牧草品种资源在云南草地畜牧业发展中的作用

本文介绍了云南野生牧草资源，天然草地资源，国外引进的主要优良牧草品种资源以及人工草地建植概况，阐述牧草品种资源在云南草地畜牧业发展中的作用，旨在阐明牧草品种资源引种研究的重要性。     

外引牧草品种在云南草山改良建设中的作用

通过阐述中澳技术合作“云南牲畜和草场改良项目“(1983-1991)和云南省“八五“科技攻关课题“云南省不同生态环境优良牧草品种筛选及栽培技术研究“(1991-1995)的工作和研究成果,结合云南天然草山状况和社会发展需要,阐明外引牧草品种在云南草山改良建设中的作用具有现实而深远的意义,体现牧草品种资源搜集和引种鉴定工作的重要性.     

云南省不同生态环境条件下的牧草品种应用研究

通过介绍云南不同生态环境条件下的自然概况以及牧草品种在不同生态环境条件下的优良特性。旨在指导牧草品种在云南草业生产上的应用。     

我国牧草种质资源发展策略

过去20年里,我国牧草种质资源研究取得了巨大成就,在“广泛搜集、有效保护、深入研究、积极创新、永续利用”的思想指导下,现已搜集到15000余份牧草种质;建立了一个中期库;完成鉴定材料4500余份;通过品种审定登记了336个牧草品种,其中134个为育成品种。随着现代生物科学理论、方法和技术在牧草资源研究中的应用,我国在牧草种质资源研究工作从研究利用阶段步入迅速发展阶段。今后研究策略的发展方向是：（1）利用遗传多样性取样策略进行牧草种质资源的采集;（2）构建牧草核心种质,以保存最少的种质份数最大程度代表整个遗传资源的多样性;（3）分子标记技术在种质遗传多样性研究、评价鉴定以及种质创新中的应用;（4）信息网络技术在种质资源信息共享中的应用。     

云南野生牧草驯化研究

云南野生牧草三年的驯化结果显示，一批具有推广价值的禾本科和豆科牧草品种脱颖而出，为云南草地的改良以及人工草地的建立奠定了坚实的基础。     

转基因技术在牧草遗传改良中的研究现状和应用前景

由于牧草种类的多样性和传统育种手段的局限性，牧草遗传改良一直进展缓慢。转基因技术是现代生物技术的核心，已经被证明是培育高产、优质、多抗、高效作物新品种的有效途径。本文从牧草品质和抗逆性两个方面，概述了转基因技术在牧草遗传改良中的研究现状，并探讨了该技术在牧草育种中的应用前景。     

近红外技术在牧草方面的应用

通过对近红外光谱法的基本原理、特点、近红外光谱仪的发展及其在国外牧草应用上的研究情况作一阐述,来推动近红外技术在我国牧草研究中的应用.     

云南牧草种质资源研究现状及前景

云南省复杂的自然地理和气候条件决定了云南省牧草种质资源的丰富性。为此,介绍了云南省自然条件概况并对云南省牧草种质资源种类的丰富度、分布及研究现状进行了总结,列出了云南草地主要牧草资源植物以及11类草地的草群组成。针对云南省种质资源存在的问题,从保护和利用的目标出发,提出了广泛收集牧草种质资源,对收集到的牧草种质资源进行有效保护和深入研究,积极创新和永续利用的建议和对策,并对牧草种质资源研究的预期目标和前景进行了展望。     

豆科牧草种子丸衣化接种根瘤菌技术及其效益

本文通过近几年对豆科牧草种子丸衣化接种根瘤菌的试验研究,总结出在云南种植豆科牧草所采用的红三叶、白三叶等品种进行接种根瘤菌时对丸衣材料、粘着剂的选择和具体接种制作丸衣的技术;采用此技术在牧草种植中所获得的经济、社会、生态效益;是种植豆科牧草必不可少的一项农业技术措施。     

云南主要牧草常见病害种类及防治对策

云南具有丰富的牧草种质资源,然而这些牧草种质受到白粉病、锈病等很多病害的威胁,牧草病害已经成为草地畜牧业发展的主要限制因素之一。本文针对云南主要牧草常见病害的病原、病状及分布地区进行阐述,并提出了针对性综合防治策略,为云南省草地畜牧业的高效持续利用提供参考。     

Production and Environmental Implications of Equine Grazing

Horses' physical and digestive well-being is often enhanced when allowed to graze on pastures. Furthermore, a well-managed pasture can contribute to economic viability. Grazing can however have deleterious effects on the environment if not properly managed. Although equine grazing, defecating, and ground trampling behavior is unique from that of other livestock species, pasture management practices are often based on those derived from cattle grazing. This review summarizes the current knowledge of impacts of equine grazing on pasture quality and environment and identifies gaps where further information is needed to formulate and recommend sustainable grazing methods specific to equine.     

Pasture quality and its relation to utilization

The paper evaluates those functions of the grazing‐animal/pasture complex which are influenced by management. The contribution of pasturage to animal production is determined primarily by environment and secondarily by defoliation. In pasture quality evaluation, those approaches which employ both digestibility and intake as basic criteria are generally closely related to animal response. In equating grassland production with animal requirements the determinants of output per animal and output per area must be considered in the perspective of the production system as a whole. The essential influence of grazing method on carrying capacity is stressed and it is suggested that grazing management of natural pasture be based on (i) a knowledge of the contribution of individual species to animal production, (ii) defoliation practice which encourages the most nutritious species and (iii) the introduction of improved pasture species.     

紫茎泽兰对16种牧草发芽及幼苗生长的化感作用

外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰目前广泛分布于我国西南地区,给当地草地畜牧业带来极大危害。牧草替代种植是紫茎泽兰严重危害地区草地生态恢复的有效途径。本研究采用生物试验方法,检测了紫茎泽兰地上部分5%的榨取液对我国亚热带种植的16种主要牧草,共38个品种的种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明,紫茎泽兰对多数牧草发芽势有显著抑制作用(P<0.05),但只对少数牧草的发芽率、死亡率和败育率有显著影响(P<0.05),对所有幼苗生长都没有明显抑制作用;紫茎泽兰对不同草种的化感潜力存在较大差异,但对种内不同品种间的影响差异较小,对少数草种的化感作用不明显;紫茎泽兰对部分牧草幼苗生长具有显著促进作用(P<0.05)。根据化感作用检测结果,初步认为非洲狗尾草、鸭茅、紫花苜蓿、大翼豆、箭筈豌豆和光叶紫花苕是紫茎泽兰牧草替代种植的适宜草种。     

不同草地利用方式对河北坝上天然草地植物群落特征的影响

本研究以坝上天然草地植物群落为研究对象,分析了不同草地利用方式(打草场、冬牧地、公牧地)对植物群落的数量特征、物种组成、功能群特征及物种多样性的影响.结果表明:冬牧地的群落高度、物种数及物种多样性指数均最大,打草场的群落盖度显著大于放牧地(冬牧地和公牧地)且其地上生物量与冬牧地没有显著差异,同时打草场物种多样性指数与冬...     

HYDATIDOSIS AND CYSTICERCOSIS — 3. INDUCED RESISTANCE TO THE LARVAL PHASE

Lambs from birth were reared in a tapeworm-free environment or on pasture contaminated with eggs of Taenia hydatigena. An examination for cysts at autopsy of some of the latter at 3 months of age revealed that they had ingested eggs. Eggs of T. hydatigena and T. ovis were fed at 6 months of age to lambs reared in the tapeworm-free environment and to some of those reared on the pasture. By comparing the number of cysts established at 9 months of age in the animals of each group, it was determined that those reared on the pasture had acquired some resistance to superinfection with T. hydatigena and infection with T. ovis. The remaining animals reared on the pasture were immunised (hyperimmunised) at 3 months of age by a parenteral injection of the eggs or embryos of T. hydatigena or T. ovis or both species. These animals were subsequently fed with the eggs of both species at 6 months of age. An examination of them for cysts at 9 months of age suggested that those immunisation procedures using the homologous organisms increased the resistance already acquired to superinfection with T. hydatigena and possibly also to that acquired to T. ovis. In addition, three of the procedures using homologous organisms appeared to induce regression of any cysts established from eggs of T. hydatigena ingested from the pasture prior to hyperimmunisation.     

葡萄园种草的环境效应

采用葡萄(Vitis vinifera)园行间单播草地雀麦（Bromus riparius）、单播野牛草（Buchloe dactyloides）、草地雀麦和野牛草混播3种人工种草方法,以清耕裸露地和自然生草地为对照,分析人工植草对葡萄园生态环境的改善作用,筛选果草间作的适宜草种。结果表明,人工植草可以快速增加葡萄园行间地上生物量,提高植被覆盖度和地表粗糙度。其中,野牛草播种3个月后,地表覆盖度可达88.5%,当年地上生物量达到4 016.2 kg·hm-2,地表粗糙度较裸露地增加2.4倍以上,同时提高葡萄坐果前和采收后土壤温度,减弱近地表气温与空气湿度剧烈变化,稳定葡萄园微环境小气候,且不同生态草中野牛草表现突出;生态草种植还可以改善葡萄园土壤水分状况,调节不同深度土壤水分分布格局,增加0～20 cm深度土壤含水量和减少20 cm以下土层含水量;野牛草和草地雀麦种植还可以降低土壤容重和紧实度,减少耕作层速效磷含量,混播后还可增加土壤速效钾含量,有利于果实品质提高。     

Transmission of virulent footrot between sheep and goats

OBJECTIVE: To determine the infectivity of ovine and caprine strains of Dichelobacter nodosus for both sheep and goats. DESIGN: Pen experiments in which 20 sheep and 19 goats were challenged directly with the two strains, and transmission experiments on pasture, using donors infected by experimental challenge. RESULTS: Sheep and goat strains of D nodosus infected both animal species in experimental challenges. Animals so infected transmitted footrot to both sheep and goats on pasture plots. A significantly smaller proportion of goats than sheep was infected when challenged with either strain. The interval between exposure and development of footrot in goats was longer than in sheep when recipient animals were exposed to infected donors on pasture. The disease was less invasive in goats than in sheep. CONCLUSIONS: With the strains of D nodosus used there was no evidence of host specificity. Direct transmission of footrot can occur between sheep and goats in the same environment. There is a need to include goats in ovine footrot eradication programs and vice versa.     

辽宁省外来入侵有害生物特征初步分析

通过2006-2008年野外实地调查和文献资料分析,对辽宁省外来有害生物进行总结。结果表明,目前对辽宁省造成危害的外来物种共计116种,分别为外来植物89种、外来害虫17种和外来病原微生物10种,其中危害性较强的主要有14种。这些外来物种的传播和扩散速度较快,传播途径多以无意引入为主,对辽宁省的经济和生态环境危害严重。外来物种入侵地多为生态系统结构单一的农田草场或人工林系统;入侵地多为辽宁省气候温暖湿润的南部,且生物多样性比较丰富的地区。     

Digestible energy content of pasture species in growing European wild boar (Sus scrofa L.)

The objectives were to determine the apparent energy digestibility of six pasture species frequently grazed by European wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) and to estimate the digestible energy (DE) consumption from pasture by grazing wild boar. Seven diets were prepared; a base diet (BD) which did not contain any pasture species, diets D1 to D5 which included 75% of the BD and 25% of the dried pasture species Lolium perenne (D1), Festuca arundinacea (D2), Agrostis capillaris (D3), Bromus staminius (D4) or Trifolium repens (D5) and D6 which contained 85% BD and 15% dried Plantago lanceolata. Seven purebred European wild boar (initial liveweight 24.4 ± 0.8 kg, average ± SEM) were given access to the diets following a Latin Square design. The animals received each diet for eight days, with faecal sampling on days 6, 7 and 8. The total apparent DE consumption from pasture by grazing wild boar was estimated using previously collected pasture consumption data from wild boar. The digestibility coefficients and DE contents of the pasture species ranged from 0.29 to 0.65, and 5.8 to 12.6 MJ/kg DM respectively, with L. perenne and P. lanceolata having the greatest digestibility coefficients and DE contents. The wild boar were estimated to satisfy between 52% and 142% of their maintenance energy requirements through pasture consumption. Grazing wild boar are able to utilise an important proportion of the energy present in pasture species.     

蒿类半灌木植物在草地中的地位及饲用评价

蒿与蒿类半灌木植物是天然草地资源中饲用价值高、分布广、数量多的一类重要牧草。在我国约９属３３５种,占全国草地饲用植物总数的５．２７％,其中蒿属近２３０种,绢蒿属３４种,在生态型上多为旱生和超旱生种类,主要分布在内蒙、新疆、西藏、宁夏、甘肃、青海等省区草原及荒漠草地中、面积４７７６．１９万ｈｍ＾２,约店全国草地总面积的１２．１６％,占六省区草地面积的１７．３％。主要以建群种和优势种构成草原及荒漠类型