficiency, and increased levels of PUFAs or other factors in squid oil may have a significant impact on body composition.     

投喂频率对池塘循环水养殖大口黑鲈消化酶、组织结构及脂代谢酶基因表达的影响

为研究池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下投喂频率(2次/d、3次/d、4次/d)对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)体成分、肠道消化和肝脏组织结构及脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)和肝脂酶(HL)基因相对表达丰度的影响,选用平均体重为(5.0±0.4)g的大口黑鲈为研究对象,在池塘工程循环水养殖系统中进行为期120 d...     

Diel distribution of age-0 largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, in B. E. Jordan Lake, North Carolina (USA) and its relation to cover

Abstract – We used prepositioned area electrofishers (PAEs, 10×1.5 m) to assess diel differences in distribution of age-0 largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides , in August 1992–1993 in a paired sampling design. PAEs were placed parallel to shore in an embayment of an unvegetated reservoir (B. E. Jordan Lake, North Carolina, USA). The catch per unit effort (CPUE=fish/PAE) was significantly higher at night than during the day in both years, indicating that age-0 largemouth bass exhibit nocturnal inshore movements. Age-0 largemouth bass captured inshore during day were smaller than those captured at night, indicating that movement patterns may change ontogenetically. Inshore-offshore movements of age-0 largemouth bass were significantly reduced in the presence of cover, suggesting that diel movements were influenced by specific habitat components. Diel movements likely were related to foraging, resting and predator avoidance behavior and could affect population dynamics and introduce bias in assessment programs. ^Note